The Urban Environment - Stephen Holgate

health, PM

Transcript

1. View Slide

2. The Urban Environment Impacts on Health
   and Wellbeing
   •A successful urban area stimulates those who live
   and work there and reinforces self-esteem.
   •The urban environment affect health and wellbeing
   of everyone who lives and works there.
   •Many problems are concentrated in the most
   deprived areas where environmental, social and
   economic factors interact especially children and older
   people.
   •Relationship between health, wellbeing and place
   are complex interacting and poorly understood.
   

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3. Effects of Urban Environment on Health
   • Air pollution: 24,000 deaths/yr brought forward
   by~8 months and 24,000 hospital admissions.
   • Traffic accidents: 3,300 deaths and 29,000 serious
   injuries/yr.
   • Climate: Winter - 25,700 extra deaths Dec 2005-
   March 2006.
   Summer - 2,000 excess deaths in heat-
   wave of 2003.
   • Mental health: Strong association between urban
   residence and psychiatric disorders.
   • Infectious disease: Spread of pandemic flue and
   new diseases with climate change.
   • Obesity: 34,000 extra deaths each year.
   

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4. The London Smog of December 1952
   Clean Air Act of 1956
   

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5. •1,000,000,000,000
   particles enter into
   lungs daily
   •10,000 lts of air pass
   through the lungs
   every 24 hours.
   •Surface area exposed
   to the external
   environment - 150 m2
   AIR POLLUTION PARTICLES AND THE LUNG
   

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6. 0
   2000
   4000
   6000
   8000
   10000
   12000
   0 20 40 60 80
   Time (mins following inhalation)
   CPM/
   gram blood
   Tc99-Technigas <100nm mmd
   

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7. % Increase
   Mortality Hospitalisation Symptoms
   Decreased
   lung
   function
   4
   3
   2
   1
   Percentage Change in Health End-point for a 10g/m3
   Increase in PM10
   (summarised from over 100 studies)
   Adverse health effects of particles persist after controlling for smoking
   

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8. Meta-analysis of TSP & cardiovascular mortality
   Anderson R et al
   *
   

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9. Cardiovascular Mortality: PM2.5 and Black Smoke:
   Long-term Exposure
   *
   *
   PM2.5 Black Smoke
   Relative risk of all cause mortality per 10 g/m3 change in annual
   average PM2.5: 1.06 (95% CI:1.02-1.11)
   

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10. Cardiac Admissions & PM10
    *
    

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11. Asthma & Bronchitis Associated with PM10
    Influence of Closing and Reopening a Steel Mill in Utah Valley
    Pope, Am J Public Health 1989
    0 100 200 300
    Fe
    Cu
    Zn
    Pb
    Ni
    0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300
    Concentration (ppb)
    1985-86 1986-87 1987-88
    0
    50
    100
    150
    200
    250
    PM10
    (g/m3)
    Mean High PM10
    Mean PM10
    1985-86 1986-87 1987-88
    0
    20
    40
    60
    80
    100
    Hospital Admissions
    Asthma + Bronchitis
    Ages 0-17
    

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12. View Slide

13. Emission of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, ammonia and non methyl VOC
    from anthrop0genic sources by sector in the UK
    

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14. growth by mode for the period 1980-2003
    

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15. Proportion of diesel vehicles in car fleet
    (D’Amato et al, Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 628-636)
    COUNTRY DIESEL CARS (%)
    Austria 54%
    Belgium 52.2%
    Spain 47.3%
    France 40.2%
    Italy 22.5%
    Holland 20.3%
    Portugal 18.8%
    Germany 17.6%
    UK 15.3%
    Sweden 11.0%
    EUROPEAN MEAN 25.3%*
    * Forecast to increase to 50% by 2010
    

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16. View Slide

17. Temporal trend in sulphur dioxide emissions by source
    category in Hong Kong
    

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18. Particulate Matter
    

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19. View Slide

20. Photochemical smog
    including OZONE
    Pollutants
    Sunshine
    NO2
    + radiation  NO + O
    O + O2
     O3
    RO2
    + O2
     RO + O3
    

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21. Ozone
    

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22. Percentage change in PM10 emissions in selected
    European countries between 1990 and 2001
    

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23. Complex Interactions
    Influencing Individual Health
    

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24. The web of connections between increased car ownership and use and
    environmental and social outcomes in urban areas
    The Urban Environment – Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution
    March 2007
    

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25. Reccommendations that Directly
    Influence Health
    • Reduce hot spots of air pollution in urban
    settings.
    

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26. Schematic representation of population exposure to air
    pollution and potential Impacts of air quality
    management strategies
    

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27. Schematic representation of population exposure to air
    pollution and potential Impacts of air quality
    management strategies
    

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28. Reccommendations that Directly
    Influence Health
    • Reduce hot spots of air pollution in urban
    settings.
    • Promotion of overall air pollution reduction
    for the whole population (Gap Closure).
    

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29. Schematic representation of population exposure to air
    pollution and potential Impacts of air quality
    management strategies
    

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30. Unravelling Environmental Factors
    Shaping Health
    Air pollution
    Obesity
    Mental illness
    

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31. What we must aspire to
    Exercise Space and
    a sense of place
    Diet
    

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32. Reccommendations that Directly
    Influence Health
    • Reduce hot spots of air pollution in urban
    settings.
    • Promotion of overall air pollution reduction
    for the whole population (Gap Closure).
    • Develop a statutory framework for Health
    Impact Assessments as a component of
    Environment Impact Assessment in urban
    planning.
    

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