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Douglas H Erwin - 2014 Venice ECLT Meeting

Douglas H Erwin - 2014 Venice ECLT Meeting

Douglas H Erwinn - 2014 Venice ECLT Meeting

Insite Project

May 05, 2014
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  1. 2014  Venice  ECLT  Innova3on   Mee3ng   Douglas  H  Erwin

      Dept  of  Paleobiology   Na3onal  Museum  of  Natural  History    
  2. Defining  Novelty   •  Are  ‘novelty’  and  ‘innova3on’  synonymous?  

      •  Character  based:  new  construc+on  elements  of  a   body  plan  (not  homologous  to  pre-­‐exis+ng   structure)     •  Process  based:  novelty  should  involve  a  transi+on   between  adap+ve  peaks  and  a  breakdown  of   ancestral  developmental  constraints  so  that  new   sorts  of  varia+on  are  generated  (Halgrimsson  et   a.  2012  J.  Exp.  Zool)  
  3. From  Erwin  and  Valen3ne  (2013)  The  Cambrian  Explosion   Fundamental

     Ques3on:  What  mechanisms   led  to  the  evolu3on  of  Opabinia,  and  have   they  changed  over  3me?  
  4. Search  Vs  Construc3on   •  Innova3on  is  oUen  described  as

     search   through  a  space  of  “the  adjacent   possible”  (Kaufmann,  Wagner)  
  5. Search  Vs  Construc3on   •  Innova3on  is  oUen  described  as

     search   through  a  space  of  “the  adjacent   possible”  (Kaufmann,  Wagner)   •  This  is  only  the  appropriate  metaphor  in  which   the  underlying  network  dynamics  are   rela3vely  simple   •  If  the  network  is  complex,  constructed  from   the  interac3on  of  agents,  than  search  is  not   the  appropriate  metaphor  
  6. Search  Vs  Construc3on   •  Ques3on:  Do  the  processes  and

     mechanisms   of  innova+on  differ  in  networks  dominated  by   search  rather  than  construc+on?  
  7. Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Silverswords All  photos  from  Hawaiian  Silversword

     Alliance  website   Carlquis+a   California   Argyroxiphium   sandwicense   ssp.  macrocephalum   Dubau+a  waialealae   Dubau+a  la+fola   Dubau+a     re+culata  
  8. Adaptive Radiations and Opportunity •  Appearance  of  new  resources  

    •  Ex3nc3on  of  species  previously  exploi3ng   resources   •  Coloniza3on  of  new  areas   •  Evolu3on  of  a  new  trait  (“key  innova3on”)    
  9. Characteristics of the Cambrian Explosion •  High  morphologic  disparity  

    •  Rapid  appearance  of  crown  group  bilaterians   •  Expansion  of  ecological  networks   •  Puta3ve  link  to  increased  oxygen  in  marine   environments   •  The  Cambrian  explosion  represents  the   construc3on  of  a  design  space  
  10. Monosiga Amphimedon Trichoplax Nematostella Drosophila genome size (Mb) 41.6 167

    98 450 180 # genes 9,100 ? 11,514 18,000 14,601 # cell types 1 12 4 20 50 # T.F.’s ? 57 35 min. 87 min. 87 # T.F. families 5 6? 9 10 10 microRNA 0 8 0 40 152 Genomic Complexity (Erwin, 2009; Erwin & Valentine 2013)"
  11. Nature of Kernels   •  Recursively  wired  regulatory  genes  

    •  Specify  the  spa3al  domain  of  a  part  of  the   developing  embryo,  oUen  a  regional  pabern   •  The  kernels  are  dedicated  to  development   and  are  not  re-­‐used  elsewhere   •  Interference  with  the  func3on  of  any  gene  will   destroy  kernel  func3on   •  This  forces  subsequent  evolu3onary  change   either  upstream  or  downstream  of  the  kernel    
  12. Implications   •  There  is  a  structure  to  the  network

     of   developmental  regulatory  interac3ons   •  Changes  in  some  parts  of  regulatory  networks   are  easier  than  in  others   •  Some  types  of  changes,  par3cularly  the   establishment  of  kernels,  appears  to  have   been  easier  early  in  metazoan  evolu3on;   these  kernels  are  now  highly  refractory  to   modifica3on  
  13. Origin  of  Eumetazoa   Origin  of  Developmental   Toolkit  

    Increase  in  miRNA   families;  complexity   of  dGRN  interac3ons     Most  signalling     pathways   present  
  14. •  Inven+on  is  the  crea3on  of   something  new  and

     dis3nct   (contrast  with  varia3on  on   established  themes)     •  Innova+on  occurs  when  inven3ons   become  economically  or   ecologically  significant   Invention & Innovation Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950
  15. How are new evolutionary spaces created? •  Poten+ated  by  broader

     environmental  segng   (physical,  gene3c,  ecologic)  
  16. How are new evolutionary spaces created? •  Poten+ated  by  broader

     environmental  segng   (physical,  gene3c,  ecologic)   •  Actualized  by  gene3c  and  developmental   innova3ons  leading  to  a  new  clade  
  17. How are new evolutionary spaces created? •  Poten+ated  by  broader

     environmental  segng   (physical,  gene3c,  ecologic)   •  Actualized  by  gene3c  and  developmental   innova3ons  leading  to  a  new  clade   •  Refined  by  further  developmental  and   ecological  changes   •  Realized  as  innova3ons  by  ecological   expansion  and  evolu3onary  success    
  18. Modern  Synthesis   •  Transmission  Gene3cs     •  Simple

     path  from  genotype  to  phenotype   •  Primacy  of  gene3c  inheritance   •  Selec3on  within  popula3ons  as  primary  driver   of  evolu3on   •  Opportunis3c   •  Uniformitarian  
  19. Emerging  Perspec3ves   •  No  simple  mapping  from  genotype  to

      phenotype  (evo-­‐devo)   •  Mul3ple  forms  of  inheritance   •  Mul3ple  levels  of  selec3on   •  Important  roles  for  muta3on  and  driU  in   addi3on  to  selec3on   •  Macroevolu3onary  lags   •  Non-­‐uniformitarian  
  20. Questions •  What  factors  drive  innova3on,  whether  in   biological,

     cultural  or  technological  systems?   – Similar  processes  of  varia3on,  inheritance  and   selec3on  and  driU  occur  in  all  systems   – Understanding  processes  in  one  may  shed  light  on   the  others   – Goal  is  to  build  models  of  innova3on  that  span   different  systems  
  21. Degree of Excludability Rivalrous Non-Rivalrous high low Oxygen intertidal space

    bioturbation Adaptations between clades Adaptations within a clade
  22. Degree of Excludability Rivalrous Non-Rivalrous high low intertidal space Adaptations

    between clades Adaptations within a clade Oxygen Positive Feedback Spillover Effects