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A LandSAT-driven approach to describe meander stream phenomenon in Mahakam Watershed, East Kalimantan

A LandSAT-driven approach to describe meander stream phenomenon in Mahakam Watershed, East Kalimantan

A LandSAT-driven approach to describe meander stream phenomenon in Mahakam Watershed, East Kalimantan

Authors:
1. Stevanus Nalendra Jati
2. Dasapta Erwin Irawan
3. Deny Juanda Puradimaja
4. Rusmawan Suwarman

Dasapta Erwin Irawan

October 19, 2022
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  1. PROCEEDINGS
    PIT IAGI 51st 2022
    MAKASSAR, SOUTH SULAWESI
    October 25th – 27th 2022
    A LandSAT-driven approach to describe meander stream phenomenon in Mahakam Watershed,
    East Kalimantan
    Stevanus Nalendra Jati1,2, Dasapta Erwin Irawan3, Rusmarwan Suwarman4, Deny Juanda Puradimaja3
    1 Geological Engineering Study Program, Universitas Sriwijaya
    2 PhD student, Institut Teknologi Bandung
    3 Applied Geology Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung
    4 Meterological Study Program, Institut Teknologi Bandung
    Abstract
    The role of the Mahakam River in society is undeniably vital because it is the cornerstone of product distribution
    channels from upstream to downstream, namely forestry, agricultural, and even mining commodities. Especially with
    the National Capital (IKN) plan, the Mahakam River is in a buffer zone. Satellite imagery in Mahakam is available
    in various seamless access, including those of the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and the United
    States Geological Survey (USGS). This study provides an overview of Mahakam Watershed's dynamics through
    Landsat Imagery's perspective. The Landsat observation is preliminary research from a research grant in
    Geomorphometry of the Mahakam Watershed, utilizing Landsat image data by combining bands 7, 5, and 3 for
    Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS (Land Satellite 8 Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor) and bands 7, 4, and 2
    as Landsat 5 STM (Land Satellite 5 Sensor Thematic Mapper). The study examines the pattern and changes in the
    direction of the Mahakam River flow, as well as the phenomenon of the presence of three lakes. So, to the results of
    the identification, the Mahakam Watershed is divided into three sub-watersheds, upstream, central, and downstream.
    The Central sub-watershed is characterized by the presence of three natural lakes parallel to the change in flow
    direction caused by tectonic processes. The impact narrows the river channel, so the velocity experiences a backwash
    effect and anastomosing reach. Meanwhile, from the morphography aspect, the three lakes in the Mahakam
    Watershed are in the half-graben framework due to the second strain of the formation of Samarinda Anticlinorium.
    This research will continue to the measurement, calculation, and modeling stages to have more comprehensive
    benefits in predicting flood and drought hazards from the dynamics of the Mahakam Watershed.
    Keywords: Mahakam, watershed, river, three lakes, landsat.
    Introduction
    The Mahakam River is the center of economic activity
    because it is the cornerstone of product distribution
    from upstream to downstream, namely forestry,
    agricultural, fishery, and even mining commodities.
    Presidential Decree of the Republic of Indonesia
    Number 12 of 2012 stipulates that the Mahakam River
    Area is a priority river category. The most intense
    transportation rate activity in the Mahakam River is
    the back-and-forth distribution of coal, which strongly
    influences changes in the dimensions of the Mahakam
    River (Aslan et al., 2021; Hadibarata et al., 2019).
    Milestone mining downstream of the Mahakam River
    causes silting at every bend of the river due to the
    deposition of soil material on the riverbed (Persoon
    and Simarmata, 2014; Setiawan et al., 2014).
    Currently, the Mahakam watershed has become a
    national issue. It plays a role as a buffer for the
    National Capital City (IKN) in terms of strategic water
    supply, although with significant variability and
    uneven spatial distribution (Arifanti et al., 2019;
    Hadibarata et al., 2019). Judging from the overall flow
    pattern of the Mahakam River, the dynamics of the
    river's bend in the Mahakam Sentral Sub-watershed is
    the center of attention. There is because, apart from
    the extreme degree of curvature of the river, there is
    also a change in the direction of the flow. In general,
    from upstream, the Mahakam River flows to the
    southeast, then in the central part, it changes relative
    to the northeast for 63 km, then flows back to the
    southeast. Related to the change in the flow direction,
    there is a phenomenon of three successive large lakes
    along the anomaly of the river flow that leads to the
    northeast. The three lakes from upstream are Lake
    Jempang, Lake Melintang, and Lake Semayang.
    Watershed morphometric properties are the long-term
    impacts of geological and climatic processes. Some
    hydrogeologists have even confirmed that
    morphometric parameters are vital in tropic watershed
    hydraulics (Basahi et al., 2016; Elfeki et al., 2017;
    Farhan et al., 2016; Niyazi et al., 2020). The
    unmeasured tropical region, its morphometric
    features, and related parameters impact watershed
    hydraulics, especially surface runoff and groundwater
    infiltration (Masoud, 2016). Many studies have
    considered the integration between morphological

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  2. PROCEEDINGS
    PIT IAGI 51st 2022
    MAKASSAR, SOUTH SULAWESI
    October 25th – 27th 2022
    characteristics and hydrological response, such as
    Elfeki et al. (2018), Elfeki and Bahrawi (2017), Marko
    et al. (2019). This study is the first part of significant
    research related to the hydrogeomorphometry of the
    Mahakam watershed. So that the priority of this study
    on LadSAT observations with the aim:
    1. Studying geological control concerning the
    dynamics of river bends in the Mahakam
    watershed.
    2. Interpret the process of the formation of the
    Mahakam River and the emergence of three
    lakes.
    3. Develop a theoretical framework for linking
    rivers and three lakes in the Mahakam
    watershed.
    Next, the general aim of the study will be to improve
    the understanding of geomorphometric variability and
    its consequences on the evolution of the three lakes,
    including genesis and prediction. It even provides a
    quantitative assessment of the morphometric variables
    and their impact on the hydrological response.
    Furthermore, these results will help researchers by
    quantitatively assessing the potential for flooding with
    the level of risk.
    Data and Method
    The increased availability of satellite imagery
    information and the ease of data processing within the
    scope of remote sensing technology and GIS has
    enabled the development of several methodologies for
    the extraction of landscape characteristics from the
    Digital Elevation Model (DEM), such as disaster
    monitoring and analysis into a comprehensive one
    (Malczewski and Rinner, 2015). The data acquisition
    process, namely spatial data with seamless access
    from the www.tanahairindonesia.go.id site belonging
    to the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) in the
    form of cartographic data and National DEM
    (DEMNas) with a resolution of 8.25-10 m (Hell and
    Jakobsson, 2011). The spatial analysis uses ArcGIS
    Pro 2.5 and Quantum GIS to delineate watershed
    boundaries and sub-watersheds. Furthermore, DEM
    data is the primary data set used in elevation control
    (Table 1).
    Table 1: Recapitulation of the data used.
    Component Data Authority
    Vector DEMNas BIG
    Raster
    5-STM: band 7, 4, 2 USGS
    8-OLI/TIRS: band 7, 5, 3 BRIN PR-Inderaja
    LandSAT IKONOS 2013 Digital Globe, US
    LandSAT GeoEye Google – NGA
    The data and information needed in the
    geomorphometric research of the Mahakam
    watershed are hydrogeological data, topography,
    rainfall, land use, and flood susceptibility index (FSI)
    analyzed through GIS. However, this initial study
    prioritizes the presentation of Landsat data and the
    identification of phenomena in the Mahakam
    watershed.
    Result and Discussion
    The Mahakam watershed stretches from Mahakam
    Ulu Regency on the west side of East Kalimantan
    Province to Samarinda Municipality on the east side.
    It empties into an ideal delta pattern in the Makassar
    Strait. When viewed from the morphographic aspect,
    the Mahakam watershed is divided into three sub-
    watersheds (Figure 1), namely:
    1. Upstream: in the form of mountains and hills
    morphology, bordered by cliffs reaching 100-
    1000 m, composed of igneous rocks resistant to
    erosional processes, the river pattern is relatively
    straight and stable, and the width of the narrow
    river ranges from 48-100 m.
    2. Central: in the form of lowlands dominated by
    swamp deposits, meandering river patterns, and
    developing into braided.
    3. Downstream: downstream of the river mouth in
    the Makassar Strait, which forms the Mahakam
    Delta.
    Figure 1: Map of the Mahakam River Basin which includes
    the Mahakam Watershed including the Mahakam River
    Basin ( River Basin Criteria and Determination, KepMen
    PUPR, 2015).
    This research is studio work, namely spatial
    computing (Figure 2). Visualization of the results
    utilizes Landsat image data available on the pages of
    the Center for Remote Sensing Research, the National
    Research and Innovation Agency (PR-Inderaja
    BRIN), and the United States Geological Society
    (USGS) by combining bands 7, 5, and 3 for Land
    Satellite 8 Operational Land Imager and Thermal
    Infrared Sensor (Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS) and bands 7, 4,
    and 2 as Landsat 5 Sensor Thematic Mapper (STM)
    (Figure 3). Finally, several previous studies reviewed
    the identification of meanders in the Mahakam
    watershed related to the interpretation of the three
    lakes' genesis. The geological component in this study
    is a crucial parameter for the genesis of the three lakes.

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  3. PROCEEDINGS
    PIT IAGI 51st 2022
    MAKASSAR, SOUTH SULAWESI
    October 25th – 27th 2022
    Figure 2: Mahakam watershed and the position of the three
    lakes.
    The three Mahakam lakes are natural lakes consisting
    of Lake Jempang, Lake Melintang, and Lake
    Semayang. These three lakes are included in the 15
    national priority lakes as stipulated in Presidential
    Regulation 60 of 2021. In the Presidential Regulation
    document, the three lakes are termed the Mahakam
    Cascade Area. Meanwhile, in the Indonesian
    Dictionary (KBBI), Kaskade means a series of devices
    that work sequentially one after the other. So that it
    gives the meaning of the relationship between the
    three lakes, namely from upstream is Lake Jempang,
    then Lake Melintang, and Lake Semayang.
    The determination of the Mahakam Cascade Lake
    Area in 15 national priority lakes is the concern of all
    stakeholders so that the carrying capacity and capacity
    of the environment are maintained in line with the
    vision of sustainable management. The dimensions of
    these three large lakes are Lake Jempang with an area
    of 15,000 ha, Lake Melintang with 11,000 ha, and
    Lake Semayang with 13,000 ha (Table 2). The
    position of Lake Jempang is isolated from the other
    two lakes because the flow of the Mahakam River
    separates it. Meanwhile, Lake Melintang and Lake
    Semayang tend to merge during the rainy season until
    the overflow of water increases. Even Lake Melintang
    and Lake Semayang only have one outlet, the Pela
    River, which empties into the Mahakam River.
    Table 2: Dimensions of the three lakes in the Mahakam.
    Aspect Jempang L. Melintang L. Semayang L.
    Area 15.000 ha, 150
    km2
    11.000 ha, 110
    km2
    13.000 ha, 130
    km2
    Depth 3,5 m (dry), 7
    m (rainy)
    2 m (dry), 6,5 m
    (rainy)
    3 m (dry), 6,5
    m (rainy)
    Loc
    adm
    Jempang
    Subdis, West
    Kutei Reg
    Muara Wis
    Subdis, Kukar
    Reg
    Muara Wis
    Subdis, Kukar
    Reg
    Inlet-
    outlet
    I: Bongan R,
    Ohong R;
    O: Kemujan R
    I: Enggelam R,
    O: Pela R
    I: Kahala R,
    O: Pela R
    Before being stipulated in Presidential Regulation 60
    of 2021, these three lakes had become targets in the
    20115-2019 National Medium-Term Development
    Plan (RPJMN). The RPJMN document states that the
    administrative location of Lake Jempang is in
    Jempang District, West Kutai Regency, while
    Melintang Lake and Semayang Lake are in Muara Wis
    District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency (Figure 4). The
    impact of the determination of the three lakes area in
    the two national strategic documents, the provincial
    government, through the East Kalimantan Tourism
    Office, held a national-scale agenda entitled "Festival
    of 3 Lakes" in November 2021. This is to support and
    increase creative ecotourism.

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  4. PROCEEDINGS
    PIT IAGI 51st 2022
    MAKASSAR, SOUTH SULAWESI
    October 25th – 27th 2022
    Figure 3: Basic satellite image data for 1996 (top, from
    LAPAN), 2000 (middle, USGS), 2010 (middle, USGS),
    2019 (bottom), accessed and processed in May 2021.
    Figure 4: The state of the three lakes, Lake Jempang and its
    transportation facilities (above, source deniekasurya.com);
    Melintang Lake during the dry season (middle, source
    dispar.kaltimprov.go.id); Semayang Lake at high tide
    (bottom, source Kalimantan.menlhk.go.id).
    The Mahakam watershed's physiography has
    phenomena relevant to three lakes. The three lakes are
    located at an elevation of 2-3 meters above sea level.
    Elevations flank them in the upstream part of the
    Mahakam watershed and the Samarinda
    Anticlinorium ridge downstream of the three lakes
    (Figure 5). Spatially, in the Mahakam watershed, three
    lakes are in an inter-altitude valley where the
    accumulation of stagnant water flows.
    Tectonostratigraphic configuration, the Mahakam
    watershed is within the scope of the Kuter Basin,
    which also illustrates the deviation of the Mahakam
    River flow direction to the Northeast (Figure 6). The
    flow shift is also marked by the presence of a lake,
    which is tectono-stratigraphically called the Kutei
    Lakes.
    According to Satyana et al. (1999), the lake sediment
    has occurred since the Plio-Pleistocene which is
    closely related to the formation process of the
    Samarinda Anticlinorium so that it is closely related
    to tectonic processes (Figure 7). The lake deposits are
    in the form of fine sedimentary material with
    relatively calm currents because they are Plio-
    Pleistocene Lake deposits. Moss and Chambers
    (1999) stated that a compressional stress regime
    controlled the study area, especially in the inversion
    phase that occurred in the Eocene, by forming half-
    graben depocenters (Figure 7).
    Based on the river's genesis, the Mahakam River is
    classified as an antecedent type because it not only
    penetrates a fold but winds through a collection of 12
    folds, namely the Samarinda Anticlinorium. The
    antecedent type is pre-genetic, namely the river that
    has flowed first, then a compressional tectonic process
    occurs, then folds are formed. The compressional
    stress phase in the formation event of the Samarinda
    Anticlinorium is thought to have hampered the flow
    of the Mahakam River, resulting in a delay in
    backwashing. The impact on the behavior of the river
    flow is that there is an adjustment, such as an
    anastomosing reach with the form of three lakes.
    Figure 5: Physiography of the Kutai Basin (Satyana et al.,
    1999; Vermeulen et al., 2014).
    Identification of the Landsat band combine, the three
    lakes are reflected in a half-graben pattern. The
    distribution of the three lakes pattern is also still linear
    to the anomaly of changes in the direction of the

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  5. PROCEEDINGS
    PIT IAGI 51st 2022
    MAKASSAR, SOUTH SULAWESI
    October 25th – 27th 2022
    Mahakam River flow to the northeast. Thus, the
    dynamics of the meandering and braided stream of the
    Mahakam River up to three lakes, the process is
    controlled by tectonic, the phenomenon is still clearly
    visible.
    Figure 6: The structural pattern of the Eastern Kutai Basin
    (Moss and Chambers, 1999). The green box notation is the
    study area, while the red line represents the cross-sectional
    area in Figure 7.
    Figure 7: Cross-section of West-East, which illustrates the
    relationship between the presence of lake deposits and the
    pattern of the Samarinda Anticlinorium (Moss and
    Chambers, 1999; Satyana et al., 1999).
    Conclusions
    The focus of this study is Landsat observations in the
    Mahakam watershed which resulted in several studies,
    including:
    1. There is an anomaly in the direction of the
    Mahakam River, which generally flows to the
    southeast, but in the Mahakam Sentral Sub-
    watershed, the flow direction changes to the
    northeast for 63 km, then flows back to the
    southeast.
    2. The existence of three successive large lakes,
    precisely in the Mahakam Sentral Sub-watershed.
    These three lakes have a linear pattern concerning
    changes in the direction of the Mahakam River
    flow.
    3. Based on space and time, the Three Lakes have
    existed since the Plio-Pleistocene and were in a
    half-graben framework during the formation of
    the Samarinda Anticlinorium.
    4. The Mahakam River is an antecedent type that
    first flowed before the formation of the
    Samarinda Anticlinorium.
    5. The hypothesis is that the flow of the Mahakam
    River will experience a narrowing of the channel
    and/or obstruction of flow during the Samarinda
    Anticlinorium process. So, a backwash occurs,
    which has implications for the anastomosing
    reach around the Three Lakes.
    This study is part of the initial study of major research
    on hydro-geomorphometry of the Mahakam
    watershed, East Kalimantan. So that the next study
    will be more in-depth related to measurements,
    calculations, and modeling. The hope is that it can
    prove the hypothesis built in this study and has more
    comprehensive benefits to predict the danger of
    flooding or drought.
    Acknowledgements
    This study was funded by the Ministry of Education,
    Culture, Research and Technology (Kemdikburistek)
    under a research grant from decentralization program
    number 0277/E5/AK.04/2022 dated May 6th 2022. We
    also thank to Imam Priyono, Yuniarti Ulfa, Ananta
    Purwo as colleague for the discussion about
    hydrogeological.
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    PIT IAGI 51st 2022
    MAKASSAR, SOUTH SULAWESI
    October 25th – 27th 2022
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