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Elementary Number Theory with Python

HayaoSuzuki
October 12, 2019

Elementary Number Theory with Python

PyCon mini Hiroshima 2019

HayaoSuzuki

October 12, 2019
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  1. Python Ͱָ͠Ήॳ౳੔਺࿦
    Hayao Suzuki
    PyCon mini Hiroshima 2019
    October 12, 2019

    View Slide

  2. Contents
    1 ࣗݾ঺հ
    2 ॳ౳੔਺࿦ͱ͸
    3 ϐλΰϥε਺
    4 2 ͭͷฏํ਺ͷ࿨ͰදͤΔૉ਺
    5 ·ͱΊ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 2 / 39

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  3. ࣗݾ঺հ
    ͓લ୭Α
    ໊લ Hayao Suzukiʢླ໦ɹॣʣ
    Twitter @CardinalXaro
    ϒϩά https://xaro.hatenablog.jp/
    ઐ໳ ਺ֶ (૊߹ͤ࿦ɾάϥϑཧ࿦)
    ֶҐ म࢜ʢ޻ֶʣ
    ɺిؾ௨৴େֶ
    ࢓ࣄ גࣜձࣾΞΠϦοδͰ Python ϓϩάϥϚΛ͍ͯ͠Δ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 3 / 39

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  4. ࣗݾ঺հ
    ٕज़ॻͷࠪಡ
    › ʰEffective Pythonʱ
    ʢΦϥΠϦʔδϟύϯʣ
    › ʰNumPy ʹΑΔσʔλ෼ੳೖ໳ʱ
    ʢΦϥΠϦʔδϟύϯʣͳͲ
    › https://xaro.hatenablog.jp/ ʹҰཡ͋Γ·͢ɻ
    ͍ΖΜͳൃද
    › ʮSymPy ʹΑΔ਺ࣜॲཧʯ
    ʢPyCon JP 2018ʣͳͲ
    › https://xaro.hatenablog.jp/ ʹҰཡ͋Γ·͢ɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 4 / 39

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  5. ॳ౳੔਺࿦ͱ͸
    ੔਺࿦ͱ͸
    ਺ͷੑ࣭ʹؔ͢Δ਺ֶͷҰ෼໺
    ॳ౳੔਺࿦ͱ͸
    ୅਺తͳख๏΍ղੳతͳख๏Λ࢖Θͳ͍਺࿦
    ॳ౳͔ͩΒ؆୯Ͱ͢Ͷʁ Α͔ͬͨʂ
    ॳ౳ͱ͸ಛผͳ༧උ஌͕͍ࣝΒͳ͍͜ͱɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 5 / 39

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  6. ࠓ೔ͷൃද
    ͳͥ Python Λ࢖͏ͷ͔
    › ൺֱతૉ௚ʹϓϩάϥϛϯάͰ͖Δ
    › ඪ४ϥΠϒϥϦ΋֎෦ϥΠϒϥϦ΋๛෋ʹ͋Δ
    › Guido van Rossum ࢯ͸ΞϜεςϧμϜେֶͰ਺ֶͱܭࢉػՊֶΛ
    ઐ߈͍ͯͨ͠
    ࠓճ࢖͏΋ͷ
    › Python 3.7.x
    › SymPyʢه߸ܭࢉϥΠϒϥϦɺ਺࿦ϥΠϒϥϦ΋๛෋ʣ
    › Silvermanʰ͸͡Ίͯͷ਺࿦ ݪஶୈ 3 ൛ʱ
    ʢؙળग़൛ʣ
    ʢωλݩʣ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 6 / 39

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  7. ࠓ೔ͷൃද
    Python Ͱָ͠Ήॳ౳੔਺࿦
    › ఆཧͷ݁ՌΛ Python Ͱϓϩάϥϛϯάͯ͠ΈΑ͏
    › ఆཧͷূ໌͔Β Python Ͱϓϩάϥϛϯάͯ͠ΈΑ͏
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 7 / 39

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  8. Python Ͱָ͠Ήॳ౳੔਺࿦
    ఆཧͷ݁ՌΛ Python Ͱϓϩάϥϛϯ
    άͯ͠ΈΑ͏
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 8 / 39

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  9. ϐλΰϥε਺
    ఆٛ (ϐλΰϥε਺)
    a2 + b2 = c2 ͕੒Γཱͭࣗવ਺ͷ૊ (a; b; c) Λϐλΰϥε਺ͱݺͿɻ
    ໨ඪ
    ϐλΰϥε਺Λॏෳͳ͘ɺ΋Εͳ͘ܭࢉ͍ͨ͠ɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 9 / 39

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  10. ϐλΰϥε਺Λܭࢉ͠Α͏ɿࠜੑฤ
    ࠜੑͰܭࢉͩʂ
    from itertools import product
    for a, b, c in product(range(1, 20), repeat=3):
    if a ** 2 + b ** 2 == c ** 2:
    print(a, b, c)
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 10 / 39

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  11. ϐλΰϥε਺Λܭࢉ͠Α͏ɿࠜੑฤ
    ࠜੑͰܭࢉͨͧ͠ʂ
    3 4 5
    4 3 5
    5 12 13
    6 8 10
    8 6 10
    8 15 17
    9 12 15
    12 5 13
    12 9 15
    15 8 17
    ॏෳ͕ͨ͘͞Μ͋Δ͠ɺ΋Ε͕͋Δ͔΋͠Εͳ͍ɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 11 / 39

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  12. ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺
    ఆٛ (ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺)
    ޓ͍ʹૉͰ͋Δϐλΰϥε਺Λط໿ϐλΰϥε਺ͱݺͿɻ
    ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺͚ͩΛੜ੒͢Ε͹ଞͷϐλΰϥε਺͸ੜ੒Ͱ͖Δɻ
    ϐλΰϥε਺ (3; 4; 5) ͔Βผͷϐλΰϥε਺ (6; 8; 10) Λ࡞Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ
    ͖Δɻ
    ࣍ͳΔ໨ඪ
    ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺Λॏෳͳ͘ɺ΋Εͳ͘ܭࢉ͍ͨ͠ɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 12 / 39

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  13. ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺Λܭࢉ͠Α͏
    ͪΐͬͱ޻෉ͨ͠
    from itertools import combinations
    from math import gcd
    for a, b, c in combinations(range(1, 50), 3):
    if a ** 2 + b ** 2 == c ** 2 and gcd(a, b) == 1:
    print(a, b, c)
    ͪΐͬͱ޻෉ͨ͠
    › a; b; c ͸ͦΕͧΕҧ͏਺Ͱ͋Δ
    › a; b ͸ޓ͍ʹૉͰ͋Δ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 13 / 39

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  14. ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺Λܭࢉ͠Α͏
    ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺ͷܭࢉ
    3 4 5
    5 12 13
    7 24 25
    8 15 17
    9 40 41
    12 35 37
    20 21 29
    ॏෳ͸ͳͦ͞͏͕ͩɺ΋Ε͕͋Δ͔΋͠Εͳ͍...ɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 14 / 39

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  15. ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺Λ΋ͬͱ্ख͘ܭࢉ͠Α͏
    ໋୊
    ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺ (a; b; c) ͸ޓ͍ʹૉͳح਺ s; t(s > t) Λ༻͍ͯ
    a = st; b =
    s2 ` t2
    2
    ; c =
    s2 + t2
    2
    ͱͰ͖Δɻ
    ͭ·Γ...
    ޓ͍ʹૉͳح਺ͷϖΞ (s; t) ͕ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺ (a; b; c) ʹରԠ͢Δɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 15 / 39

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  16. ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺Λ΋ͬͱ্ख͘ܭࢉ͠Α͏
    ิ୊ (͋ͱͰͬ͘͡Γಡ΋͏)
    ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺ (a; b; c) ͷ a; b ͷҰํ͸ۮ਺Ͱ΋͏Ұํ͸ح਺Ͱ͋Δɻ
    ·ͨɺc ͸ৗʹح਺Ͱ͋Δɻ
    ূ໌ʢ͋ͱͰͬ͘͡Γಡ΋͏ʣ.
    ࣗવ਺ͷ૊ (a; b; c) Λط໿ϐλΰϥε਺ͱ͢Δɻ
    ·ͣɺa; b ͕ڞʹۮ਺ͳΒ͹ɺϐλΰϥε਺ͷఆ͔ٛΒ c ΋ۮ਺ͱͳΓɺ
    (a; b; c) ͸ڞ௨Ҽ਺ 2 Λ࣋ͭ͜ͱʹͳΓԾఆʹ൓͢Δɻ࣍ʹɺa; b ͕ڞ
    ʹح਺ͳΒ͹ɺϐλΰϥε਺ͷఆ͔ٛΒ c ͸ۮ਺ͱͳΔɻ͜ͷͱ͖ɺ
    a = 2x + 1; b = 2y + 1; c = 2z ͱ͢Δͱ
    a2 + b2 = c2 ) 2(x2 + x + y2 + y) + 1 = 2z2
    ͱͳΓໃ६ɻ
    Αͬͯɺa; b ͷ಺ɺҰํ͸ۮ਺Ͱ΋͏Ұํ͸ح਺Ͱ͋Δɻ·ͨɺϐλΰϥ
    ε਺ͷఆ͔ٛΒ c ͸ح਺ͱͳΔɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 16 / 39

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  17. ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺Λ΋ͬͱ্ख͘ܭࢉ͠Α͏
    ิ୊ (͋ͱͰͬ͘͡Γಡ΋͏)
    ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺ (a; b; c) ʹ͓͍ͯɺa Λح਺ɺb Λۮ਺ͱ͢Δɻ͜ͷͱ
    ͖ɺ(c ` b)(c + b) ͸ޓ͍ʹૉͰ͋Δɻ
    ূ໌ʢ͋ͱͰͬ͘͡Γಡ΋͏ʣ.
    ࣗવ਺ͷ૊ (a; b; c) Λط໿ϐλΰϥε਺ͱ͠ɺa Λح਺ɺb Λۮ਺ͱ͢
    ΔɻԾఆ͔Βɺa2 = c2 ` b2 = (c ` b)(c + b) ͱͰ͖Δɻ
    c ` b; c + b ͷڞ௨Ҽ਺Λ d ͱ͢Δͱɺd ͸
    (c + b) + (c ` b) = 2c; (c + b) ` (c ` b) = 2b ΋ׂΓ੾ΔɻԾఆ
    ͔Β b; c ͸ط໿ͳͷͰ d ͸ 1 ·ͨ͸ 2 Ͱ͋Δɻ͔͠͠ɺ
    (c ` b)(c + b) = a2 Ͱ͋Γɺa ͸ح਺ͳͷͰ d ͸ 1 ʹଞͳΒͳ͍ɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 17 / 39

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  18. ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺Λ΋ͬͱ্ख͘ܭࢉ͠Α͏
    ิ୊ (͋ͱͰͬ͘͡Γಡ΋͏)
    ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺ (a; b; c) ʹ͓͍ͯɺa Λح਺ɺb Λۮ਺ͱ͢Δɻ͜ͷͱ
    ͖ɺc ` b; c + b ͸ͦΕͧΕฏํ਺ͱͳΔɻ
    ূ໌ʢ͋ͱͰͬ͘͡Γಡ΋͏ʣ.
    ࣗવ਺ͷ૊ (a; b; c) Λط໿ϐλΰϥε਺ͱ͠ɺa Λح਺ɺb Λۮ਺ͱ͢Δɻ
    Ծఆ͔Βɺa2 = c2 ` b2 = (c ` b)(c + b) ͱͰ͖Δɻc ` b; c + b ͸
    ޓ͍ʹૉͰ͋Γɺ͔ͭ (c ` b)(c + b) = a2 ͳͷͰɺ(c ` b)(c + b) ͸
    ฏํ਺ͱͳΔɻΑͬͯɺc ` b; c + b ͕ͦΕͧΕฏํ਺ͱͳΔɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 18 / 39

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  19. ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺Λ΋ͬͱ্ख͘ܭࢉ͠Α͏
    ໋୊
    ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺ (a; b; c) ͸ޓ͍ʹૉͳح਺ s; t(s > t) Λ༻͍ͯ
    a = st; b =
    s2 ` t2
    2
    ; c =
    s2 + t2
    2
    ͱͰ͖Δɻ
    ূ໌ʢ͋ͱͰͬ͘͡Γಡ΋͏ʣ.
    ࣗવ਺ͷ૊ (a; b; c) Λط໿ϐλΰϥε਺ͱ͠ɺa Λح਺ɺb Λۮ਺ͱ͢Δɻ
    Ծఆ͔Βɺa2 = c2 ` b2 = (c ` b)(c + b) ͱͰ͖Δɻc ` b; c + b ͸
    ͦΕͧΕฏํ਺ͳͷͰɺc + b = s2; c ` b = t2 ͱͰ͖ΔɻΑͬͯɺ
    c =
    s2 + t2
    2
    ; b =
    s2 ` t2
    2
    ͱͳΔɻ·ͨɺ
    a = q(c ` b)(c + b) = st
    ͱͳΔɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 19 / 39

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  20. ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺Λ΋ͬͱ্ख͘ܭࢉ͠Α͏
    ্ख͘޻෉ͨ͠
    from itertools import combinations
    from math import gcd
    for t, s in filter(
    lambda x: gcd(*x) == 1,
    combinations(range(1, 10, 2), r=2),
    ):
    print(
    s * t,
    (s ** 2 - t ** 2) // 2,
    (s ** 2 + t ** 2) // 2,
    )
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 20 / 39

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  21. ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺Λ΋ͬͱ্ख͘ܭࢉ͠Α͏
    ط໿ϐλΰϥε਺Λ΋ͬͱ্ख͘ܭࢉͨ͠
    3 4 5
    5 12 13
    7 24 25
    9 40 41
    15 8 17
    21 20 29
    35 12 37
    45 28 53
    63 16 65
    ॏෳͳ͘ɺ΋Εͳ͘ܭࢉͰ͖ͨʂ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 21 / 39

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  22. Python Ͱָ͠Ήॳ౳੔਺࿦
    ఆཧͷ݁ՌΛ Python Ͱϓϩάϥϛϯάͯ͠ΈΑ͏
    › ݁ՌΛͦͷ··࣮૷ͯ͠۩ମྫΛ؍࡯͢Δ
    › ҙ֎ͳ๏ଇ͕ݟ͔ͭΔʢ͔΋ʣ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 22 / 39

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  23. Python Ͱָ͠Ήॳ౳੔਺࿦
    ఆཧͷূ໌͔Β Python Ͱϓϩάϥϛ
    ϯάͯ͠ΈΑ͏
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 23 / 39

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  24. 2 ͭͷฏํ਺ͷ࿨ͰදͤΔૉ਺
    ఆٛ (੔਺ͷ߹ಉ)
    ੔਺ a; b ͓Αͼ m ʹ͓͍ͯɺa ` b ͕ m ͷഒ਺ͱͳΔͱ͖ɺa; b ͸Λ
    m Λ๏ͱͯ͠߹ಉͱݺͼɺa ” b (mod m) ͱද͢ɻ
    ఆཧ (Fermat ͷ 2 ฏํ࿨ఆཧ)
    حૉ਺ p ͕ 2 ͭͷฏํ਺ͷ࿨ͰදͤΔ͜ͱͷඞཁे෼৚݅͸ p ” 1
    (mod 4) Ͱ͋Δɻ
    2 ͭͷฏํ਺ͷ࿨ͰදͤΔʁ
    p = 97 Λྫʹߟ͑Δɻ
    › 97 = 92 + 42 ͱͰ͖ΔͷͰɺ97 ” 1 (mod 4) Ͱ͋Δɻ
    ʢ؆୯ʣ
    › 97 ” 1 (mod 4) Ͱ͋ΔͷͰɺ97 = 92 + 42 ͱͰ͖Δɻ
    ʢෆࢥٞʣ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 24 / 39

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  25. 2 ͭͷฏํ਺ͷ࿨ͰදͤΔૉ਺
    ূ໌ (p = x2 + y2 ) p ” 1 (mod 4)).
    حૉ਺ p ͕ 2 ͭͷฏํ਺ͷ࿨ͰදͤΔͳΒ͹ɺp = x2 + y2 ͱͳΔɻp
    ͸ح਺ͳͷͰɺx Λۮ਺ɺy Λح਺ͱͯ͠Α͍ɻ͜ͷͱ͖ɺ
    x = 2m; y = 2n + 1 ͱ͢Δͱ
    p = x2 + y2 = (2m)2 + (2n + 1)2 = 4(m2 + n2 + n) + 1
    ΑΓɺp ͸ 4 Λ๏ͱͯ͠ 1 ͱ߹ಉͰ͋Δɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 25 / 39

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  26. ূ໌ͷϥϑεέον
    େࡶ೺ͳํ਑
    › ͍͖ͳΓ x2 + y2 = p Λຬͨ͢ (x; y) Λ౰ͯΔͷ͸೉͍͠ɻ
    › x2 + y2 = Mp Λຬͨ͢ (x; y; M) ͸ൺֱత؆୯ʹग़ͤΔͷͰ
    ग़͢ɻ
    › M ͷ஋ΛͲΜͲΜݮΒͯ͠ 1 ʹ͢Δɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 26 / 39

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  27. ূ໌ͷεέον
    ূ໌ (p ” 1 (mod 4) ) p = x2 + y2) ͷεέον
    1 p Λ 4 Λ๏ͱͯ͠ 1 ͱ߹ಉͳૉ਺ͱ͢Δɻ
    2 A2 + B2 = Mp ͳΔ (A; B; M) Λ୳͢ɻM = 1 ͳΒऴྃɻ
    3 (A; B; M) ͔Β a2 + b2 = Mr; r » M ` 1 ͳΔ (a; b; r) Λ
    ಘΔɻ
    4 A2 + B2 = Mp; a2 + b2 = Mr ͔Β u2 + v2 = rp ΛಘΔɻ
    5 A u; B v; M r ͱͯ͠ 2 ʹ໭Δɻ
    ͜ΕΛແݶ߱Լ๏ͱݺͿɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 27 / 39

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  28. ূ໌ͷεέον
    ิ୊
    ߹ಉํఔࣜ x2 ” `1 (mod p) ͸ղΛ࣋ͭɻ
    ূ໌ʢఱԼΓʣ.
    ฏํ৒༨ͷ૬ޓ๏ଇ͔Βಋ͚Δɻ
    ͍͍ײ͡ʹ A2 + B2 = Mp ͳΔ (A; B; M) Λ୳͢
    ߹ಉํఔࣜ x2 ” `1 (mod p) ͷղΛ A ͱ͠ɺB = 1 ͱ͢Δͱɺ
    A2 + B2 ͸ p ͷഒ਺Ͱ͋Δɻ·ͨɺM =
    A2 + B2
    p
    ͱͳΔɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 28 / 39

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  29. A2 + B2 = Mp ͳΔ (A; B; M) Λ୳͢
    ߹ಉํఔࣜ x2 ” `1 (mod p) ͷղΛࢉग़͢ΔʢఱԼΓʣ
    from random import randint
    from sympy.ntheory import isprime, legendre_symbol
    def solve_quadratic(p):
    if not (isprime(p) and p % 4 == 1):
    raise ValueError
    while True:
    a = randint(1, p - 1)
    b = pow(a, (p - 1) // 4, p)
    if legendre_symbol(a, p) == -1 and 1 <= b < p:
    return b
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 29 / 39

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  30. A2 + B2 = Mp ͳΔ (A; B; M) Λ୳͢
    (A; B; M) Λ୳͢
    def sums_of_two_squares(p):
    """4 Λ๏ͱͯ͠ 1 ͱ߹ಉͳૉ਺Λ 2 ͭͷฏํ਺ͷ࿨Ͱද͢"""
    if not (isprime(p) and p % 4 == 1):
    raise ValueError
    A, B = solve_quadratic(p), 1
    M = divmod(A ** 2 + B ** 2, p)[0]
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 30 / 39

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  31. a2 + b2 = Mr Λ୳͢
    a2 + b2 = Mr Λ୳͢
    ҎԼͷ৚݅Λຬͨ͢Α͏ʹ a; b ΛબͿɻ
    a ” A (mod M)
    b ” B (mod M)
    `
    1
    2
    M » a; b »
    1
    2
    M
    r ͱ M ͷؔ܎ͷൿີ
    r =
    a2 + b2
    M
    »
    “ M
    2
    ”2
    + “M
    2
    ”2
    M
    =
    M
    2
    < M:
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 31 / 39

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  32. a2 + b2 = Mr Λ୳͢
    a2 + b2 = Mr Λ୳͢
    from sympy.ntheory.modular import solve_congruence
    def sums_of_two_squares(p):
    """4 Λ๏ͱͯ͠ 1 ͱ߹ಉͳૉ਺Λ 2 ͭͷฏํ਺ͷ࿨Ͱද͢"""
    if not (isprime(p) and p % 4 == 1):
    raise ValueError
    A, B = solve_quadratic(p), 1
    M = divmod(A ** 2 + B ** 2, p)[0]
    a = solve_congruence((A, M), symmetric=True)[0]
    b = solve_congruence((B, M), symmetric=True)[0]
    r = divmod(a ** 2 + b ** 2, M)[0]
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 32 / 39

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  33. ূ໌ͷεέον
    ิ୊
    (u2 + v2)(A2 + B2) = (uA + vB)2 + (vA ` uB)2
    ূ໌.
    ܭࢉ͢Δ͚ͩɻ
    (uA + vB)2 + (vA ` uB)2
    = (u2A2 + 2uAvB + v2B2) + (v2A2 ` 2vAuB + u2B2)
    = u2A2 + v2B2 + v2A2 + u2B2
    = (u2 + v2)(A2 + B2):
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 33 / 39

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  34. ૯࢓্͛
    2 ͭͷํఔࣜ
    A2 + B2 = Mp
    a2 + b2 = Mr
    2 ͭͷํఔࣜͷؔ܎
    (a2 + b2)(A2 + B2) = M2rp
    )(aA + bB)2 + (bA ` aB)2 = M2rp
    )
    aA + bB
    M
    !2
    +
    bA ` aB
    M
    !2
    = rp
    r »
    M
    2
    ͳͷͰɺޮ཰Α͘ܭࢉͰ͖Δɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 34 / 39

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  35. 2 ͭͷฏํ਺ͷ࿨ͰදͤΔૉ਺
    2 ͭͷฏํ਺ͷ࿨ͰදͤΔૉ਺
    def sums_of_two_squares(p):
    A, B = solve_quadratic(p), 1
    M = divmod(A ** 2 + B ** 2, p)[0]
    while True:
    a = solve_congruence((A, M), symmetric=True)[0]
    b = solve_congruence((B, M), symmetric=True)[0]
    r = divmod(u ** 2 + v ** 2, M)[0]
    s = abs((a * A + b * B) // M)
    t = abs((b * A - a * B) // M)
    if r == 1:
    print(f"${s}^2 + {t}^2={p}$")
    return
    else:
    A, B, M = s, t, r
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 35 / 39

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  36. 2 ͭͷฏํ਺ͷ࿨ͰදͤΔૉ਺
    2 ͭͷฏํ਺ͷ࿨ͰදͤΔૉ਺
    from sympy import primerange
    primes_1_mod_4 = (
    p for p in primerange(1, 100) if p % 4 == 1
    )
    for p in primes_1_mod_4:
    sums_of_two_squares(p)
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 36 / 39

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  37. 2 ͭͷฏํ਺ͷ࿨ͰදͤΔૉ਺
    2 ͭͷฏํ਺ͷ࿨ͰදͤΔૉ਺
    22 + 12 = 5
    32 + 22 = 13
    42 + 12 = 17
    52 + 22 = 29
    62 + 12 = 37
    52 + 42 = 41
    72 + 22 = 53
    62 + 52 = 61
    82 + 32 = 73
    82 + 52 = 89
    92 + 42 = 97
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 37 / 39

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  38. Python Ͱָ͠Ήॳ౳੔਺࿦
    ఆཧͷূ໌͔Β Python Ͱϓϩάϥϛϯάͯ͠ΈΑ͏
    › ߏ੒తͳূ໌͸ϓϩάϥϛϯάͰ͖Δʢ͜ͱ΋͋Δʣ
    › ϓϩάϥϛϯάͰ͖Ε͹ূ໌ΛཧղͰ͖Δʢ͔΋͠Εͳ͍ʣ
    શମ૾Λݟ͍ͨ...
    ϓϩάϥϜશମ͸ https://github.com/HayaoSuzuki/
    PyCon-mini-Hiroshima-2019/blob/master/20191012note.ipynb ʹ
    ͋Γ·͢ɻ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 38 / 39

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  39. ·ͱΊ
    ͳͥ Python Λ࢖͏ͷ͔
    › ൺֱతૉ௚ʹϓϩάϥϛϯάͰ͖Δ
    › ඪ४ϥΠϒϥϦ΋֎෦ϥΠϒϥϦ΋๛෋ʹ͋Δ
    › ࠔͬͨΒ SymPy Λ౰ͨΕ͹ղܾ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ଟ͍
    ఆཧͷ݁ՌΛ Python Ͱϓϩάϥϛϯάͯ͠ΈΑ͏
    › ݁ՌΛͦͷ··࣮૷ͯ͠۩ମྫΛ؍࡯͢Δ
    › ҙ֎ͳ๏ଇ͕ݟ͔ͭΔʢ͔΋ʣ
    ఆཧͷূ໌͔Β Python Ͱϓϩάϥϛϯάͯ͠ΈΑ͏
    › ߏ੒తͳূ໌͸ϓϩάϥϛϯάͰ͖Δʢ͜ͱ΋͋Δʣ
    › ϓϩάϥϛϯάͰ͖Ε͹ূ໌ΛཧղͰ͖Δʢ͔΋͠Εͳ͍ʣ
    Hayao (Hiroshima 2019) Number Theory with Python October 12, 2019 39 / 39

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