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Stellar Autopsies from White Dwarf Pulsations

Stellar Autopsies from White Dwarf Pulsations

Colloquium, 45 min. May 2018: University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI.

jjhermes

May 16, 2018
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  1. http://jjherm.es J.J. Hermes Hubble Fellow University of North Carolina at

    Chapel Hill Stellar Autopsies from White Dwarf Pulsations
  2. All low-mass stars eventually run out of fuel, lose their

    envelope, and become a white dwarf More than 97% of all stars in our Galaxy are or will become white dwarfs
  3. D. Berry, GSFC White dwarf stars mark the endpoints of

    stellar, binary and planetary evolution
  4. Outline: Kepler/K2 Insights into White Dwarfs • Rotation § White

    dwarfs relatively slow (0.5-2.2 d), solid-body rotation • Ages § Seismology constrains white dwarf H and He layers § Cooling ages in our models could be wrong by up to 10% • A New Phase of Low-Mass Stellar Evolution § Rogue waves on the coolest pulsating white dwarfs
  5. Original 4-year Kepler Mission: Just 20 white dwarfs observed K2

    through Campaign 8: >900 white dwarfs K2 through Campaign 15: >1750 white dwarfs K1 K2, as of 2016 K2, today Through Campaign 17: >2250 white dwarfs
  6. In K2 Campaign 6 we found an interacting WD+WD binary

    (AM CVn-type) orbiting one another every 15.7 minutes! Green, Hermes et al. 2018
  7. Vanderburg et al. 2015 The first transits of a white

    dwarf were discovered in K2 Campaign 1 (rare: so far a one-off in >1750 WDs with K2 data) The object is disintegrating 4RWD model Gänsicke et al. 2016
  8. GD 1212, Hermes et al. 2014a Data from the 9-day

    K2 engineering test run, 2014 January V=13.3 mag
  9. A ‘typical’ white dwarf electron degenerate C/O core (r =

    8500 km) non-degenerate He layer (260 km) non-degenerate H layer (30 km) [thermal reservoir] [insulating blanket] White dwarfs are cosmic timepieces: They are excellent age indicators But we must tune the clocks!
  10. Gaia will eventually uncover more than 300,000 new white dwarfs

    (just ~35,000 known today) GBP - GRP MG >31,000 WDs w/in 200pc!
  11. SLoWPoKES: Dhital et al. 2015 Lots of science using white

    dwarfs in wide binaries as age calibrators 5” 5” 5”
  12. g-modes—remarkably similar to the large-amplitude DAV pulsators (Winget et al.

    19 The observed pulsating white dwarf stars lie in three strips in the H-R diagram, in Figure 3. The pulsating pre-white dwarf PG 1159 stars, the DOVs, around 7 170,000 K have the highest number of detected modes. The first class of pulsating 5.5 5.0 4.5 Planetary Nebula Main sequence DOV DBV DAV 4.0 3.5 3.0 log [T eff (K)] 4 2 0 –2 –4 log (L/L ) Figure 3 A 13-Gyr isochrone with z = 0.019 from Marigo et al. (2007), on which we have drawn the obs Annu. Rev. Astro. Astrophys. 2008.46:157-199. Downloaded fr by University of Texas - Austin on 01/28/09. For Winget & Kepler 2008 H He C/O Not all white dwarfs pulsate: We must select them!
  13. GBP - GRP MG >31,000 WDs w/in 200pc MG GBP

    - GRP 4% “most variable” WDs w/in 200pc DAV (H-atm)
  14. m = -1 m = +1 m = 0 1000

    s 200 s 500 s 125 s 316.8 s 345.3 s n = Number of radial nodes l = Number of vertical nodes m = Number of horizontal + vertical nodes n l = 1 n = 5 l = 1 n = 6 Prot = 0.9 ± 0.2 day Typical K2 data from a pulsating white dwarf
  15. 1 10 100 White Dwarf Rotation Period (hr) 0 2

    4 6 8 10 N Kepler & K2 Kawaler (2015) Most isolated white dwarfs rotate between 0.5-2.2 days Hermes et al. 2017d: k2wd.org None of the stars are currently in binaries: Representative of single-star evolution of mostly 1-3 M¤ stars Model-Independent Rotation Falls Readily from K2 Data 0.5 d 1 d 2 d 4 d
  16. SDSS SOAR spectroscopy yields WD mass We have obtained SOAR

    spectra of all pulsating white dwarfs observed so far by K2 Hermes et al. 2017d: k2wd.org
  17. 1 10 100 WD Rotation Period (hr) 0.4 0.5 0.6

    0.7 0.8 0.9 WD Mass (M⊙ ) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 ZAMS Progenitor Mass (M⊙ ) 1 10 100 White Dwarf Rotation Period (hr) 0 2 4 6 8 10 N Kepler & K2 Kawaler (2015) 1 d 2 d 4 d We Can Finally Probe WD Rotation as a Function of Mass The fastest-rotating pulsating white dwarf (1.13 hr) is also the most massive (0.87 M¤ ) – descended from a single 4.0 M¤ ZAMS progenitor Hermes et al. 2017c Hermes et al. 2017d: k2wd.org
  18. Most white dwarfs evolve from 0.9-3.0 M¤ ZAMS stars, and

    rotate at 0.5-2.2 days (Possible link emerging between higher white dwarf mass and faster rotation) 1 10 100 0 1 2 3 4 N 1.7 2.0 M ZAMS WD Prot = 1.48 ± 0.94 d 1 10 100 0 1 2 3 4 N 2.0 2.5 M ZAMS WD Prot = 1.35 ± 0.74 d 1 10 100 0 1 2 3 4 N 2.5 3.0 M ZAMS WD Prot = 1.32 ± 1.04 d 1 10 100 White Dwarf Rotation Period (hr) 0 1 2 3 4 N 3.5 4.0 M ZAMS WD Prot = 0.17 ± 0.15 d We Can Finally Probe WD Rotation as a Function of Mass Hermes et al. 2017d: k2wd.org
  19. in Figure 3. The pulsating pre-white dwarf PG 1159 stars,

    the DOVs, around 75,000 K to 170,000 K have the highest number of detected modes. The first class of pulsating stars to be 5.5 5.0 4.5 Planetary Nebula Main sequence DOV DBV DAV 4.0 3.5 3.0 log [T eff (K)] 4 2 0 –2 –4 log (L/L ) Figure 3 A 13-Gyr isochrone with z = 0.019 from Marigo et al. (2007), on which we have drawn the observed locations of the instability strips, following the nonadiabatic calculations of C´ orsico, Althaus & Miller Bertolami (2006) for the DOVs, the pure He fits to the observations of Beauchamp et al. (1999) for the DBVs, and the observations of Gianninas, Bergeron & Fontaine (2006) and Castanheira et al. (2007, and references therein) for the DAVs. 172 Winget ·Kepler 2.5 M¤ A star: Prot,ZAMS ~ 10 hr Core-He RGB: modes ~0.02-0.10 R¤ Prot : 30-180 d White dwarf: ~0.005-0.013 R¤ Prot : 0.5-2.2 d 10 100 Secondary Clump Rotation Period (d) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 N Deheuvels et al. 2015 Tayar et al., in prep. 1 10 100 WD Rotation Period (hr) 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 WD Mass (M⊙ ) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 ZAMS Progenitor Mass (M⊙ ) 1 10 100 White Dwarf Rotation Period (hr) 0 2 4 6 8 10 N Kepler & K2 Kawaler (2015) Kepler has mapped internal rotation evolution all the way from MS to WD
  20. White Dwarfs Do Not Rotate Differentially (Solid Body) Based on

    detailed asteroseismic model: PG0112+104 rotates rigidlyover its outer 70% in radius with a period of Prot = 10.18 ± 0.27 hr White dwarfs appear to lack radial differential rotation Giammichele et al. 2018, in prep.
  21. THE MAIN LOG Observations at Maidanak observatory in Uzbekistan. Aug

    1994 Observers: E. Meistas, and local assistant Alexey V. Chernyshev
  22. Jul 27th Uzbeks introduced new rules for the visas ...

    spent long 8 night hours in the old stinking Russian bus, which, using longest possible route and stopping more than ten times for the repairs, after which passengers were supposed to push the bus to start the engine, brought us to Shakhrisabz. Jul 28th Old military jeep, which exhaust went more inside than via its pipes, after 5 hours brought us to Maidanak [Observatory]. ... Some windows of our living house were broken, no clean sheets ... no butter, meat, sugar. Running water system was not working anymore, not to mention hot water. THE MAIN LOG Observations at Maidanak observatory in Uzbekistan. Aug 1994 Observers: E. Meistas, and local assistant Alexey V. Chernyshev
  23. Jul 29th I checked telescope; tracking and positioning were working,

    but telescope mirrors needed cleaning... Jul 30th Managed to repair distiller and to get 3 L of water late in the evening only. Decided to wash mirrors next day. Still lots of yellow Afghanistan dust in the sky. Jul 31st Washed mirrors, cleaned telescope inner surfaces from thick dust layer. Started the full scale system test. THE MAIN LOG Observations at Maidanak observatory in Uzbekistan. Aug 1994 Observers: E. Meistas, and local assistant Alexey V. Chernyshev
  24. Aug 1st All day no clouds, but wind increasing to

    the evening. Worked all night. Aug 3rd All day clear sky with some clouds. Quite strong wind in day time but diminished before the night. THE MAIN LOG Observations at Maidanak observatory in Uzbekistan. Aug 1994 Observers: E. Meistas, and local assistant Alexey V. Chernyshev
  25. Aug 5th It was first night there on the mountain

    without me. I was at that time in Kitab Hospital severely injured by the Tashkent Astrophysical Institute Director son Iskander Yuldashbaev, apparently mentally ill young man of about 21. THE MAIN LOG Observations at Maidanak observatory in Uzbekistan. Aug 1994 Observers: E. Meistas, and local assistant Alexey V. Chernyshev
  26. Aug 5th It was first night there on the mountain

    without me. I was at that time in Kitab Hospital severely injured by the Tashkent Astrophysical Institute Director son Iskander Yuldashbaev, apparently mentally ill young man of about 21. He did some cleaning ... suddenly saying no words grabbed my hair with his left hand and hit my throat with a broken knife from our kitchen. I ran in horror, but he managed to hit me twice into my back. I ran to the Russian house for the help all in the blood. It was no phone connection with outside world and two of them had to run all the way to Maidanak to soldiers, and in three hours at last I was delivered to Kitab hospital in rather weak condition. THE MAIN LOG Observations at Maidanak observatory in Uzbekistan. Aug 1994 Observers: E. Meistas, and local assistant Alexey V. Chernyshev
  27. THE MAIN LOG Observations at Maidanak observatory in Uzbekistan. Aug

    1994 Observers: E. Meistas, and local assistant Alexey V. Chernyshev Aug 5th It was first night there on the mountain without me. I was at that time in Kitab Hospital severely injured by the Tashkent Astrophysical Institute Director son Iskander Yuldashbaev, apparently mentally ill young man of about 21. He did some cleaning ... suddenly saying no words grabbed my hair with his left hand and hit my throat with a broken knife from our kitchen. I ran in horror, but he managed to hit me twice into my back. I ran to the Russian house for the help all in the blood. It was no phone connection with outside world and two of them had to run all the way to Maidanak to soldiers, and in three hours at last I was delivered to Kitab hospital in rather weak condition. ... He is in a custody now and cannot say the reason either, says he did not like the way I looked at him. But he was smart enough to steal before that event good sum of my money ... Until helicopter arrived I explained the basics of the work with the quilt program to Alexey -- my assistant. Luckily I trained him on almost everything...
  28. Aug 10th Alexey arrived from the Maidanak in the afternoon.

    Everything seems OK. Aug 11th Aug 12th I lived in the Russian hotel in Kitab ... working with data: writing logs, marking bad points. Tomorrow night Uzbeks promised to bring me to the Samarkand airport. My throat is swollen, still hurts and ugly. END OF CAMPAIGN HERE IN THE UZBEKISTAN ------------------------------------------------------------------------ THE MAIN LOG Observations at Maidanak observatory in Uzbekistan. Aug 1994 Observers: E. Meistas, and local assistant Alexey V. Chernyshev Aug 8th I ... practically defected from Kitab hospital, where black bugs were running on the walls at night even in the patient's beds, over the face too. Throat is badly swollen and hurts.
  29. 1000 s 200 s 500 s 125 s White Dwarfs:

    g-modes, not all modes are observed excited BiSON; Thompson et al. 2003 5 min 4 min 6 min Solar p-modes
  30. n = Number of radial nodes l = Number of

    vertical nodes n Each white dwarf has a spectrum of g-modes: standing waves that naturally resonate Adiabatic Model: 11,245 K, 0.632 M¤ , 10-4.12 MH /MWD (Romero et al. 2012) 1000 s 200 s 500 s 125 s l=1 l=2
  31. n = Number of radial nodes l = Number of

    vertical nodes n 1000 s 200 s 500 s 125 s l=1 l=2 l=1 l=2
  32. n = Number of radial nodes l = Number of

    vertical nodes n 1000 s 200 s 500 s 125 s l=1 l=2 l=1 l=2
  33. If we only plot identified l=1 modes: 0 1 2

    3 4 5 6 7 8 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 l = 1 n = 1 l = 1 n = 2 l = 1 n = 3 Kepler makes mode identification relatively trivial Mode Period (s) N SDSSJ0051+0339, g=17.6, K2 Campaign 8 n = 1 n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 Clemens, Dunlap, Hermes et al. 2018, in prep.
  34. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50

    100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Mode Period (s) N l = 1 n = 1 l = 1 n = 2 l = 1 n = 3 n = 1 n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 Clemens, Dunlap, Hermes et al. 2018, in prep. If we only plot identified l=1 (m=0) modes: Kepler makes mode identification relatively trivial
  35. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50

    100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Mode Period (s) N n = 1 n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 l = 1 n = 1 l = 1 n = 2 l = 1 n = 3 Clemens, Dunlap, Hermes et al. 2018, in prep. If we only plot identified l=1 (m=0) modes: Kepler makes mode identification relatively trivial
  36. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50

    100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 l=1 DAV periods, observed Full evolutionary models computed by Romero et al. 2012 Clemens, Dunlap, Hermes et al. 2018, in prep.
  37. Drawing from a random distribution of hydrogen layer masses Full

    evolutionary models computed by Romero et al. 2012 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 l=1 hDAV periods, observed 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 l=1 random MH simulation Clemens, Dunlap, Hermes et al. 2018, in prep.
  38. Most (>80%) DA White Dwarfs Have Thick H Layers 0

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 l=1 hDAV periods, observed 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 l=1 random MH simulation l=1 canonical MH simulation Full evolutionary models computed by Romero et al. 2012 Only drawing from the models with canonically thick hydrogen layers Clemens, Dunlap, Hermes et al. 2018, in prep.
  39. Asteroseismology:Model He Layers Too Thick 0 1 2 3 4

    5 6 7 8 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 l=1 hDAV periods, observed 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 l=1 canonical MH simulation Full evolutionary models computed by Romero et al. 2012 10-15 s offset: Suggests He-layer masses too thick in canonical models à Would lead to systematically younger WD cooling ages (~10%) Only drawing from the models with canonically thick hydrogen layers Clemens, Dunlap, Hermes et al. 2018, in prep.
  40. We Have Only Scratched the Surface of Analyzing the ~100

    Pulsating White Dwarfs Observed by Kepler WDs Evolve (Cool) à Blue: Observed by Kepler Open: Ground-based
  41. Coming Soon: NASA/TESS will observe all bright WDs every 2

    min All systems nominal. Sector 1 planned to start end of June! At least 28 days per sector ~70 I < 16 mag white dwarfs per sector
  42. 2 Bell et al. Fig. 1.— Representative sections of the

    Kepler light curve of KIC 4552982 in units of days since the start of observations. The top p shows the full Q11 light curve. The one-month shaded region in the top panel is expanded in the middle panel. The one-week sh region in the middle panel is expanded in the bottom panel. The solid line is the light curve smoothed with a 30-minute window. point-to-point scatter dominates the pulsation amplitudes in the light curve, so pulsations are not apparent to the eye. The dram increases in brightness are discussed in detail in Section 3. to medium-resolution spectra for the white dwarf and fit the Balmer line profiles to models to determine its val- tion rate. We summarize our findings and conclud Section 5. KIC 4552982: Bell et al. 2015 3 months: 1 month: 1 week: Brightenings every ~2.7 d, lasting for 4.0-25.0 hr A surprising discovery with Kepler: Aperiodic Outbursts
  43. This outburst phenomenon never seen before in 40+ years of

    pulsating white dwarf studies A surprising discovery with Kepler: Aperiodic Outbursts Quiescent pulsations (1151.9 s, 1160.8 s, …) In Outburst (999.9 s, 896.6 s, …) PG 1149+057: Hermes et al. 2015b
  44. • White dwarf Teff = 11,060 K • é 15%

    mean flux = é 750 K • ~1034 erg energy Black line is 30-min running mean Event 1 Event 7 Quiescence Pulsations Persist in Outburst, But Surface >700 K Hotter
  45. A surprising discovery with Kepler: Aperiodic Outbursts Keaton Bell 2017

    (PhD thesis) Outbursts seen in at least 13 white dwarfs (this is not rare!) None of the outbursts in pulsating WDs are periodic; appear chaotic Outburst recurrence times can be as short as a few hours and as long as 45+ days
  46. The vast majority of cool pulsating white dwarfs outburst! All

    white dwarfs pulsate at the appropriate temperature, and it appears all outburst at some point, too. This is likely a new phase of stellar evolution! Outbursting DAVs Blue: Observed by Kepler Open: Ground-based
  47. GD 1212, Hermes et al. 2014a Data from the 9-day

    K2 engineering test run V=13.3 mag
  48. A surprising discovery with Kepler: Aperiodic Outbursts Quiescent pulsations (1135.2

    s, 856.9 s, …) In Outburst (864.1 s, 846.4 s, …) GD 1212: Hermes et al. 2018, in prep. >60 days between outbursts! K2 Campaign 12
  49. The vast majority of cool pulsating white dwarfs outburst! All

    white dwarfs pulsate at the appropriate temperature, and it appears all outburst at some point, too. This is likely a new phase of stellar evolution! Outbursting DAVs Blue: Observed by Kepler Open: Ground-based
  50. 150 s 1000 s The coolest pulsating white dwarfs have

    longer-period pulsations à Higher mode density for coupling
  51. • Wu & Goldreich (2001) predicted nonlinear mode coupling could

    transfer energy into damped modes in the cool DAVs l=1 l=2 Adiabatic Model: 11,245 K, 0.632 M¤ , 10-4.12 MH /MWD Observed: 11,060(170) K, 0.64(0.03) M¤ (Romero et al. 2012) (Gianninas et al. 2011) Likely Cause: Mode Coupling via Parametric Resonance ωp = 897.7 µHz (l=1, m=0, n=24) à Standing waves Evanesce ß
  52. • Wu & Goldreich (2001) predicted nonlinear mode coupling could

    transfer energy into damped modes in the cool DAVs ωp = 897.7 µHz (l=1, m=0, n=24) ωd1 = 435.9 µHz (l=2, m=0, n=88) l=1 l=2 ωd2 = 461.9 µHz (l=1, m=0, n=48) Adiabatic Model: 11,245 K, 0.632 M¤ , 10-4.12 MH /MWD Observed: 11,060(170) K, 0.64(0.03) M¤ (Romero et al. 2012) (Gianninas et al. 2011) Likely Cause: Mode Coupling via Parametric Resonance ωd1 + ωd2 = ωp + δω Limit cycle if: δω < γd
  53. ωp = 897.7 µHz (l=1, m=0, n=24) ωd1 = 435.9

    µHz (l=2, m=0, n=88) l=1 l=2 ωd2 = 461.9 µHz (l=1, m=0, n=48) Adiabatic Model: 11,245 K, 0.632 M¤ , 10-4.12 MH /MWD Observed: 11,060(170) K, 0.64(0.03) M¤ (Romero et al. 2012) (Gianninas et al. 2011) Likely Cause: Mode Coupling via Parametric Resonance ωd1 + ωd2 = ωp + δω Limit cycle if: δω < γd
  54. Key Takeaways • Kepler/K2 has us in a new regime

    of looking at white dwarfs • Rotation: Stars lose most core angular momentum before WD stage § The endpoints of 1-3 solar-mass stars rotate at 0.5-2.2 days § They are not rotating with any detectable radial differential rotation § Evidence for trend of faster rotation with higher mass • Ages: It is rare for white dwarfs to have thin H layers § Seismology suggests >80% of DAs have H layers ~10-4 MH /Mstar § We see evidence that the He layers from models are 10x too thick § Cooling ages may be overestimated by up to 10% • Outbursts: Nonlinear mode coupling rampant in pulsating WDs § Nearly all cool pulsating WDs undergo stochastic outbursts ~1034 erg § Parametric resonance of excited mode(s) with damped daughter modes
  55. KIC08626021: Giammichele et al. 2018 Core Surface ß 99% of

    mass X(O) = 78.03% ± 4.2% X(C) = 21.96% ± 4.2% X(He) = 0.0113% ± 0.006% With enough pulsation modes we can model entire white dwarf C/O ratio constrains 12C(α,γ)16O reaction rate