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1. Parallel & Distributed Computing MCQS 1. What does the shared memory model use for synchronization? a) Pointers b) Semaphores/Locks c) Arrays d) Queues Answer: b 2. What is the main advantage of the shared memory model? a) Data ownership is explicitly defined b) No explicit data communication required c) Easy to manage data locality d) Always faster than other models Answer: b 3. Which model involves multiple threads executing concurrently? a) Data Parallel Model b) Shared Memory Model c) Threads Model d) Hybrid Model Answer: c 4. What is the standard for thread-based programming on UNIX systems? a) OpenMP b) MPI c) POSIX Threads
2. d) HPF Answer: c 5. Which programming model divides data into partitions for tasks? a) Data Parallel Model b) Message Passing Model c) Threads Model d) Functional Decomposition Answer: a 6. What is the primary use of MPI? a) Synchronizing shared memory b) Communicating between processes with separate address spaces c) Simplifying parallel programming d) Automatically parallelizing serial code Answer: b 7. What does MPI_Send() do? a) Initializes MPI environment b) Sends messages between processes c) Receives messages from processes d) Finalizes MPI environment Answer: b 8. What function is used to initialize MPI? a) MPI_Start b) MPI_Comm_size c) MPI_Init
3. d) MPI_Finalize Answer: c 9. What does MPI_Comm_rank provide? a) Total number of processes b) Rank of a process c) Type of communicator d) Process group details Answer: b 10. Which MPI function is used to finalize parallel code? a) MPI_Stop b) MPI_Close c) MPI_Finalize d) MPI_Comm_free Answer: c 11. What is the first step in designing a parallel program? a) Code optimization b) Understanding the problem c) Writing test cases d) Selecting a programming language Answer: b 12. Which of these is an example of an embarrassingly parallel problem? a) Fibonacci sequence b) Image processing c) Climate modeling
4. d) Matrix multiplication Answer: b 13. Which synchronization type requires all tasks to stop at the same point? a) Barrier b) Semaphore c) Lock d) Asynchronous communication Answer: a 14. What is the major inhibitor to parallelism in loops? a) Data independence b) Data dependencies c) Small granularity d) High I/O Answer: b 15. Which term describes dividing tasks by functionality? a) Domain decomposition b) Data parallelism c) Functional decomposition d) Hybrid decomposition Answer: c 16. What does granularity refer to in parallel programming? a) Size of parallel tasks b) Communication overhead c) Memory allocation
5. d) Processor speed Answer: a 17. Which factor measures communication efficiency? a) Latency b) Granularity c) Synchronization d) Load balancing Answer: a 18. What is the goal of load balancing? a) Equal distribution of tasks b) Reducing memory usage c) Increasing task dependencies d) Simplifying I/O operations Answer: a 19. What does the hybrid model combine? a) Threads and loops b) Data and memory c) Different parallel programming models d) Serial and parallel programming Answer: c 20. What is the common data type used in MPI communications? a) MPI_FLOAT b) MPI_INT c) MPI_CHAR
6. d) All of the above Answer: d 21. What is the shared memory model’s main advantage? a) Explicit data communication b) Simplified development c) Easy data ownership d) High performance always Answer: b 22. Which mechanism is used for synchronization in shared memory? a) Loops b) Locks/Semaphores c) Threads d) Buffers Answer: b 23. Which model is commonly used with global address space? a) Message Passing Model b) Shared Memory Model c) Data Parallel Model d) Hybrid Model Answer: b 24. What defines the threads model? a) Independent processes b) Tasks sharing memory and resources c) Communication via MPI
7. d) Explicit ownership of data Answer: b 25. Which standard provides thread implementations? a) OpenMP b) POSIX Threads c) MPI d) HPF Answer: b 26. Which model works best for SIMD architecture? a) Threads Model b) Data Parallel Model c) Shared Memory Model d) Message Passing Model Answer: b 27. Which model divides tasks based on computation? a) Domain Decomposition b) Functional Decomposition c) Hybrid Model d) Data Partitioning Answer: b 28. What does functional decomposition focus on? a) Data distribution b) Computation tasks c) Message passing
8. d) Synchronization Answer: b 29. Which hybrid model uses both MPI and GPU programming? a) CUDA+MPI b) OpenMP+MPI c) POSIX Threads+MPI d) MPI+HPF Answer: a 30. Which shared memory architecture uses CC-NUMA? a) SGI Origin b) IBM Blue Gene c) Cray T3E d) Intel Xeon Answer: a 31. What does MPI_Send() do? a) Synchronizes processes b) Sends messages between processes c) Receives data d) Finalizes communication Answer: b 32. What does MPI_Comm_rank() return? a) Process rank b) Total processes c) Message tag
9. d) Data type Answer: a 33. Which MPI function terminates parallel execution? a) MPI_Stop b) MPI_Finalize c) MPI_Close d) MPI_End Answer: b 34. Which function gives the total number of processes? a) MPI_Comm_total b) MPI_Comm_size c) MPI_Init d) MPI_Rank Answer: b 35. What does MPI_Recv() require to receive messages? a) MPI_Init status b) Process ID, data type, tag c) Rank and memory address d) Synchronization locks Answer: b 36. Which term is used to define all processes in MPI? a) MPI_GROUP_WORLD b) MPI_COMM_WORLD c) MPI_COMM_ALL
10. d) MPI_PROCESS_GROUP Answer: b 37. What does MPI_ANY_TAG allow? a) Ignoring rank during sends b) Receiving messages with any tag c) Sending without specifying data type d) Sending from any source Answer: b 38. What does MPI_Finalize() not do? a) Clean up resources b) Free communicator objects c) Allocate processes d) End parallel code Answer: c 39. Which operation in MPI ensures synchronization? a) Scatter b) Gather c) Barrier d) Rank update Answer: c 40. What is MPI_Recv() used for? a) Synchronizing processes b) Broadcasting messages c) Receiving data from other processes
11. d) Allocating buffers Answer: c 41. What is the primary goal of parallel programming? a) Reducing memory usage b) Decreasing execution time c) Increasing code complexity d) Improving data dependencies Answer: b 42. Which operation distributes data from one task to all others in MPI? a) MPI_Scatter b) MPI_Bcast c) MPI_Reduce d) MPI_Gather Answer: b 43. Which of these is a hybrid communication model example? a) MPI + OpenMP b) MPI + CUDA c) Both a and b d) Pthreads only Answer: c 44. Which type of communication requires explicit synchronization in parallel programs? a) Synchronous communication b) Asynchronous communication
12. c) Collective communication d) None of the above Answer: a 45. What is an example of an embarrassingly parallel task? a) Matrix multiplication b) Image pixel color inversion c) Recursive Fibonacci calculation d) Weather modeling Answer: b 46. What is the primary disadvantage of the message passing model? a) Scalability issues b) High memory requirements c) High communication overhead d) Poor granularity Answer: c 47. What is the primary benefit of using asynchronous communication in MPI? a) Simplifies debugging b) Improves execution speed by overlapping computation and communication c) Reduces synchronization complexity d) Ensures complete communication reliability Answer: b 48. Which synchronization construct is used to protect shared resources? a) Barrier
13. b) Semaphore c) Broadcast d) MPI_Finalize Answer: b 49. What type of dependency arises when one task requires data generated by another? a) Data dependency b) Functional dependency c) Resource dependency d) None of the above Answer: a 50. What is the role of profilers in parallel programming? a) To debug memory issues b) To identify code hotspots c) To partition tasks d) To optimize communication costs Answer: b 61. What is the first step in parallel program design? a) Understanding the problem b) Writing test cases c) Optimizing serial code d) Selecting a language Answer: a 62. Which problem is embarrassingly parallel?
14. a) Fibonacci sequence b) Image pixel processing c) Sorting algorithms d) Climate modeling Answer: b 63. Which synchronization method stops all tasks at one point? a) Semaphore b) Lock c) Barrier d) Deadlock Answer: c 64. What does domain decomposition focus on? a) Tasks based on data b) Tasks based on computation c) Synchronization methods d) Communication strategies Answer: a 65. Which issue arises from data dependency in parallel programming? a) Faster execution b) Reduced granularity c) Inhibited parallelism d) Simplified communication Answer: c 66. What is load balancing in parallel programming?
15. a) Distributing tasks evenly b) Minimizing memory use c) Ensuring task dependencies d) Reducing I/O Answer: a 67. Which communication is non-blocking in nature? a) Synchronous communication b) Asynchronous communication c) Barrier-based methods d) Data dependencies Answer: b 68. What does granularity refer to? a) Task size in parallel programming b) Memory usage c) Code complexity d) Synchronization delays Answer: a 69. Which type of communication involves only two tasks? a) Collective communication b) Point-to-point communication c) Broadcast communication d) Scatter-gather communication Answer: b 70. Which operation divides work into functional chunks?
16. a) Domain decomposition b) Functional decomposition c) Hybrid decomposition d) Barrier decomposition Answer: b 71. What is the primary disadvantage of the shared memory model? a) Easy data communication b) Complexity of data locality management c) High communication costs d) Poor scalability Answer: b 72. Which type of parallelism does the message-passing model support? a) SIMD b) MIMD/SPMD c) Vector Processing d) None of the above Answer: b 73. Which is the key feature of the hybrid model? a) Combines multiple programming models b) Fully automatic synchronization c) Only works on shared memory systems d) Eliminates communication overhead Answer: a 74. What is the common drawback of functional decomposition?
17. a) Difficult to scale b) Limited task flexibility c) Requires specialized hardware d) Not efficient for independent tasks Answer: b 75. In domain decomposition, what is divided? a) Functionality b) Data c) Process ranks d) Memory allocation Answer: b 76. What is a typical issue with threads in shared memory models? a) High latency b) Race conditions c) Insufficient granularity d) Limited scalability Answer: b 77. Which parallel programming model uses directives for parallelism? a) POSIX Threads b) OpenMP c) MPI d) CUDA Answer: b 78. Which type of hardware is best suited for the data-parallel model?
18. a) Distributed memory systems b) SIMD architectures c) CC-NUMA systems d) Asynchronous networks Answer: b 79. What does CUDA mainly focus on? a) Distributed memory systems b) GPU computing c) Shared memory models d) MPI optimizations Answer: b 80. In parallel programming, granularity refers to: a) The size of tasks b) Communication type c) Scalability of processors d) Number of dependencies Answer: a 81. What does MPI_Init() initialize? a) MPI processes b) Communication buffers c) Parallel regions in code d) All of the above Answer: a 82. What is the role of MPI_Comm_world?
19. a) Defines point-to-point communication b) Contains all MPI processes in the communicator c) Allocates data buffers d) Synchronizes processes Answer: b 83. What does the "rank" in MPI refer to? a) The priority of the process b) The unique identifier for a process c) The speed of a process d) The number of tasks in a process Answer: b 84. Which function performs a broadcast operation in MPI? a) MPI_Scatter b) MPI_Gather c) MPI_Bcast d) MPI_Comm_rank Answer: c 85. MPI_Send() is an example of: a) Blocking communication b) Non-blocking communication c) Synchronization d) Data collection Answer: a 86. What is latency in MPI?
20. a) The maximum bandwidth available b) Time taken to send a zero-byte message c) Number of processes involved in communication d) Size of the message being transferred Answer: b 87. Which wildcard allows receiving messages from any source? a) MPI_ANY_SOURCE b) MPI_ALL_SOURCE c) MPI_ANY_TAG d) MPI_ALL_TAGS Answer: a 88. What is a "blocking communication" in MPI? a) A communication that completes without delay b) A communication where tasks wait until the operation finishes c) Communication performed without synchronization d) None of the above Answer: b 89. Which operation combines data from all processes into one? a) MPI_Scatter b) MPI_Gather c) MPI_Reduce d) MPI_Finalize Answer: c 90. What happens if MPI_Finalize() is not called?
21. a) Parallel execution stops automatically b) MPI processes may remain active c) Processes synchronize automatically d) It triggers garbage collection Answer: b 91. What is the key step in identifying program hotspots? a) Testing the program b) Using profilers c) Writing optimized code d) Measuring I/O latency Answer: b 92. Which is an example of a non-parallelizable problem? a) Calculating Fibonacci series b) Image processing c) Particle simulation d) Sorting numbers Answer: a 93. Why are data dependencies inhibitors to parallelism? a) They require shared memory b) They cause race conditions c) They prevent tasks from executing independently d) They increase task granularity Answer: c 94. What is the primary goal of load balancing?
22. a) Equal distribution of tasks across processors b) Reducing communication overhead c) Minimizing memory allocation d) Synchronizing tasks Answer: a 95. Which synchronization type ensures tasks reach a common point? a) Semaphore b) Lock c) Barrier d) Non-blocking communication Answer: c 96. What is "functional decomposition"? a) Splitting tasks by data dependencies b) Dividing work based on functionality c) Partitioning tasks based on communication d) Synchronizing task execution Answer: b 97. Which factor does not affect communication efficiency? a) Bandwidth b) Task granularity c) Latency d) Network traffic Answer: b 98. Which communication is asynchronous in nature?
23. a) Barrier synchronization b) Non-blocking communication c) Blocking message passing d) Point-to-point communication Answer: b 99. What does granularity measure? a) Time required for task execution b) Size of tasks in parallel programs c) Total memory allocated d) Level of task synchronization Answer: b 100. What is the final step in designing parallel programs? a) Identifying hotspots b) Partitioning tasks c) Performance tuning d) Selecting synchronization methods Answer: c