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Ruby 型別檢查工具簡介
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Johnlin
July 31, 2022
Programming
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Ruby 型別檢查工具簡介
於 Coscup 2022 發表。
https://johnlin.vc/coscup-2022/
Johnlin
July 31, 2022
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Transcript
Ruby ܕผᒾҰ۩؆հ John Lin (@johnlinvc)
᮫ԙզ • John Lin • تᓣ Ruby & Swiftɻओ㭎Swift Taipei
Meetupɻ • Twitter: @johnlinvc • Blog: https://johnlin.vc/ • Principle Solution Architect @ West Pharmaceutical Service (ࣜဌऱ)
ڧྗ㐸࠽த • ओཁੋ၏ᬭྍᢛۀ IoT ɻूᅶᚙలॏ৺೭Ұɻ • google "cake resume west"ɼ༗ෟࢿൣᅴɻ
• ཤ㑖త࣌㘸ੋ John Lin հతɻိత referral bonus 㟬Ұɻ • Coscup ᩶ॿ
Agenda • Ruby తܕผܥ౷ • ܕผᒾҰత႔ • Ruby ܕผᒾҰ۩తಛ৭ •
Sorbet • Steep • ൺֱ Ruby తܕผᒾҰ۩ • Q&A
Ruby తܕผܥ౷ • ڧܕผ Strong Type • ಈଶܕผ Dynamic Type
• יࢠܕผ Duck typing • ॴ༗౦ੋ݅ Everything is object • ᄸҰঝ Single Inheritance • Mixin • nil
ܕผᒾҰత႔ • ᒾҰଧࣈࡨޡ • ᒾҰჩᏐၚᬇࡨޡ • ఏߴఔࣜᛰతՄᯪੑ • ՄҎॱศఏڙఔࣜᛰతࢿ㘤څ IDEɻ
Ruby ܕผᒾҰ۩తڞಉಛ৭ • ᔒ༗ํతܕผᒾҰ۩ • ਐࣜܕผᒾҰ Gradual type checker. •
ܕผఆٛ䈕 Type def fi les
ᔒ༗ํతܕผᒾҰ۩ • ᔒ༗ํతܕผᒾҰ۩ɻ • ୠੋ༗ํతܕผඪɼRuby Signature (RBS) ɻ • Python
& javascript ੋҰᒬɻ
RBS ܕผఆٛ䈕 • Ruby ํతܕผఆٛ֨ࣜɻ • ᘐཱ䈕Ҋɻ • ՄҎኺݪ࢝ᛰࣗಈ㗞ੜൣຊɻ
ਐࣜܕผᒾҰ Gradual Type Check • ՄҎᒾҰ෦తఔࣜᛰɻ • ߱ಋೖɻ • Python(mypy)
& TypeScript ੋɻ
ܕผఆٛ䈕 • ᘐཱత䈕Ҋɻ • ఆٛྃܕผɼৗᏐɼํ๏ɼݸᱪᏓᏐతܕผɻ • class Foo def bar(s);
end end class Foo def bar: (s: String) -> String end
ܕผᩄ (type annotation) • ࡏఔࣜᛰதՃ্Ḽղ҃ੋֹ֎తඪࣔɻ • ૾ੋ C++, Python ҃
Typescript ੋɻ class Foo sig{params(s: String).returns(String)} def bar(s) end end
ܕผఆٛ䈕త༏᠍ᴍ • ᠍ᴍɿఔࣜܕผఆٛࡏෆಉ䈕ҊɼՄೳ။هվɻ • ༏ᴍɿఔࣜޠ๏ൺֱᄸ७ɻ
None
ܕผఆٛ䈕 V.S. ܕผᩄ (type annotation) • Matz: • ఔࣜෆधཁܕผඪࣔब။ಈɻtype annotation
ҧྃ DRY(Don't Repeat Yourself) ݪଇɻ • ະိՊٕⴺਐ㑊ޙɼ༗Մೳશෆधཁܕผఆٛ䈕ɻ
Ruby ܕผੳ۩ • Sorbet • Steep
Sorbet • ༝ Stripe ։ᚙɼ༻ C++ & Rubyሜతɻ • ᯩଶᒾҰ
ˍ ಈଶᒾҰ • 㚎ݐޠݴثڠఆ(Language Server Protocol, LSP) • ෆಉڃతਐࣜᒾҰ • ಉ࣌ࢧԉ ܕผᩄ(Type Annotation) ᢛ RBI ܕผఆٛ䈕ɻ
ᯩଶᒾҰ • ࣥߦsorbet ိᒾҰܕผɼෆधཁਅతࣥߦఔࣜɻ • ༻ڥɿሜఔࣜதɼ lsp serverɻ࿈᠃߹(CI)ɻ
ಈଶᒾҰ • ࣥߦఔࣜత࣌ީɼSorbet ။ᒾҰܕผฒ㗞ੜࡨޡ҃Log • ༻ڥɿ࿈᠃߹(CI)தతᄸݩଌࢼ҃߹ଌࢼɻ༬උ ڥ(Staging)ɻਖ਼ࣜڥɻ
㚎ݐޠݴثڠఆ • VSCode ҃ Emacs ࢧԉ ޠݴثڠఆ తฤाث ࣌ɼՄҎଈ࣌ᰖࣔࡨޡɻෆधཁ㠥֎ࣥߦࢦྩɻ
• ఏڙྃ౸ఆٛɼᰖࣔ༻ᴍɼᏓᏐվ໊ޭೳɻ
ෆಉڃతਐࣜᒾҰ • ࡏ䈕Ҋ։಄Ճ্ਆحḼղ # typed: LEVEL बՄҎઃఆᒾҰతڃ • # typed:
ignore : શࠌུɼՄҎෆੋ༗Ꮘతఔࣜᛰ • # typed: false ɿ ᒾҰޠ๏ɼ༬ઃᆴɻ • # typed: trueɿᒾҰ༗ఆٛతܕผɼ • # typed: strict :ॴ༗తܕผधཁ༗ఆٛɻ • # typed: strongɿbug ଟɼෆཁ༻ɻ
Sorbet ܕผඪࣔ • ՄҎࡏఔࣜᛰத၏ܕผᩄ • ՄҎ༻ᘐཱత RBI ܕผఆٛ䈕 • ՄҎಉ࣌༻ɻୠੋෆೳॏෳඪࣔɻ
ܕผᩄ • ༻ T:Sig module ိ၏ܕผᩄɻ • ܕผᩄޙతఔࣜᛰґવੋ߹๏త Ruby ఔࣜᛰɻ
• ՄҎሣᏓᏐ၏ܕผᩄɻ extend T::Sig sig{params(n: Integer).returns(Integer)} def add1(n); n+1; end
RBI ܕผఆٛ䈕 • ܕผᩄաޙతఔࣜ፤ᎃመ࡞ɼबྃ RBI ܕผఆٛ 䈕ɻ • ೳሣৗᏐɼํ๏መᱪᏓᏐ၏ܕผඪࣔɻ extend
T::Sig sig{params(n: Integer).returns(Integer)} def add1(n); end def add1(n) n+1 end
جຊܕผ • T.untyped • Ұൠܕผ • Boolean • Array &
Hash • Nilable • Block & Proc & lambda
T.untyped • ᔒ༗څܕผ࣌ީత typeɻ • BasicObject ʢॴ༗݅తڞಉઌʣ ෆಉɼT.untyped ။શུաܕผᒾҰɻ
• T.untyped => զෆࡏݷ • BasicObject => զෆಓɻ
Ұൠܕผ • 1 => Integer or Numeric • 3.14 =>
Float or Numeric • "hello" => String • :world => Symbol
Boolean • true => T::Boolean or TrueClass • false =>
T::Boolean or FalseClass • T::Boolean => Union(TrueClass ,FalseClass)
Array & Hash • [1,2,3] => T::Array[Integer] • %w{a b
c} => T::Array[String] • {hello: "world"} => T::Hash[Symbol, String] • {"answer" => 42} => T::Hash[String, Integer]
T.nilable • T.nilable(Integer) => Union(NilClass, Integer) • ENV["RAILS_ENV"] => T.nilable(String)
• debug = T.must(ENV["DEBUG"]) => String Ռ DEBUG ෆଘࡏɼࣥߦظ။㋝ग़ྫ֎ • debug = ENV.fetch("DEBUG","") => String
Block & Proc & lambda • proc {|n| n *
2 } => T.proc.params(n: Integer).returns(Integer) • Proc.new{|n| n*2} => Proc
ಛघܕผ • ࿆ूܕผ T.any • ަूܕผ T.all
࿆ूܕผ T.any • ՄҎҝଖதҰछܕผ • T.nilable(X) => T.any(NilClass, X) sig
{params(x: T.any(Integer,String)).void} def foo(x); end foo(10) foo("Hello, world")
ަूܕผ T.all • ಉ࣌༗ Module1 & Module2 ၷݸ Mixin •
{params(x: T.all(Module1, Module2)).void} def requires_both(x) x.method1 # ok x.method2 # also ok end
ํ๏ܕผඪࣔ • ҰൠჩᏐ & ᮫伴ࣈჩᏐ • ՄᏓჩᏐ • block ჩᏐ
• Void ճၚᆴ
ҰൠჩᏐ & ᮫伴ࣈჩᏐ extend T::Sig sig{params(n: Integer, s: String).returns(String)} def
foo(n) "#{n} #{s}" end
ՄᏓჩᏐ • args ҰఆੋArray ॴҎཁඪࣔݩૉతܕผ • kwargs Ұఆੋ Keyҝ Symbol
త Hash, ॴҎཁඪࣔValue తܕผɻ extend T::Sig sig{params(args: Int, kwargs: String).returns(String)} def foo(*args, **kwargs) "#{args.sum}" + kwargs.map{|k,v| "#{k}: #{v}"} end
block ჩᏐ • ཁՃ &blk ࠽ೳඪࣔჩᏐతܕผɻᔒՃత block ။ඃᙛ untyped sig
{params(blk: T.proc.returns(Integer)).returns(Integer)} def foo(&blk) # <- yield end
Void ճၚᆴ • Ruby Ӭԕ။ճၚ࠷ޙҰߦɻୠ༗࣌ީੋ䭘䭓ᆴɻ • ඪ্ void తबՄҎආ໔ޡ༻ճၚᆴɻ sig
{params(name: String).void} def greet(name) puts "Hello, #{name}!" end puts greet("Coscup") # ERROR !
ᏓᏐܕผඪࣔ • T.let • T.cast • T.bind
T.let • ઃఆᏓᏐత type • ෆ߹ཧత value ။༗ errorɻ x
= T.let(10, Integer) y = T.let(10, String) # error
T.cast • ՄҎڧ੍ܕଖଞ typeɻ • ୠؐੋ။ᒾҰ A ౸ఈ༗ᔒ༗ foo ํ๏ɻ
case label when 'a' T.cast(a_or_b, A).foo when 'b' T.cast(a_or_b, B).bar end
T.bind • self ڧ੍ܕ༻త • self ෆೳ༻ T.cast •
ࡏ proc/block ཫ໘۰౸ instance_eval ࣌መ༻ T.bind(self, MyClass) self.method_on_my_class
fl ow-sensitive • Sorbet ಓࡏ if ཫ໘త x ෆՄೳੋ nilɼॴҎෆ။༗ܕผࡨ
ޡɻ • if/unless, case, nil? , is_a? , ! , &&, || ။աᖤᎃෆՄೳత ܕผ x = T.let(1, T.nilable(Integer)) if x x + 1 # No Error end
আࡨޭೳ • ՄҎ༻ိᰖࣔҰݸᆴ༬ظతܕผɻ • Ұ։࢝ෆಓܕผత࣌ީ༻ɻ T.reveal_type(1) editor.rb:9: Revealed type: Integer(1)
https://srb.help/7014
T.unsafe • զಓࣗݾࡏ၏ॄኄɻผզɻ class A def method_missing(method) puts "Called #{method}"
end end T.unsafe(A.new).foo # => ok
ਐ֊ܕผఆٛ • Abstract class & interface • Sealed class •
Final class
ҏἾ֥ূ • ࣥߦ༻త script ཁ༻ if __FILE__ == $PROGRAM_NAME แىိɻ
• RSpec ။༗Ұେථ TypeErrorɻՄҎશ෦ ignoreɻ • ଟ Gem ؐᔒ༗ Type De fi nitionɻ၏ग़։ݯߩᘔతେ ࣌ػɻ
Steep • by Soutaro Matsumoto ɼ༻ Ruby ሜతɻ • ํతܕผᒾҰثɼʢҼҝ
RBS ੋಉҰݸ࡞ऀʣ • ᯩଶᒾҰɻ • ༻ ᘐཱత RBS ܕผఆٛ䈕ɻ • gem install steep
Steep fi le target :app do check "lib" signature "sig"
library "set", "pathname" end
Steep తਐࣜᒾҰ • ۰౸ᔒ༗ܕผᩄతఔࣜᛰɼ။ᙛ࡞ untyped ိ႔ཧɻ • untyped త݅။աॴ༗తᒾҰɻ •
༗ෆᒾҰత䈕ҊՄҎࡏ Steep fi le ཫ ignore ᎃɻ
RBS ܕผఆٛ䈕 class Channel attr_reader name: String def initialize: (name:
String) -> void def each_member: () { (User | Bot) -> void } -> void # `{` and `}` means block. | () -> Enumerator[User | Bot, void] # Method can be overloaded. end
RBI vs RBS • RBI: ෆՄҎఆٛ typeɼؐՄҎሣܕผ၏ਐ֊ఆٛɻ • RBS: ՄҎ၏
overloading • መࡍ্બ䬟ݸՄҎɼ༗۩(parlour) ՄҎ၏ɻ
֘༻䬟Ұݸʁ • Sorbet • ൺֱख़ɼࣕ Stripe ࣗݾ༗ࡏ༻ɻ
݁ • Ruby ܕผᒾҰثਖ਼ࡏᚙలதɻ • Sorbet ੋલൺֱख़తᒾҰثɻ • ݱࡏੋሣ Ruby
ܕผᒾҰ࡞ग़ߩᘔతେ࣌ػɻ
Q&A • Өยࡏ https://johnlin.vc/ coscup-2022/ • ՄҎࡏ twitter ্ፙ౸զ @johnlinvc
• ༗ڵझՄҎగ㕕զత blog https://johnlin.vc
References • https://sorbet.org • https://github.com/soutaro/steep • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2g9R7PUCEXo • https://www.thestrangeloop.com/2019/typing-the- untyped-soundness-in-gradual-type-systems.html
• [2] https://github.com/AaronC81/parlour