; Lang, 1994 in Urban, 2013 [Lecture Presentation]) 1. Terminal-phase : forest, peat bog, heathland Carpinus, Fagus, Abies, Picea, Pinus, Alnus, Quercus, increase of Ericaceae (indicative of raised bog growth), grasses and herbs. 2. Optimum : mixed-oak forest Pinus, Betula, Corylus, Alnus, Quercus, Ulmus, Tilia, Acer, Fraxinus, Taxus, Picea, etc. 3. Early-phase : Tundra, open forest Juniperus, Hippophae, Betula spec., Betula nana, Pinus, Salix, Populus, Alnus spec., Alnus viridis, high values of heliophilous herbs such as Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae Subtropis Tilia