Taxa Scientia 3: Disiplinlerarası bir bilim öyküsü

Transcript

1. View Slide

2. Taxonomy
   Organizmaların sınıflandırılması
   Taxon
   (tekil)
   Belirli bir organizmanın belirli bir popülasyonuna ait belirli bir grup
   Taxa
   (çoğul)
   +
   Scientia potentia est
   - Francis Bacon
   

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3. w w w . h k i l t e r . c o m | T w i t t e r : @ h k i l t e r | k i l t e r @ g m a i l . c o m
   H . K e m a l İ l t e r , B E n g , M B A , P h D
   

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4. S e c t i o
   

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5. Sorular
   1. Bir üçgenin iç açılarının toplamı kaç derecedir?
   2. Ali’nin bir elma bahçesi vardır, bahçesinin çevresinin uzunluğu ne
   kadardır?
   3. Bir ayna yardımıyla geçmişimizi görebilir miyiz?
   2006 Bilgeliğin Yolu Mideden Geçer mi?
   2006 Kuantumcu Paradigmanın Kaotik Boyutları
   2008 Kara Maddeden Gri Maddeye Bir Bilim Düeti
   2010 Taxa Scientia: Artificium
   2012 Taxa Scientia 2: Melodia
   

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6. Büyük Patlama
   Planck: 10–43 s.
   Grand unification: 10–43 s. - 10–36 s.
   Electroweak: 10–36 s. - 10–12 s.
   Inflationary: ? - 10–32 s.
   Genç Evren Supersimetrinin kırılımı
   Quark: 10–12 s. - 10–6 s.
   Hadron: 10–6 s. - 1 s.
   Lepton: 1 s. - 10 s.
   Photon: 10 s. - 380 K yıl
   Nucleosynthesis: 3 d. - 20 d.
   Maddenin oluşumu: 70 K yıl
   Tekrar birleşim: 377 K yıldan sonra
   Yapısal Oluşum Tekrar iyonlaşma
   Yıldızlar, Galaksiler, Gruplar,
   Kümeler, Süperkümeler: 150 M - 1 B yıl
   Güneş sisteminin oluşumu: 8 B yıl
   

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7. Evrenin Kaderi
   Büyük Donma: 1014 yıl
   Büyük Büzülme: 100+ B yıl
   Büyük Yarılma: 20+ B yıl
   Isının Ölümü: 10150+ yıl
   Bugün
   13.73 ± 0.12 B yıl
   

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8. View Slide

9. Aristotle
   384 BC Stagirus, Yunanistan
   322 BC Chalcis, Yunanistan
   Nicolaus Copernicus
   1473 Torun, Polonya
   1543 Frauenburg, Polonya
   René Descartes
   1596 La Haye, Fransa
   1650 Stockholm, İsviçre
   Galileo Galilei
   1564 Pisa, İtalya
   1642 Arcetri, İtalya
   

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10. Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
    1858 Kiel, Almanya
    1947 Göttingen, Almanya
    Albert Einstein
    1879 Ulm, Almanya
    1955 Princeton, USA
    Erwin Rudolf Josef
    Alexander Schrödinger
    1887 Erdberg, Avusturya
    1961 Viyana , Avusturya
    Niels Henrik David Bohr
    1885 in Kopenhag, Danimarka
    1962 in Kopenhag, Danimarka
    Ölü kedi Canlı kedi
    

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11. Louis Victor Pierre
    Raymond duc de Broglie
    1892 Dieppe, Fransa
    1987 Paris, Fransa
    Werner Karl Heisenberg
    1901 Würzburg, Almanya
    1976 Münih, Almanya
    

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12. 12
    Klasik Dönem
    MÖ 600-500
    *Thales of Miletus - Ionian. One element - water
    Anaximander of Miletus - Ionian. Apeiron - "The Boundless"
    Anaximenes of Miletus - Ionian. One element - Aer
    *Pythagoras of Samos - Ionian. Deepest reality - numbers, souls are immortal
    MÖ 500-400
    Heraclitus of Ephesus - Ionian. mutability of the world, prime element - fire, paradoxes
    Parmenides of Elea - Eleatic. being is one
    Protagoras of Abdera - Sophist. relativism
    Zeno - Eleatic. motion as logically impossible, as is one substance
    Empedocles of Acragas - Pluralist. four elements, Vegetarianism
    Hippias - Sophist. proto-empiricist.
    Leucippus of Miletus - Atomist. determinist
    Anaxagoras of Clazomenae - Pluralist. order is of mind, atomist
    Archelaus - Pupil of Anaxagoras
    Democritus of Abdera - Atomist
    *Socrates of Athens - virtue, dialectics, truth
    MÖ 400-300
    Aristippus of North Africa - Cyreniac. hedonism
    Antisthenes of Athens - Cynic. wise can't be fooled, denied contradictions
    Xenophon of Greece - history
    Plato of Athens - idealism, polity
    Diogenes of Greece - Cynic. individualist, independent
    *Euclid of Greece - geometry
    *Aristotle of Stagira - social advocate, moderation, universal logic
    Xenocrates - soul as numbers
    Pyrrho of Elis - skeptic
    Helenistik Dönem
    MÖ 300-200
    Epicurus of Athens - atomism, hedonism
    Zeno of Citium - acceptance of objectivity allows overcoming of passion
    Timon - Pyrrhonist, skeptic
    Thales
    Tek element-Su
    Pythagoras
    Ruhun
    ölümsüzlüğü
    Socrates
    Dialektik
    Euclid
    Geometri
    Aristotle
    Evrensel Mantık
    

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13. *Archimedes of Syracuse - engineering, Pi, geometer
    Chrysippus of Soli - stoic, calculus
    MÖ 200-100
    Carneades - light skeptic, probability
    MÖ 100-0
    Lucretius - Epicurean
    Roma Dönemi
    0-100
    Jesus - forgiveness, separation of ideas and people
    Philo - allegorical method
    Seneca the Younger - pro-suicide, stoic
    100-200
    Epictetus - self-determination, desire as suffering
    Marcus Aurelius - stoic
    200-400
    Sextus Empiricus - skeptic, Pyrrhonist
    Plotinus - neoplatonist, central unity, chaos at the periphery, humans as microcosms
    Porphyry - student of Plotinus
    Iamblichus of Syria - late neoplatonist, espoused theurgy
    Batı Ortaçağ Dönemi
    400-500
    Saint Augustine - everything is in the present tense, original sin
    Hypatia - Platonism, mathematics, "heretic"
    Pelagius - free will, anti-original sin
    Cyril of Alexandria - Christ as a single person with two aspects, persecuted opposing philosophers
    Nestorius - Christ as a dual man/God, "heretic"
    Proclus - late Neoplatonist
    500-800
    Boethius - logic, rationalist
    Muhammad
    800-900
    al-Kindi - faith over reason
    John the Scot - free will, Pelagian, realist, pantheism, predestination, neoplatonic
    900-1000
    al-Faràbi - God through logic, Aristotlean logic Platonian society
    Saadia Gaon - linguistics, duty over pleasure
    al-Razi - chemist and early scientific genius; God creates the universe by rearranging pre-existing laws
    1000-1100
    Ibn Sina - proof of God through cause
    Ibn Gabirol - essence vs will of God
    Anselm - ontological argument for the existence of god faith over reason, atonement
    al-Ghazali - revelationist
    1100-1200
    Abelard - general turns universal after abstraction, intention over consequence
    Ibn Daud - free will
    Peter Lombard - history of philosophy
    Averroes (Ibn Rushd, "The Commentator") - God's existence can be proven by reason alone
    Maimonides - reason to its extent, then faith
    St Francis of Assisi - ascetism
    Archimedes
    Mühendislik
    

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14. 1200-1300
    *Fibonacci - Fibonacci series of numbers
    Robert Grosseteste - origin of light
    Albert the Great - empiricism
    *Roger Bacon - empiricism and mathematics
    Thomas Aquinas - faith over reason, proofs of God
    Bonaventure - reason legitimate only as extension of faith, humans as footprints of divinity
    Siger - moral assessments: intuitive, egoistic, and normative
    Boetius of Dacia - religion as irrational
    1300-1400
    Duns Scotus - formal distinctions
    Meister Eckhart - pantheist revelationist
    John Wycliffe - secularism
    Marsilius of Padua - chief function of gov't as mediator
    William of Ockham - nominalist, demands necessity of an entity identified before existence,
    preference of clear arguments over convoluted ones
    Gersonides - matter is eternal religion can't conflict w/ reason
    Buridan - nominalist, inertial motion
    Crescas - happiness through faith over reason
    1400-1500
    Cusa - contradictions are solved through divinity
    Lorenzo Valla - incompatibility of divine omnipotence and free will, humanism, criticized
    scholastic logic
    Pico della Mirandola - unified theory, humanism
    Erken Modern Dönem
    1500-1550
    Erasmus - humanism, free will, irreligious
    Niccolò Machiavelli - leadership, success by any means, militarism
    Saint Thomas More - theism, utopia, hedonism, humanism, ecclesiology
    *Copernicus - rotation of planets, heliocentric
    Petrus Ramus - dialectical
    Martin Luther - theism, Biblical authority, ecclesiastical reform
    1550-1600
    Teresa of Avila - mystic
    Montaigne - classical skeptic
    Bruno - heliocentrism, pantheism, infinite matter
    Suarez - voluntaristic law
    John Calvin - theism, divine sovereignty
    Fibonacci
    Fibonacci sayıları
    Bacon
    Deneysel çalışma
    Copernicus
    Gezegen hareketleri
    

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15. 1600-1700
    *Johannes Kepler - elliptical heliocentrism
    Pierre Charron - skepticism
    Mersenne - theist anti-skeptic
    Francis Bacon - empiricist
    Hugo Grotius - natural law theory of society
    *Galileo Galilei - heliocentrism, scientific method
    Herbert of Cherbury - innate ideas
    Pierre Gassendi - mechanistic empirical
    Princess Elizabeth - skeptical of mind-body dualism
    1600-1650
    Queen Kristina - skepticism
    *René Descartes - heliocentrism dualism, rationalist, skepticism overcome by certainty
    *Pierre de Fermat - mathematics, probability
    Thomas Hobbes - pessimistic about human nature, obedience, Leviathan
    Filmer - divine monarchy
    Kepler
    Güneş
    merkezli yörünge
    Galilei
    Bilimsel metod
    Descartes
    Şüphecilik
    Fermat
    Olasılık
    

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16. 1650-1700
    Joseph Glanvill - anti-empirical skeptic, anti-atheist
    Arnold Geulincx - anti-dualist
    *Blaise Pascal - pro-faith, fideistic mathematician
    Henry More - compatibility of faith and reason, theistic
    Geraud Cordemoy - dualist
    Pierre Nicole - egoism
    Ralph Cudworth - immutable morality
    Margaret Cavendish - spiritual materialist feminism
    Antoine Arnauld - logic
    Richard Cumberland (philosopher) - anti-egoist, universal benevolence
    Jacques Rohault - animal mechanism
    Simon Foucher - skepticism
    Roger Boyle - chemist, mechanist
    Nicolas Malebranche - uncausality
    Samuel Pufendorf - social contract
    Baruch Spinoza - metaphysics, God, unity of existence, dual natures, thought and extension,
    practical knowledge
    *Isaac Newton - physics, gravity
    Anne Conway - universal substance, monad
    Pierre Régis - interaction of accidentally conjoined substances accepted on faith
    John Locke - empiricism, human nature, majority rule
    Damaris Masham - feminist
    John Toland - rational theism
    Pierre Bayle - fideist, skepticism, Pyrrhonist
    Madeline de Souvré - human nature
    1700-1750
    Samuel Clarke - obligation to worship, Newtonian
    Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury - moral sense without God
    John Norris - Malebrancian
    Gottfried Leibniz - timeless 'monads', relationism
    George Berkeley - idealism, empiricism
    Catherine Cockburn - empiricism, rational morality
    Giambattista Vico - genius-centered historian
    Bernard Mandeville - egoist
    Francis Hutcheson - greatest happiness principle, moral sense
    Joseph Butler - conscience as moderation of self-love
    Christian Wolff - fatalism, rationalism
    John Gay (philosopher) - theistic roots of utilitarianism
    David Hume - never knowing causes, empiricism, morality as passion, atheist
    Julien La Mettrie - materialist, physician genetic determinist
    Pascal
    Mekanik
    hesap makinesi
    Newton
    Fizik
    

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17. David Hartley - mechanisms for ideas
    Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu - skepticism, humanism
    1750-1800
    *Leonhard Euler - number theory
    Etienne de Condillac - empiricism
    Richard Price - liberal, intuitionist-rational morality
    Jean d'Alembert - agnosticism, empiricism
    Voltaire - deist, sensationalism
    Denis Diderot - atheism, social contract theory
    John Wesley - theism, divine grace
    Jean-Jacques Rousseau - anti-contractual social theory, natural state of humanity
    Thomas Bayes - probability
    Baron d'Holbach - materialism, atheism
    Helvétius - hedonism, egoism, empiricism
    Adam Smith - political economy
    Thomas Jefferson - liberal
    Thomas Reid - realism common sense
    Thomas Paine - American revolutionary
    G.E. Lessing - truth as historical development
    Edmund Burke - traditionalist, aesthete
    Immanuel Kant - synthetic a priori truths, metaphysics of morals, duty morality
    Mary Wollstonecraft - feminism
    Jeremy Bentham - revolutionary, utilitarian
    Moses Mendelssohn - theist, immortal souls tolerance
    Dugald Stewart - common sense realism
    William Godwin - anarchism, social theorist, utilitarianism
    Friedrich Schiller - unKantian ethics
    Thomas Malthus - overpopulation
    William Paley - moral sense theory, teleological argument of God
    Johann Gottlieb Fichte - noumenal self, idealism, nationalism
    Modern Dönem
    1800-1850
    *C.F. Gauss - electromagnetics prime numbers
    Madame de Staël - essayist of philosophy
    F.W.J. von Schelling - transcendental idealism
    Friedrich Schleiermacher - faith over reason, hermeneutics
    *P.S. de Laplace - determinism
    G.W.F. Hegel - absolute idealism
    Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - evolution
    Euler
    Sayılar teorisi
    Gauss
    Asal sayılar
    Laplace
    Determinizm
    

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18. Comte de Saint-Simon - socialism
    *Joseph Fourier - heat conduction archeology
    Arthur Schopenhauer - pessimistic human nature, the human will
    Richard Whately -logician
    *Charles Babbage - difference engine, economy
    N.I. Lobachevsky - nonEuclidean geometry
    John Austin - legal positivism, utilitarian
    Auguste Comte - sociology, communitarian, positivism
    William Whewell - realism, creative theory in science
    James Mill - utilitarianism, associationist
    P.J. Proudhon- anarchism, anti-feminism
    Bernard Bolzano - objective independence of truths
    Ralph Waldo Emerson - abolitionist, egalitarian, nontheist, humanist
    Ludwig Feuerbach - nontheistic humanism
    Augustus De Morgan - logical validity
    Margaret Fuller - egalitarian, social reformer
    Søren Kierkegaard - theist existentialist
    George Boole - Boolean algebra
    Henry David Thoreau - revolutionary, passive resistance
    1850-1875
    Bernhard Riemann - field theory
    Sojourner Truth - egalitarian
    Karl Marx - socialism, participatory economics, dialectical materialism
    Charles Darwin - natural selection
    Harriet Taylor - egalitarian, utilitarian
    Friedrich Engels - egalitarian, dialectical materialism
    William Hamilton - common sense
    Gregor Mendel - heredity and genetics
    J. S. Mill - utilitarian
    Rudolf Lotze - nature as the will of the Absolute
    Herbert Spencer - radical libertarian, genetic determinism, innate intelligence, social Darwinist
    John Venn - diagrammatic method
    Susan B. Anthony - feminism
    Mikhail Bakunin - revolutionary anarchism
    Georg Cantor - diagonal proof
    Franz Brentano - phenomenologist
    1875-1900
    Henry Sidgwick - conflicting moralities
    Richard Dedekind - Peano postulates, real numbers defined as cuts of rational numbers
    Fourier
    Isı iletimi
    Babbage
    Fark makinesi
    

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19. W. K. Clifford - morally wrong to believe in errors or uncertainties
    Charles Peirce - pragmatism, abductive logic, syllogism
    Edward Caird - idealist
    Ernst Mach - logical positivism, radical empiricism
    T.H. Green - anti-laissez-faire, abstract thought
    Gottlob Frege - quantifiers
    Wilhelm Dilthey - metaphysics as a cultural phenomenon
    Friedrich Nietzsche - nihilism, ultimate skepticism, primacy of the will
    Lewis Carroll - epistemology
    Bernard Bosanquet - the Absolute, idealism, contradictions as illusions
    *Giuseppe Peano - logicization of arithmatic
    Elizabeth Stanton - separation of church and state, egalitarian
    David George Ritchie - idealism, natural rights
    Émile Durkheim - sociology as transcendent of biological and psychological explanation
    William James - pragmatism
    Josiah Royce - absolute idealism
    Charlotte Perkins Gilman - feminist, matriarchical
    F.H. Bradley - absolute idealism
    Vilfredo Pareto - elitism
    Thorstein Veblen - sociology, liberal education
    Geç Modern Dönem
    1900-1925
    Max Planck - the Planck constant
    Sigmund Freud - psychodynamics, structure of the psyche
    Max Weber - sociology, separation of observation and judgment
    Henri Bergson - thought and creativity as opponents to material entropy
    John Dewey - pragmatism, philosophy of education
    Alexius Meinong - levels of reality
    W.E.B. Dubois - sociologist of race
    Cook Wilson - realist epistemology
    *Henri Poincaré - knowledge as utility and not truth
    Pierre Duhem - science as metaphysical speculation
    Edmund Husserl - invented phenomenology
    Jane Addams - pragmatism, social ethics
    Andrew Seth - personality as reality, idealism
    *Ernst Zermelo - axiomatization of set theory
    G.E. Moore - subjective good, common sense
    Benedetto Croce - anti-fascist, non-cognitivist creativity
    *Albert Einstein - theory of relativity
    Carl Jung - psychology, personality theory
    Peano
    Mantıksal aritmetik
    Poincaré
    Üst bilgi
    Zermelo
    Küme teorisi
    Einstein
    Görelilik kuramı
    

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20. Emma Goldman - anarchism
    Hans Vaihinger - concepts as fictions
    *Niels Bohr - atomist and quantum theory
    Rosa Luxemburg - revolutionary, activist
    Rudolf Otto - numinous feelings
    David Hilbert - axiomatic formalization of mathematics
    Miguel de Unamuno - human morality dilemma
    Alfred Adler - inferiority complex
    Ferdinand de Saussure - linguistic structuralism
    Jan Łukasiewicz - bracketless logical notation
    Martin Buber - Jewish existentialist
    Bertrand Russell - atheism, logical positivism, logical basis for mathematics, theory of types
    Alfred North Whitehead - event and process based metaphysics
    George Herbert Mead - pragmatism, self-consciousness, symbolic interactionism
    Samuel Alexander - perceptual realism
    J. M. E. McTaggart - ultimate idealism, antidialectics
    John Maynard Keynes - probability, economics: inflation sometimes helps boost economies
    C. D. Broad - existence of phenomena
    Gyorgy Lukács - socialist realism, communism
    George Santayana - desire for belief in human nature, aesthetic priority
    1925-1950
    *Hans Reichenbach - relativity, probability
    A.O. Lovejoy - perceptual realism principle of plentitude, history of ideas
    W.D. Ross - intuitionist, moral duties
    Nikolai Berdyaev - theistic existentialism
    *Werner Heisenberg - quantum mechanics, uncertainty principle
    Martin Heidegger - phenomenology, being-in-the-world
    Hans Kelsen - universal legal ground rule outside of morality
    Moritz Schlick - Vienna Circle. logical positivism, positivist ethics
    Otto Neurath - Vienna Circle. anti-metaphysic, logical positivism
    *Frank P. Ramsey - redundancy theory of truth, nature of semantic paradox, modern
    applications of probability calculus
    Ernst Cassirer - categories as a priori
    Nicolai Hartmann - Kantian idealism, realism
    Karl Barth - theism, neo-orthodoxy
    Kurt Gödel - Vienna Circle. systems can't analyze themselves
    Ralph Barton Perry - naturalistic perceptual realism
    Antonio Gramsci - humanistic / libertarian Marxism
    R.G. Collingwood - understanding of history by reconstruction of thought
    Roman Ingarden - perceptual realism, phenomenalism, aesthetic theory
    Bohr
    Quantum teorisi
    Reichenbach
    Görelilik
    Heisenberg
    Belirsizlik
    Ramsey
    Semantik paradoks
    

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21. C.I. Lewis - naturalism, Symbolic Logic
    Gaston Bachelard - knowledge as imagination between evidence and rationality
    A.J. Ayer - logical positivism, emotivist ethics
    Friedrich Waismann - Vienna Circle. logical positivism, conventionalist, analytic semantics
    Jacques Maritain - theist, one author of declaration of human rights
    Dorothy Day - theist, passive resistance, communism
    José Ortega y Gasset - relativism, populist
    Alfred Tarski - correspondence theory of truth, semantics
    Rudolf Carnap - Vienna Circle. Logical positivist, experiential, confirmation of hypotheses
    Willard van Orman Quine - pragmatism, logic, philosophy of language
    Brand Blanshard - absolute idealism naturalistic morality
    E. Nagel - logical pragmatism, reductionism
    Karl Popper - knowledge through disproof of alternatives and not proof of theory
    Ernest Addison Moody - philosopher of science, medievalist, philosophy of religion
    Mahatma Gandhi - humanism, passive resistance
    Karen Horney - vagina resentment
    Jean-Paul Sartre - humanistic existentialism
    Gilbert Ryle - logical behaviorism, misapplication of semantics in philosophy
    H.H. Price - defended relationship between sense-data and objects
    Susanne Langer - emotions as inexpressible by language
    Albert Camus - existentialism, death
    Mortimer Adler - liberal education, great ideas theory
    Friedrich von Hayek - classic liberal / libertarian economics
    Karl Jaspers - authentic existentialism
    C.L. Stevenson - emotivism
    Ludwig Wittgenstein - Vienna Circle. logical positivism, language as useful to convey sense-
    experience and logic / mathematics and all else is meaningless
    Theodor Adorno - Frankfurt School. conformity as a paradox to individuality, the authoritarian
    personality
    Alan Turing - AI studies, functionalism in the philosophy of mind
    H.A. Prichard - perceptual realism, moral intuitionism
    Gabriel Marcel - theistic existentialism
    Simone Weil - eclectic philosophy of religion
    Simone de Beauvoir - existentialism, feminism
    Frantz Fanon - colonialism, phenomenology
    John Howard Yoder - theism, pacifism & nonviolence
    20. Yüzyılın Sonları
    1950-1975
    *von Neumann - created first programming instructions for a computer, set theory, game theory
    Konrad Lorenz - ethology, biology, aggression
    Neumann
    Oyun teorisi
    

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22. John Wisdom - philosophy of mind, analytic
    Paul Tillich - theist, authenticist
    *Grace Hopper - COBOL, programming
    Kenneth Arrow - group psychology, economics
    R. M. Hare - noncognitivist morality, morals as prescriptive universalizables
    Maurice Merleau-Ponty - consciousness as pre-sensual awareness
    George Polya - heuristics
    B.F. Skinner - behaviorism, operant conditioning
    Isaiah Berlin - positive and negative freedom
    Simone Weil - mystic, Christian, alienation solved by meaningful work
    Alonzo Church - arithmetic is non-recursive and therefore there can't be a decision procedure
    for them
    GEM Anscombe - ethics and humanity
    Ayn Rand - atheism, capitalist libertarian, thematic aesthetics, egoism
    Max Horkheimer - unification of abstract philosophy and social science
    Herbert Feigl - Vienna Circle. logical positivist, materialist
    Milton Friedman - Chicago Boys. monetary economics, quantity of funds as determinant of
    government policy / business cycles / inflation
    John Austin - language, locution, illocution, perlocution
    Stuart Hampshire - freedom, intention vs. likelihood
    Hannah Arendt - futility of philosophy on individual actions and politics, anti-totalitarian
    Carl Hempel - paradox of contraposition
    P. F. Strawson - descriptive metaphysics
    Kurt Baier - social and personal morals
    Hans-Georg Gadamer - hermeneutic
    W.V.O. Quine - naturalistic, physicalistic, relativity creative skepticism
    Paul Grice - language, discourse rules, reflexive intention and conversational implicature
    H.L.A. Hart - analytic legal philosopher
    Jacques Lacan - psychoanalyst, unconscious, repressed messages in linguistics
    Nelson Goodman - semantics, radical nominalism
    Wilfred Sellars - logical positivism, functionalism, analytics
    Jürgen Habermas - origins of knowledge the will comes from dialogue
    Thomas Kuhn - discontinuity of scientific progress
    J. J. C. Smart - physicalist, noncognitivist utilitarianism
    Herbert Marcuse - Frankfurt. Marxist-Freudian
    *Richard Feynman - philosophy of science
    Gustav Bergmann - realism, ideal language
    Paul Ricoeur - theologist, hermeneutic, volition
    Edmund Gettier - justified belief != knowledge
    David Malet Armstrong - materialism mental events correlate to brain states (functionalism)
    Martin Luther King - civil rights, egalitarianism, passive resistance
    Louis Althusser - structuralist, assignment of social roles
    Hopper
    Programlama
    Feynman
    Bilim felsefesi
    

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23. Noam Chomsky - libertarian socialism, anti-globalization, underdetermination, universal
    grammar, internal language over social language
    Roderick Chisholm - phenomenology
    Jacques Derrida - deconstructionist, meaning occurs provisionally, reinterpretation on an
    individual level
    John Searle - skeptical of AI comprehension, non-physical cognition, speech as acts
    Imre Lakatos - heuristic
    John Rawls - justice as fairness, social inequality justifiable only if least favored receive most
    benefits
    Michel Foucault - thought shaped by norms, freedom in deviance
    Saul Kripke - modal logic, names and sorts not descriptions but designators
    Robert M. Pirsig - metaphysics of quality
    E.O. Wilson - sociobiology
    Marshall McLuhan - human consciousness inside machines medium as message, hot and cool
    media, tetrad
    Gilles Deleuze - post-modernist, anti-modernist-rationality
    1975-2000
    Paul Feyerabend - critique of science rational anarchist
    Judith Jarvis Thomson - individual rights as defeasible
    *Stephen Hawking - quantum and relativity physics, topography, beginning and end of time
    Peter Singer - animal rights, consequentialist
    *Umberto Eco - semiotics
    *Michael Dummett - intuitionist mathematics
    Hilary Putnam - brain in a vat epistemology
    Andrea Dworkin - legal positivism
    Jean-François Lyotard - postmodernism, anti-inhumanism, anti-grand narratives
    Donald Davidson - identity theory, intentionalism, logic of humanity
    Thomas Nagel - subjectivity and objectivity
    Mary Midgley - ethological morality
    Mary Daly - theologist, egalitarian gynomorphic language
    Douglas Hofstadter - AI, cognitive science, history of science, metamathematics, recursivity
    Lawrence Kohlberg - moral structure of the mind
    Richard Rorty - postmodern philosophical method
    Robert Nozick - libertarian
    Helene Cixous - sought destruction of binary opposition inherent in symbolic language,
    deconstructivist
    *Benoit Mandelbrot - fractal geometry
    Jaegwon Kim - metaphysics psychophysical identity
    Tom Regan - animal rights
    Michele Le Dœuff - criticisms of gender categories undermine objectivity (?)
    *Donna Haraway - cyborg feminism
    Carol Gilligan - male and female ethics
    Julia Kristeva - semiotics vs. logic
    Umberto Unger - experimentalist social theory
    Marvin Minsky - nonconscious parts of a conscious whole, map of the mind
    Harry Frankfurt - free will as ownership
    Kwame Anthony Appiah - African roots of knowledge, probabilistic semantics
    Nel Noddings - relationship-centric ethics
    Hawking
    Quantum fiziği
    Eco
    Semiotik analiz
    Dummett
    Sezgisel matematik
    Mandelbrot
    Fraktal Geometri
    Haraway
    Cyborg feminizmi
    

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24. Luce Irigaray - anti-valorization of gender
    Klaus von Klitzing - discovered the quantized Hall effect
    Keith Lehrer - coherence theory of knowledge
    Annette Baier - trust as a link between rationality and love
    Virginia Held - female experience emphasizes private influence
    Sandra Harding - against the necessity of universality, objectivity, duality
    Sara Ruddick - violence as masculine, empathic method to ethics
    Sarah Lucia Hoagland - isolation of homosexuals, patriarchy and heterosexuality as the source
    of all evil
    George Lakoff - family studies as political roots categories of the mind, metaphors as essential to
    understanding
    Catharine MacKinnon - legal feminism, gender exploitation
    Daniel Dennett - neuroscientific philosophy of mind
    Martha Nussbaum - emotion, decision-making
    Michael Walzer - liberalism, justice spheres, tolerance
    John Martin Fischer - guidance control in the free will
    Susan Bordo - masculinization of thought
    Georges Charpak - invented and developed particle detectors
    Francis Fukuyama - success of liberal democracy as the end of historical progress
    Andrew John Wiles - solved Fermat's last Theorem
    Michael Albert - participatory socialism
    John Ralston Saul - positive and negative nationalism, corporatism
    Cornel West - theologist, ethnicity, cultural genealogy
    Frederick Reines - detected the neutrino
    bell hooks - egalitarian, critic of feminist movement as racist
    Ken Wilber - sought to synthesize Western science with mysticism
    Millenyum Dönemi
    2000+
    *Lene Hau - slowed down light
    Lynne Baker - free will as a first person perspective
    Martin Van Creveld - military historian, war as an end to itself
    Christopher DiCarlo - evolutionary process of logic
    Hau
    Yavaşlayan
    ışık hızı
    

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25. BELİRSİZLİK
    GÖZLEMCİNİN ETKİSİ
    DEĞİŞEN BİLİM
    SOSYAL BİLİMLER
    BİLİMİN TANIM ARAYIŞI
    “Postmodern bilim, bütün
    olgular arasındaki temel
    bağımlılığı ve kişilerin,
    toplulukların doğanın
    döngüselliği içinde duruşlarını
    tanıyan yeni bir epistemolojik
    paradigmayı yakınsamaktadır.”
    -- Capra, 1988
    

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26. S e c t i o
    

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27. BİLİM
    Gerçeği ararken, bilginin elde edilmesini sağlayan
    sistemler bütünü.
    DÜŞÜNME
    Varlıkların dünyayı modellemesini ve onunla
    etkileşmesini sağlayan mental süreç.
    

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28. Deneme-Yanılma
    Beyin fırtınası
    Morfolojik analiz
    Odak objeler
    metodu Etraflıca
    düşünme
    Dikey düşünme
    Araştırma
    Ters varsayım
    Analoji
    Böyle bir
    problemin
    olmadığı
    hipotetik dünya
    Kısıt çalışması
    Daha fazla
    zaman
    kullanmak
    İnkübasyon
    Probleme ait
    model
    yaratmak
    Problemin
    çözülemeyeceğini
    kanıtlamak
    Yardım almak
    Problem Çözme
    

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29. Fikirleri, ilişkili bütün konulardan ayırmak ve
    bu konularla ilgili birbirini destekleyecek
    mantıklı argümanlar toplamak
    Argümanları bileşenlerine ayırmak ve
    bu bileşenlerden ek çıkarımlarda bulunmak
    Bileşenleri ve çelişkilerini sınamak
    Argümanlar arasındaki çatışan iddiaları ve
    göreli ağırlıklarını belirlemek
    Eleştirel Düşünme
    

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30. Yaratıcı Düşünme
    Entelektüel
    liderlik
    Problemlere karşı
    duyarlı olmak
    Orijinallik
    Yaratıcı
    hayalgücü
    Olağandışılık Kullanışlılık
    Uygunluk
    

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31. Analitik Düşünme
    “Omnia apud me mathematica fiunt.”
    -- Decartes
    

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32. ANALİZ SENTEZ
    

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33. Bilimsel Yöntem
    Problemin
    tanımlanması
    Problemle ilgili
    bilgi ve
    kaynakların
    elde edilmesi
    Hipotezin
    oluşturulması
    Deney yapılması
    ve
    veri toplanması
    Veri analizi
    Verilerin
    yorumlanması
    ve
    değerlendirilmesi
    Sonuçların
    paylaşılması
    

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34. 34
    Çok-Disiplinli Yaklaşım
    (Multidisciplinarity)
    Disiplinlerarası Yaklaşım
    (Interdisciplinarity)
    İki ya da daha fazla alandaki bilim
    insanlarının ortak bir amacı
    gerçekleştirmek için birarada çalışmasını
    sağlayan akademik paylaşım türü.
    

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35. Atmosferik elektirik çalışmaları
    Biyojeokimya
    Jeobiyoloji
    Biyomedikal mühendislik
    Biyomedikal informatik
    Bilişsel bilim
    Karşılaştırmalı nöropsikoloji
    Sayısal nörobilim
    Nöro sibernetik
    Nörobilim
    Etnik çalışmaları
    İslam çalışmaları
    Cinsiyet çalışmaları
    Erkek çalışmaları
    Kadın çalışmaları
    Kültür çalışmaları
    Holistik bilim
    İnsan merkezli bilgi-işlem
    Matematiksel biyoloji
    Medya çalışmaları
    Disiplinlerarası Fizik
    Yapay zeka
    Yapay yaşam
    Biyoinformatik
    Sayısal dilbilim
    Sibernetik
    Matematiksel fizik
    Sistem teorisi
    

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36. SİBERNETİK
    Karar teorisi
    Oyun teorisi
    Bilgi teorisi
    Semiyotik
    Yönetsel sibernetik
    Mühendislik sibernetiği
    Medikal sibernetik
    Biyolojik sibernetik
    Biyomedikal sibernetik
    Uygulamalı sibernetik
    Antroposibernetik
    Mikroantroposibernetik (Psikosibernetik)
    Makroantrosibernetik (Sosyosibernetik)
    

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37. NEDEN?
    1. Yaratıcı ataklar
    2. Aynı disiplin içinde hataların gözardı edilmesi
    3. Entelektüel, sosyal ve pratik problemler
    4. Bilginin bütünleşmesi
    5. Daha az zamanda daha fazla bilgi
    

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38. DİSİPLİNLERARASI ENTEGRASYON DERECESİ
    1. Biraraya gelen disiplin sayısı
    2. Disiplinler arasındaki benzerlik düzeyi
    3. Yenilik kombinasyonu
    4. Entegrasyon derecesi
    

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39. Duvar
    Enformatik
    Nöropsikoloji
    Nöroenformatik
    

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40. BAĞLAM (CONCEPT, CONTEXT?)
    1. Disiplinlerarası bilgi
    2. Disiplinlerarası araştırma
    3. Disiplinlerarası eğitim
    4. Disiplinlerarası yaklaşım teorisi
    

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41. • Arkadaşları uygun seçmek, diğerlerini
    desteklemek
    • Erken başlamak ve bilgiyi aramak
    • Geribildirim almak
    • Bir disiplin içinde saygıyı aramak
    • Çalışmanın önemini açıklamak
    • Her fırsatta süreci etkilemek
    • Eleştiri mesajlarına, mektuplarına ve
    raporlarına etkin ve anlayışlı cevap vermek
    • İyi ilişkiler oluşturmak
    • Olumsuz olmamak
    • *Dosya hakkında düşünmek
    Disiplinlerarası Bilim İnsanı İçin Öneriler
    

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42. Disiplin
    Bilimsel
    Kolay değerlenir
    Geleneksel
    Disiplinlerarası
    Daha az bilimsel
    Zor değerlenir
    Yenilikçi
    Problemler
    

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43. • Bilim ve teknoloji arasındaki sınırın bulanıklaşması
    • Temel ve uygulamalı bilimler arasındaki ayrımın
    bulanıklaşması
    • Akademisyenler ve üniversiteler tarafından dikkate
    alınmayan disiplinlerarası yaklaşımın öneminin
    artması
    • Bilimde atama ve yükseltilmenin hızlı bir şekilde
    değişmesi, genişlemesi ve çeşitlenmesi
    • Temel ve uygulamalı araştırmanın
    küreselleşmesinin hızlı bir şekilde gelişmesi
    • Dış kaynak kullanımının artan bir şekilde olağan
    hale gelmesi
    • İngilizcenin evrensel bilim dili olması
    • Fiziksel bilimlerin hala çok popüler olması, biyolojik
    bilimlerin ona yetişiyor olması, genetik, medikal ve
    beyin araştırmalarının gelişiyor olması
    • Fiziksel ve biyolojik bilimlerin, telekomünikasyonda,
    bilgisayarlarda ve bilgi teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler
    nedeniyle ön plana çıkması
    • Çevreciler ve çevre hareketi için ekolojinin mantıksal
    bilim temeline oturuyor olması
    • Halk tarafından sahip olunan bilimsel bilginin
    acınacak şekilde zayıf ve güvenilmez olması
    • Özel sektör tarafından desteklenen temel
    araştırmaların başarısız olması
    • Amatörlerin geleneksel bilimle iki türlü etkileşiminin
    oluşması
    • Ortaya çıkan sonuçların devlet ve sektör tarafından
    acilen faaliyete geçirilmesi
    Bilim Nereye Doğru Gidiyor?
    

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45. a Business School
    

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46. S e c t i o
    

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47. Sorular
    1. Bir üçgenin iç açılarının toplamı kaç derecedir?
    2. Ali’nin bir elma bahçesi vardır, bahçesinin çevresinin uzunluğu ne
    kadardır?
    3. Bir ayna yardımıyla geçmişimizi görebilir miyiz?
    

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52. Q&A
    

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53. w w w . h k i l t e r . c o m | T w i t t e r : @ h k i l t e r | k i l t e r @ g m a i l . c o m
    H . K e m a l İ l t e r , B E n g , M B A , P h D
    

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