Douglas H Erwin - 2014 Venice ECLT Meeting

Douglas H Erwinn - 2014 Venice ECLT Meeting

Transcript

1. 2014  Venice  ECLT  Innova3on   Mee3ng   Douglas  H  Erwin   Dept  of  Paleobiology   Na3onal  Museum  of  Natural  History    
2. Defining  Novelty   •  Are  ‘novelty’  and  ‘innova3on’  synonymous?     •  Character  based:  new  construc+on  elements  of  a   body  plan  (not  homologous  to  pre-­‐exis+ng   structure)     •  Process  based:  novelty  should  involve  a  transi+on   between  adap+ve  peaks  and  a  breakdown  of   ancestral  developmental  constraints  so  that  new   sorts  of  varia+on  are  generated  (Halgrimsson  et   a.  2012  J.  Exp.  Zool)  
3. From  Erwin  and  Valen3ne  (2013)  The  Cambrian  Explosion   Fundamental  Ques3on:  What  mechanisms   led  to  the  evolu3on  of  Opabinia,  and  have   they  changed  over  3me?  
4. Search  Vs  Construc3on   •  Innova3on  is  oUen  described  as  search   through  a  space  of  “the  adjacent   possible”  (Kaufmann,  Wagner)  
5. Neutral  Evolu3on   Fontana,  1992,  BioEssays  
6. Neutral  Evolu3on   Fontana,  1992,  BioEssays  
7. Search  Vs  Construc3on   •  Innova3on  is  oUen  described  as  search   through  a  space  of  “the  adjacent   possible”  (Kaufmann,  Wagner)   •  This  is  only  the  appropriate  metaphor  in  which   the  underlying  network  dynamics  are   rela3vely  simple   •  If  the  network  is  complex,  constructed  from   the  interac3on  of  agents,  than  search  is  not   the  appropriate  metaphor  
8. Strongylocentrotus  
9. Sea Urchin dGRN Biotapestry.org  
10. Search  Vs  Construc3on   •  Ques3on:  Do  the  processes  and  mechanisms   of  innova+on  differ  in  networks  dominated  by   search  rather  than  construc+on?  
11. Erwin  and  Valen3ne,  The  Cambrian  Explosion,  2013  
12. All  photos  from  Hawaiian  Silversword  Alliance  website  
13. Hawaiian Silverswords All  photos  from  Hawaiian  Silversword  Alliance  website  
14. Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Silverswords All  photos  from  Hawaiian  Silversword  Alliance  website   Carlquis+a   California   Argyroxiphium   sandwicense   ssp.  macrocephalum   Dubau+a  waialealae   Dubau+a  la+fola   Dubau+a     re+culata  
15. Adaptive Radiations and Opportunity •  Appearance  of  new  resources   •  Ex3nc3on  of  species  previously  exploi3ng   resources   •  Coloniza3on  of  new  areas   •  Evolu3on  of  a  new  trait  (“key  innova3on”)    
17. Erwin  and  Valen3ne,  The  Construc+on  of  Animal  Biodiversity,  2013  
18. Characteristics of the Cambrian Explosion •  High  morphologic  disparity   •  Rapid  appearance  of  crown  group  bilaterians   •  Expansion  of  ecological  networks   •  Puta3ve  link  to  increased  oxygen  in  marine   environments   •  The  Cambrian  explosion  represents  the   construc3on  of  a  design  space  
19. THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION REPRESENTS SCHUMPETERIAN GROWTH AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A DESIGN SPACE
20. Importance of Genomic and developmental complexity
21. Monosiga Amphimedon Trichoplax Nematostella Drosophila genome size (Mb) 41.6 167 98 450 180 # genes 9,100 ? 11,514 18,000 14,601 # cell types 1 12 4 20 50 # T.F.’s ? 57 35 min. 87 min. 87 # T.F. families 5 6? 9 10 10 microRNA 0 8 0 40 152 Genomic Complexity (Erwin, 2009; Erwin & Valentine 2013)"
22. Erwin  and  Valen3ne,  The  Cambrian  Explosion,  2013  
24. Sea Urchin dGRN Biotapestry.org  
25. Gene Regulatory Network Structure Erwin  and  Valen3ne,  Forthcoming,  2012;  aUer  Davidson  
26. Nature of Kernels   •  Recursively  wired  regulatory  genes   •  Specify  the  spa3al  domain  of  a  part  of  the   developing  embryo,  oUen  a  regional  pabern   •  The  kernels  are  dedicated  to  development   and  are  not  re-­‐used  elsewhere   •  Interference  with  the  func3on  of  any  gene  will   destroy  kernel  func3on   •  This  forces  subsequent  evolu3onary  change   either  upstream  or  downstream  of  the  kernel    
27. Implications   •  There  is  a  structure  to  the  network  of   developmental  regulatory  interac3ons   •  Changes  in  some  parts  of  regulatory  networks   are  easier  than  in  others   •  Some  types  of  changes,  par3cularly  the   establishment  of  kernels,  appears  to  have   been  easier  early  in  metazoan  evolu3on;   these  kernels  are  now  highly  refractory  to   modifica3on  
28. Origin  of  Eumetazoa   Origin  of  Developmental   Toolkit   Increase  in  miRNA   families;  complexity   of  dGRN  interac3ons     Most  signalling     pathways   present  
29. •  Inven+on  is  the  crea3on  of   something  new  and  dis3nct   (contrast  with  varia3on  on   established  themes)     •  Innova+on  occurs  when  inven3ons   become  economically  or   ecologically  significant   Invention & Innovation Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950
30. Erwin  and  Valen3ne,  The  Cambrian  Explosion,  2013  
31. IMPORTANCE OF MACROEVOLUTIONARY LAGS
32. Grassland Evolution
33. Grass Phylogeny Kellogg,  2001,  Plant  Physiology  
34. Macroevolutionary Lags
35. How are new evolutionary spaces created? •  Poten+ated  by  broader  environmental  segng   (physical,  gene3c,  ecologic)  
37. How are new evolutionary spaces created? •  Poten+ated  by  broader  environmental  segng   (physical,  gene3c,  ecologic)   •  Actualized  by  gene3c  and  developmental   innova3ons  leading  to  a  new  clade  
38. How are new evolutionary spaces created? •  Poten+ated  by  broader  environmental  segng   (physical,  gene3c,  ecologic)   •  Actualized  by  gene3c  and  developmental   innova3ons  leading  to  a  new  clade   •  Refined  by  further  developmental  and   ecological  changes   •  Realized  as  innova3ons  by  ecological   expansion  and  evolu3onary  success    
39. Modern  Synthesis   •  Transmission  Gene3cs     •  Simple  path  from  genotype  to  phenotype   •  Primacy  of  gene3c  inheritance   •  Selec3on  within  popula3ons  as  primary  driver   of  evolu3on   •  Opportunis3c   •  Uniformitarian  
40. Emerging  Perspec3ves   •  No  simple  mapping  from  genotype  to   phenotype  (evo-­‐devo)   •  Mul3ple  forms  of  inheritance   •  Mul3ple  levels  of  selec3on   •  Important  roles  for  muta3on  and  driU  in   addi3on  to  selec3on   •  Macroevolu3onary  lags   •  Non-­‐uniformitarian  
41. Questions •  What  factors  drive  innova3on,  whether  in   biological,  cultural  or  technological  systems?   – Similar  processes  of  varia3on,  inheritance  and   selec3on  and  driU  occur  in  all  systems   – Understanding  processes  in  one  may  shed  light  on   the  others   – Goal  is  to  build  models  of  innova3on  that  span   different  systems  
43. Erwin  and  Valen3ne,  The  Cambrian  Explosion,  2013  
44. Degree of Excludability Rivalrous Non-rivalrous high low iPod GPS signal
45. Degree of Excludability Rivalrous Non-rivalrous high low iPod GPS signal Fish calculus
46. Degree of Excludability Rivalrous Non-rivalrous high low iPod GPS signal Fish calculus Tragedy of the Commons
47. Degree of Excludability Rivalrous Non-rivalrous high low iPod GPS signal Fish Calculus Public Goods
48. Degree of Excludability Rivalrous Non-Rivalrous high low Oxygen intertidal space
49. Degree of Excludability Rivalrous Non-Rivalrous high low Oxygen intertidal space bioturbation Adaptations between clades Adaptations within a clade
50. Degree of Excludability Rivalrous Non-Rivalrous high low intertidal space Adaptations between clades Adaptations within a clade Oxygen Positive Feedback Spillover Effects
51. Tweedt  &  Erwin,  submibed  
52. Hypothetical Urbilaterian AUer  Carroll  et  al  2001  
54. Simpson’s Adaptive Zones