Rethinking Extension Development for PHP and HHVM

RETHINKING EXTENSION
DEVELOPMENT FOR
PHP AND HHVM
A look at the new MongoDB driver
Jeremy Mikola
jmikola
With special thanks to Derick Rethans and
Hannes Magnusson for assisting with slides
and working tirelessly to get us to 1.0.0 ὁ

View Slide

One Extension, Three Engines
PHP 5 HHVM PHP 7
A History Lesson
Rethinking It All
A New Architecture
Implementation and Userland
Current Status and Roadmap

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History

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History: 0.8.4 (April 2009)
Resources for connections
Classes for BSON types
Code, Date, Object ID, Regex, BinData
Very few functions:
m
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, m
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m
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,
m
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History: 0.8.4 (April 2009)
i
n
c
l
u
d
e '
M
o
n
g
o
.
p
h
p
'
;
$
m = n
e
w M
o
n
g
o
(
)
;
$
c = $
m
-
>
s
e
l
e
c
t
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
'
p
h
p
t
'
, '
f
i
n
d
'
)
;
$
c
-
>
d
r
o
p
(
)
;
$
c
-
>
i
n
s
e
r
t
(
a
r
r
a
y
(
'
f
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o
' =
> '
b
a
r
'
,
'
a
' =
> '
b
'
,
'
b
' =
> '
c
'
,
)
)
;
$
c
u
r
s
o
r = $
c
-
>
f
i
n
d
(
a
r
r
a
y
(
'
f
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o
'
=
>
'
b
a
r
'
)
, a
r
r
a
y
(
'
a
'
=
>
1
,
'
b
'
=
>
1
)
)
;
w
h
i
l
e (
$
c
u
r
s
o
r
-
>
h
a
s
N
e
x
t
(
)
) {
v
a
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_
d
u
m
p
(
$
c
u
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s
o
r
-
>
g
e
t
N
e
x
t
(
)
)
;
}

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History: 0.9.0 (May 2009)
Support for PHP 5.3
Reimplement most PHP-based functionality in C
Tests are implemented with PHPUnit

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History: 1.0.0 (September 2009)
Query operators don’t have to start with $ anymore:
$
m = n
e
w M
o
n
g
o
;
$
c = $
m
-
>
s
e
l
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c
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C
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
'
d
b
n
a
m
e
'
, '
c
o
l
n
a
m
e
'
)
;
$
r = $
c
-
>
f
i
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d
(
a
r
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a
y
(
'
f
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l
d
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a
m
e
' =
> a
r
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a
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(
'
$
g
t
e
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> 4
2
)
)
)
;
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(
'
m
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.
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d
'
, '
@
'
)
;
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;
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c = $
m
-
>
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c
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C
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(
'
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, '
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'
)
;
$
r = $
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>
f
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(
a
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(
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> a
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(
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> 4
2
)
)
)
;

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History: 1.0.0 (September 2009)
BSON arrays and documents come back as PHP arrays
$
m = n
e
w M
o
n
g
o
;
$
c = $
m
-
>
s
e
l
e
c
t
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
'
d
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m
o
'
, '
t
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s
t
'
)
;
$
c
-
>
d
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o
p
(
)
;
$
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>
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r
t
(
(
o
b
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c
t
) a
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y
(
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' =
> '
b
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'
)
)
;
$
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-
>
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s
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(
a
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(
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;
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(
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(
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, a
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(
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s $
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v
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(
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↓
a
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a
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(
1
) {
[
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=
>
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(
3
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a
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}

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History: 1.2.8 (February 2012)
Derick joins as a contractor, after having helped with
integer types (November 2011)
We no longer use any functionality implemented as PHP
classes (everything is C)
Connection handling uses connection pools
Kristina’s last release

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History: 1.3.0 (November 2012)
Hannes starts helping out (June 2012)
Rewritten connection handling and replica set connection
management
Sane branching in GIT:

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History: 1.4.0 – 1.6.0
Releases now come together with MongoDB server releases
May 2013 – 1.4.0 – MongoDB 2.4
SSL support, Jeremy starts helping out
Apr 2014 – 1.5.0 – MongoDB 2.6
SASL support, command cursors, write commands
Jan 2015 – 1.6.0 – MongoDB 3.0
Rewritten cursor support, MONGO_METHOD
refactoring

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Current State of the Legacy Driver
Former, "great" design choices:
Array and object deserialization
Positional arguments vs. options arrays
i
n
s
e
r
t
(
) injection of generated Object IDs
No clear strategy for adding command helpers
Configuration via INI and static properties
M
o
n
g
o
C
u
r
s
o
r
:
:
$
t
i
m
e
o
u
t
,
M
o
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g
o
C
u
r
s
o
r
:
:
$
s
l
a
v
e
O
k
a
y
MongoLog and stream context listeners
GridFS implementation could get some more love

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Rethinking It All

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Goals for a New Driver
Support for multiple engines
Well-thought-out and minimalistic API
Faster to write, easier to maintain
Build on top of existing code

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Which Engines?
PHP 5 HHVM PHP 7
PHP 5.4+ HHVM 3.9+ As of 1.1.1

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Engine: PHP 5
PHP 5.4 – PHP 5.6
Not sure what else to say…

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Engine: HHVM
Alternative PHP runtime from Facebook
Evolution of HipHop, which compiled PHP to C++ binaries
Implements PHP language spec, supports Hack language
Written in C++, OCAML, et al.

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Engine: PHP 7
Userland code is mostly compatible with PHP 5
Internals are quite different from PHP 5

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New Architecture

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libbson
l
i
b
b
s
o
n is a new shared library written in C for developers
wanting to work with the BSON serialization format.
It’s used by l
i
b
m
o
n
g
o
c
It’s used by the drivers directly as well
High performance BSON serialization and deserialization
Callback API for deserialization

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libmongoc (mongo-c-driver)
l
i
b
m
o
n
g
o
c is a client library written in C for MongoDB
Meant as both a low level driver for applications and
higher level languages
About two years old
Used by the PHP and HHVM drivers, among others

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Phongo (mongo-php-driver)
New MongoDB extension for PHP 5.4+
Backwards compatibility is not preserved
Very minimal API
Core classes, BSON, exceptions
Meant to be built upon by PHP libraries (like the 0.8.4
legacy driver)
Uses PHP namespaces

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On Backwards Compatibility
Old extension name is "mongo"
New extension name is "mongodb"
Both extensions may be loaded simultaneously
PECL PHP.net docs

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Legacy API (mongo.so)
$
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(
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:
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)
;
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d
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(
)
;
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]
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;
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f
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(
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;
f
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s $
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v
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_
d
u
m
p
(
$
r
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s
u
l
t
)
;
}

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New API (mongodb.so)
$
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w M
o
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D
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\
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\
M
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(
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s
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:
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)
;
$
c
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;
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x
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(
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> 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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2
3
4
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,
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,
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;
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B
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W
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(
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.
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, $
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;
$
q
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\
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(
[
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>
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(
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;
f
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a
c
h (
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c
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r a
s $
r
e
s
u
l
t
) {
v
a
r
_
d
u
m
p
(
$
r
e
s
u
l
t
)
;
}

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Hippo’s API
Same implementation of Phongo’s public API, but
available as an extension for HHVM
Drop-in replacement
HHVM is C++, so no shared code with Phongo
Parts of the extension may be written in Hack
HNI: HHVM-Native Interface

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Serialization Specification
Persistence in Hippo and Phongo
This document discusses the methods how compound structures (documents, arrays, objects) are
persisted through the drivers. And how they are brought back into PHP land.
Serialization to BSON
Arrays
If an array is a packed array — i.e. the keys start at 0 and are sequential without gaps: BSON array.
If the array is not packed — i.e. having associative (string) keys, the keys don't start at 0, or when there
are gaps:: BSON object
A toplevel (root) document, always serializes as a BSON document.
Examples
These serialize as a BSON array:
[ 8
, 5
, 2
, 3 ] =
> [ 8
, 5
, 2
, 3 ]

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A Built-in ODM, too!
Object serialization
This driver includes four public interfaces to facilitate serializing PHP classes to and from BSON.
MongoDB\BSON\Type
(no methods)
MongoDB\BSON\Serializable
abstract public method bsonSerialize();
MongoDB\BSON\Unserializable
abstract public method bsonUnserialize(array $data);
MongoDB\BSON\Persistable
extends both BSON\Serializable and BSON\Unserializable
Objects that implement the MongoDB\BSON\Type interface get special treatment by the BSON serializer. In general, these objects represent a
BSON type that cannot be natively represented in PHP (e.g. MongoDB\BSON\UTCDatetime, MongoDB\BSON\ObjectID) and are explicitly
checked for and handled by the driver. MongoDB\BSON\Type should not be implemented directly by userland classes.
Userland classes that require custom BSON serialization should utilize the MongoDB\BSON\Serializable interface and implement the
b
s
o
n
S
e
r
i
a
l
i
z
e
(
) function, which should return a document (i.e. PHP array or stdClass object) representing the document that should be
stored. Furthermore, if the object implements the MongoDB\BSON\Persistable interface, the driver will also inject a MongoDB\BSON\Binary
value (with type 0x80 and an internal field name) into the document, which contains the userland object's fully qualified classname. This field
can then be used during unserialization to ensure that the BSON document becomes an object of the same class on the way out of the
database.
During unserialization of a document, if a BSON Binary value (with type 0x80 and within the expected internal field name) is encountered, the
driver will peek at the value and attempt to resolve it to a classname (triggering autoloaders if neccesary). If the class name cannot be resolved,
nothing magical happens; however, if the class exists, the driver will create a new instance (without invoking the constructor) and invoke its

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The Implementation

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Hippo (implementation)
An extract from e
x
t
_
m
o
n
g
o
d
b
.
p
h
p
:
<
?
h
h
n
a
m
e
s
p
a
c
e M
o
n
g
o
D
B
\
D
r
i
v
e
r
;
<
<
_
_
N
a
t
i
v
e
>
>
p
u
b
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i
c f
u
n
c
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o
n _
_
c
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n
s
t
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c
t
(
s
t
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g $
d
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l
o
c
a
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h
o
s
t
"
,
a
r
r
a
y $
o
p
t
i
o
n
s = [
]
, a
r
r
a
y $
d
r
i
v
e
r
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p
t
i
o
n
s = [
]
)
;
<
<
_
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a
t
i
v
e
>
>
p
u
b
l
i
c f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n _
_
d
e
b
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g
I
n
f
o
(
) : a
r
r
a
y
;
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<
_
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a
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v
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>
>
p
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b
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u
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c
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t
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n
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m
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p
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,
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u
e
r
y $
q
u
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, R
e
a
d
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r
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f
e
r
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n
c
e $
r
e
a
d
P
r
e
f
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r
e
n
c
e = n
u
l
l
)
: C
u
r
s
o
r
;
<
<
_
_
N
a
t
i
v
e
>
>
p
u
b
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c f
u
n
c
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n s
e
l
e
c
t
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e
r
v
e
r
(
R
e
a
d
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r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e $
r
e
a
d
P
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
)
: S
e
r
v
e
r
;
/
/ …
}
?
>

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An extract from s
r
c
/
M
o
n
g
o
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>
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)
;
}

View Slide

An extract from e
x
t
_
m
o
n
g
o
d
b
.
p
h
p
:
<
?
h
h
n
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\
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e
n
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)
;
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f (
$
t
a
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e
t
s
) {

View Slide

Hippo vs. Phongo
v
o
i
d H
H
V
M
_
M
E
T
H
O
D
(
M
o
n
g
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r
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d
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t A
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{ /
* … *
/ }
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;
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f (
o
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s
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z
v
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l
_
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s
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(
o
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n
s
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_
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s
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s
, N
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M
L
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_
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C
)
;
}
/
* … *
/

View Slide

Adding PHP 7 Support to Phongo
Order of elements in structs
c
h
a
r * vs. z
e
n
d
_
s
t
r
i
n
g
zend_hash changes
PHP 7 itself was being developed alongside our new
driver, which meant frequent internal API changes
PHP 7 was released after we shipped 1.0 (PHP 5, HHVM),
so support was added 1.1.1

View Slide

A Minimalistic API Does
Not a Full Driver Make

View Slide

MongoDB PHP Library (PHPLIB)
Userland library sitting atop Phongo and Hippo
Depends on e
x
t
-
m
o
n
g
o
d
b
Implements the convenience methods lacking from the
basic extension APIs
, command helpers
and enumeration
Installable via Composer:
CRUD specification
Collection index
$ m
k
d
i
r n
e
w
-
p
r
o
j
e
c
t &
& c
d n
e
w
-
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
$ c
o
m
p
o
s
e
r r
e
q
u
i
r
e "
m
o
n
g
o
d
b
/
m
o
n
g
o
d
b
=
^
1
.
0
.
0
"

View Slide

Library Usage
r
e
q
u
i
r
e '
v
e
n
d
o
r
/
a
u
t
o
l
o
a
d
.
p
h
p
'
;
$
m = n
e
w M
o
n
g
o
D
B
\
C
l
i
e
n
t
(
"
m
o
n
g
o
d
b
:
/
/
l
o
c
a
l
h
o
s
t
:
2
7
0
1
7
"
)
;
$
c = $
m
-
>
s
e
l
e
c
t
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
'
t
e
s
t
'
, '
d
e
m
o
'
)
;
$
c
-
>
d
r
o
p
(
)
;
$
c
-
>
i
n
s
e
r
t
O
n
e
(
[
'
s
t
r
i
n
g
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> '
b
a
r
'
,
'
n
u
m
b
e
r
_
i
' =
> 5
5
,
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n
u
m
b
e
r
_
l
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> 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
,
'
b
o
o
l
' =
> t
r
u
e
,
'
n
u
l
l
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> n
u
l
l
,
'
f
l
o
a
t
' =
> M
_
P
I
,
]
)
;
f
o
r
e
a
c
h (
$
c
-
>
f
i
n
d
(
) a
s $
r
e
s
u
l
t
) {
v
a
r
_
d
u
m
p
(
$
r
e
s
u
l
t
)
;
}

View Slide

Challenges Along the Way

View Slide

Dependencies and APIs
were a Moving Target
As the first major driver built atop l
i
b
m
o
n
g
o
c
, there were
bugs to be found and fixed
PHPLIB required identical Phongo and Hippo APIs, which
wasn’t always the case during development
Namespace changes along the way
Exceptions moved to MongoDB\Driver\Exception
Debates over a top-level BSON\ namespace
Consolidating classes and methods
CommandResult and QueryResult → Cursor
Remove single-write helpers on Manager

View Slide

HHVM Extension Writing Woes
Many of the internal APIs are not documented
Subtle compatibility issues regarding exceptions and
constructors
Bundling and configuring
HHVM does not yet have a PECL equivalent
Sharing connections and state across requests
Derick’s memoirs: HHVM/HNI Extension Cookbook

View Slide

Current Status

View Slide

PHP and HHVM Drivers
Docs:
Phongo 1.1.2 released
Hippo 1.1.0RC1 released
php.net/mongodb
Userland Library
Docs:
1.0.0 released
mongodb.github.io/mongo-php-library

View Slide

Differentiating New from Old
New PHP Driver
JIRA:
PECL:
Docs:
GitHub:
PHPC
mongodb
PHP.net/mongodb
mongodb/mongo-php-driver
Legacy PHP Driver
JIRA:
PECL:
Docs:
GitHub:
PHP
mongo
PHP.net/mongo
mongodb/mongo-php-driver-legacy

View Slide

On the Roadmap
Resolve HHVM memory issues and ship 1.1.0
Additional ODM features planned for 1.2.0
GridFS coming to PHPLIB in 1.1.0
Upgrading Doctrine ODM and other OSS libs
for legacy apps
Mongo PHP Adapter

View Slide

Future Possibilities

View Slide

by François Laupretre
PHP Code Service
An easy way to mix C and PHP in extensions
PECL extension:
Supports both PHP 5 and 7 ( )
Opcode caching and minimal loading overhead
Classes may be autoloaded
Functions/constants registered on RINIT
pcs
pecl-compat

View Slide

PCS Architecture

View Slide

PCS with MongoDB

View Slide

Thanks!
speakerdeck.com/jmikola
joind.in/talk/0929c
Questions?

View Slide

Rethinking Extension Development for PHP and HHVM

Rethinking Extension Development for PHP and HHVM

Jeremy Mikola

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