Introduction to Makefile

Introduction to Makefile

Transcript

1. Introduction to Makefile Ray Song February 25, 2012 Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
2. Motivation Small programs -> single file -> manual compilation “not so small” programs many files multiple components more than one programmers Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
3. Motivation Small programs -> single file -> manual compilation “not so small” programs many files multiple components more than one programmers Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
4. Motivation Small programs -> single file -> manual compilation “not so small” programs many files multiple components more than one programmers Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
5. Motivation Small programs -> single file -> manual compilation “not so small” programs many files multiple components more than one programmers Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
6. Motivation Small programs -> single file -> manual compilation “not so small” programs many files multiple components more than one programmers Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
7. Motivation - cont. Problems harder to manage every change require long compilation division to components is desired Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
8. Motivation - cont. Problems harder to manage every change require long compilation division to components is desired Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
9. Motivation - cont. Problems harder to manage every change require long compilation division to components is desired Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
10. Motivation - cont. Problems harder to manage every change require long compilation division to components is desired Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
11. Motivation - cont. Solution - Makefile Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
12. Makefile Makefile describes project structure instructions for files creation A makefile consists of many rules. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
13. Makefile Makefile describes project structure instructions for files creation A makefile consists of many rules. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
14. Makefile Makefile describes project structure instructions for files creation A makefile consists of many rules. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
15. Makefile Makefile describes project structure instructions for files creation A makefile consists of many rules. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
16. Rule syntax TARGETS: PREREQUISITES RECIPE In short, each rule describe instructions (RECIPE) to create files (TARGETS) with PREREQUISITES. PREREQUISITES are targets must be created prior to TARGETS. A target is considered old if its modification timestamp is smaller than one of its dependencies’s. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
17. Rule syntax TARGETS: PREREQUISITES RECIPE In short, each rule describe instructions (RECIPE) to create files (TARGETS) with PREREQUISITES. PREREQUISITES are targets must be created prior to TARGETS. A target is considered old if its modification timestamp is smaller than one of its dependencies’s. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
18. Rule syntax TARGETS: PREREQUISITES RECIPE In short, each rule describe instructions (RECIPE) to create files (TARGETS) with PREREQUISITES. PREREQUISITES are targets must be created prior to TARGETS. A target is considered old if its modification timestamp is smaller than one of its dependencies’s. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
19. Makefile – cont. TARGETS and PREREQUISITES are file names separated by spaces. Usually there is only one target per rule. TARGETS and PREREQUISITES may contain wildcards, e.g. %.c. Each line of RECIPE starts with a TAB. The first rule indicates the default target (not counting targets that contain wildcards). Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
20. Makefile – cont. TARGETS and PREREQUISITES are file names separated by spaces. Usually there is only one target per rule. TARGETS and PREREQUISITES may contain wildcards, e.g. %.c. Each line of RECIPE starts with a TAB. The first rule indicates the default target (not counting targets that contain wildcards). Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
21. Makefile – cont. TARGETS and PREREQUISITES are file names separated by spaces. Usually there is only one target per rule. TARGETS and PREREQUISITES may contain wildcards, e.g. %.c. Each line of RECIPE starts with a TAB. The first rule indicates the default target (not counting targets that contain wildcards). Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
22. Makefile – cont. TARGETS and PREREQUISITES are file names separated by spaces. Usually there is only one target per rule. TARGETS and PREREQUISITES may contain wildcards, e.g. %.c. Each line of RECIPE starts with a TAB. The first rule indicates the default target (not counting targets that contain wildcards). Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
23. Makefile – cont. TARGETS and PREREQUISITES are file names separated by spaces. Usually there is only one target per rule. TARGETS and PREREQUISITES may contain wildcards, e.g. %.c. Each line of RECIPE starts with a TAB. The first rule indicates the default target (not counting targets that contain wildcards). Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
24. make’s mechanism make command reads a makefile and records these rules into its data base. GNU Make defaults to search GNUmakefile, makefile, Makefile in order, use the first of these which exists. The first goal (terminology used to refer to the list of targets you specified on the command line) should be created. Prerequisites which appeared in the target must be processed first. This is a recursive process (depth first search). After updating the dependencies , make decides whether it is necessary to recreated the target. This is the case when it is older than one of its dependencies. In the case we recreate the target, execute the associated recipe. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
25. make’s mechanism make command reads a makefile and records these rules into its data base. GNU Make defaults to search GNUmakefile, makefile, Makefile in order, use the first of these which exists. The first goal (terminology used to refer to the list of targets you specified on the command line) should be created. Prerequisites which appeared in the target must be processed first. This is a recursive process (depth first search). After updating the dependencies , make decides whether it is necessary to recreated the target. This is the case when it is older than one of its dependencies. In the case we recreate the target, execute the associated recipe. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
26. make’s mechanism make command reads a makefile and records these rules into its data base. GNU Make defaults to search GNUmakefile, makefile, Makefile in order, use the first of these which exists. The first goal (terminology used to refer to the list of targets you specified on the command line) should be created. Prerequisites which appeared in the target must be processed first. This is a recursive process (depth first search). After updating the dependencies , make decides whether it is necessary to recreated the target. This is the case when it is older than one of its dependencies. In the case we recreate the target, execute the associated recipe. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
27. make’s mechanism make command reads a makefile and records these rules into its data base. GNU Make defaults to search GNUmakefile, makefile, Makefile in order, use the first of these which exists. The first goal (terminology used to refer to the list of targets you specified on the command line) should be created. Prerequisites which appeared in the target must be processed first. This is a recursive process (depth first search). After updating the dependencies , make decides whether it is necessary to recreated the target. This is the case when it is older than one of its dependencies. In the case we recreate the target, execute the associated recipe. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
28. make’s mechanism make command reads a makefile and records these rules into its data base. GNU Make defaults to search GNUmakefile, makefile, Makefile in order, use the first of these which exists. The first goal (terminology used to refer to the list of targets you specified on the command line) should be created. Prerequisites which appeared in the target must be processed first. This is a recursive process (depth first search). After updating the dependencies , make decides whether it is necessary to recreated the target. This is the case when it is older than one of its dependencies. In the case we recreate the target, execute the associated recipe. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
29. make’s mechanism make command reads a makefile and records these rules into its data base. GNU Make defaults to search GNUmakefile, makefile, Makefile in order, use the first of these which exists. The first goal (terminology used to refer to the list of targets you specified on the command line) should be created. Prerequisites which appeared in the target must be processed first. This is a recursive process (depth first search). After updating the dependencies , make decides whether it is necessary to recreated the target. This is the case when it is older than one of its dependencies. In the case we recreate the target, execute the associated recipe. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
30. make’s mechanism - cont. make virtually construct a dependency DAG (directed acyclic graph). make ensures minimum compilation as long as the project structure is written properly. Do not write something like: prog: main.c sum1.c sum2.c gcc –o prog main.c sum1.c sum2.c which requires compilation of all project when something is changed Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
31. make’s mechanism - cont. make virtually construct a dependency DAG (directed acyclic graph). make ensures minimum compilation as long as the project structure is written properly. Do not write something like: prog: main.c sum1.c sum2.c gcc –o prog main.c sum1.c sum2.c which requires compilation of all project when something is changed Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
32. make’s mechanism - cont. make virtually construct a dependency DAG (directed acyclic graph). make ensures minimum compilation as long as the project structure is written properly. Do not write something like: prog: main.c sum1.c sum2.c gcc –o prog main.c sum1.c sum2.c which requires compilation of all project when something is changed Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
33. make’s mechanism - cont. make virtually construct a dependency DAG (directed acyclic graph). make ensures minimum compilation as long as the project structure is written properly. Do not write something like: prog: main.c sum1.c sum2.c gcc –o prog main.c sum1.c sum2.c which requires compilation of all project when something is changed Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
34. make’s mechanism - cont. make virtually construct a dependency DAG (directed acyclic graph). make ensures minimum compilation as long as the project structure is written properly. Do not write something like: prog: main.c sum1.c sum2.c gcc –o prog main.c sum1.c sum2.c which requires compilation of all project when something is changed Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
35. make’s mechanism - cont. make virtually construct a dependency DAG (directed acyclic graph). make ensures minimum compilation as long as the project structure is written properly. Do not write something like: prog: main.c sum1.c sum2.c gcc –o prog main.c sum1.c sum2.c which requires compilation of all project when something is changed Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
36. Automatic variables $@ $ˆ $< others including $, $?, $+, $|, $%, $(%D), %(F), . . . Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
37. Automatic variables $@ $ˆ $< others including $, $?, $+, $|, $%, $(%D), %(F), . . . Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
38. Automatic variables $@ $ˆ $< others including $, $?, $+, $|, $%, $(%D), %(F), . . . Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
39. Automatic variables $@ $ˆ $< others including $, $?, $+, $|, $%, $(%D), %(F), . . . Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
40. Example convert: cmdline.o convert.o g++ $ˆ -o $@ convert.o: convert.cpp convert.h g++ -c $< cmdline.o: cmdline.cpp cmdline.h convert.h g++ -c $< Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
41. Equivalent (implicit rules) make can dedude appropriate recipes according to suffixes convert: cmdline.o convert.o convert.o: convert.cpp convert.h cmdline.o: cmdline.cpp cmdline.h convert.h Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
42. Equivalent (implicit rules) - cont. convert: cmdline.o convert.o: convert.h cmdline.o: cmdline.h convert.h Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
43. Another example %.o: %.c gcc -c $< Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
44. Passing parameters test: FORCE echo $(VAR) FORCE: make VAR=hello make VAR=world Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
45. Passing parameters test: FORCE echo $(VAR) FORCE: make VAR=hello make VAR=world Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
46. Force targets Targets without recipes or prerequisites Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
47. Phony targets They do not correspond to real file. Provide some utility, e.g. cleaning intermediate files, archiving the whole project, creating TAGS file for some editors Forced to run its recipe upon executing. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
48. Phony targets They do not correspond to real file. Provide some utility, e.g. cleaning intermediate files, archiving the whole project, creating TAGS file for some editors Forced to run its recipe upon executing. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
49. Phony targets They do not correspond to real file. Provide some utility, e.g. cleaning intermediate files, archiving the whole project, creating TAGS file for some editors Forced to run its recipe upon executing. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
50. Example all : prog1 prog2 prog3 .PHONY : all prog1 : prog1.o utils.o cc -o prog1 prog1.o utils.o prog2 : prog2.o cc -o prog2 prog2.o prog3 : prog3.o sort.o utils.o cc -o prog3 prog3.o sort.o utils.o Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
51. Practical options of make -n, print the commands to be run but do not execute them -t, touch files instead of running the recipes -B, unconditionally make all targets (overide timestamps) -W file, pretend file has been just modified -p, print the data base that results from reading the makefiles -d, debug mode others, RTFM Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
52. Practical options of make -n, print the commands to be run but do not execute them -t, touch files instead of running the recipes -B, unconditionally make all targets (overide timestamps) -W file, pretend file has been just modified -p, print the data base that results from reading the makefiles -d, debug mode others, RTFM Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
53. Practical options of make -n, print the commands to be run but do not execute them -t, touch files instead of running the recipes -B, unconditionally make all targets (overide timestamps) -W file, pretend file has been just modified -p, print the data base that results from reading the makefiles -d, debug mode others, RTFM Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
54. Practical options of make -n, print the commands to be run but do not execute them -t, touch files instead of running the recipes -B, unconditionally make all targets (overide timestamps) -W file, pretend file has been just modified -p, print the data base that results from reading the makefiles -d, debug mode others, RTFM Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
55. Practical options of make -n, print the commands to be run but do not execute them -t, touch files instead of running the recipes -B, unconditionally make all targets (overide timestamps) -W file, pretend file has been just modified -p, print the data base that results from reading the makefiles -d, debug mode others, RTFM Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
56. Practical options of make -n, print the commands to be run but do not execute them -t, touch files instead of running the recipes -B, unconditionally make all targets (overide timestamps) -W file, pretend file has been just modified -p, print the data base that results from reading the makefiles -d, debug mode others, RTFM Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
57. Practical options of make -n, print the commands to be run but do not execute them -t, touch files instead of running the recipes -B, unconditionally make all targets (overide timestamps) -W file, pretend file has been just modified -p, print the data base that results from reading the makefiles -d, debug mode others, RTFM Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
58. Other usage Makefile’s mechanism is not limited to programs LaTeX sources website deployment describe any task where some files need updating as a result of changes of other files Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
59. Other usage Makefile’s mechanism is not limited to programs LaTeX sources website deployment describe any task where some files need updating as a result of changes of other files Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
60. Other usage Makefile’s mechanism is not limited to programs LaTeX sources website deployment describe any task where some files need updating as a result of changes of other files Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
61. Other usage Makefile’s mechanism is not limited to programs LaTeX sources website deployment describe any task where some files need updating as a result of changes of other files Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
62. Additional features Variables (two flavors: simple and recursive, the latter is also called macros) Functions including string substitution, file name manipulation, foreach, even the the root of evil – eval VPATH Ability to manipulate archives(.a) Including other makefiles Conditionals Secondary expansion Order-only prerequisites Static patterns Double-colon rules Target/pattern-specific variable values Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
63. Additional features Variables (two flavors: simple and recursive, the latter is also called macros) Functions including string substitution, file name manipulation, foreach, even the the root of evil – eval VPATH Ability to manipulate archives(.a) Including other makefiles Conditionals Secondary expansion Order-only prerequisites Static patterns Double-colon rules Target/pattern-specific variable values Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
64. Additional features Variables (two flavors: simple and recursive, the latter is also called macros) Functions including string substitution, file name manipulation, foreach, even the the root of evil – eval VPATH Ability to manipulate archives(.a) Including other makefiles Conditionals Secondary expansion Order-only prerequisites Static patterns Double-colon rules Target/pattern-specific variable values Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
65. Additional features Variables (two flavors: simple and recursive, the latter is also called macros) Functions including string substitution, file name manipulation, foreach, even the the root of evil – eval VPATH Ability to manipulate archives(.a) Including other makefiles Conditionals Secondary expansion Order-only prerequisites Static patterns Double-colon rules Target/pattern-specific variable values Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
66. Additional features Variables (two flavors: simple and recursive, the latter is also called macros) Functions including string substitution, file name manipulation, foreach, even the the root of evil – eval VPATH Ability to manipulate archives(.a) Including other makefiles Conditionals Secondary expansion Order-only prerequisites Static patterns Double-colon rules Target/pattern-specific variable values Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
67. Additional features Variables (two flavors: simple and recursive, the latter is also called macros) Functions including string substitution, file name manipulation, foreach, even the the root of evil – eval VPATH Ability to manipulate archives(.a) Including other makefiles Conditionals Secondary expansion Order-only prerequisites Static patterns Double-colon rules Target/pattern-specific variable values Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
68. Additional features Variables (two flavors: simple and recursive, the latter is also called macros) Functions including string substitution, file name manipulation, foreach, even the the root of evil – eval VPATH Ability to manipulate archives(.a) Including other makefiles Conditionals Secondary expansion Order-only prerequisites Static patterns Double-colon rules Target/pattern-specific variable values Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
69. Additional features Variables (two flavors: simple and recursive, the latter is also called macros) Functions including string substitution, file name manipulation, foreach, even the the root of evil – eval VPATH Ability to manipulate archives(.a) Including other makefiles Conditionals Secondary expansion Order-only prerequisites Static patterns Double-colon rules Target/pattern-specific variable values Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
70. Additional features Variables (two flavors: simple and recursive, the latter is also called macros) Functions including string substitution, file name manipulation, foreach, even the the root of evil – eval VPATH Ability to manipulate archives(.a) Including other makefiles Conditionals Secondary expansion Order-only prerequisites Static patterns Double-colon rules Target/pattern-specific variable values Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
71. Additional features Variables (two flavors: simple and recursive, the latter is also called macros) Functions including string substitution, file name manipulation, foreach, even the the root of evil – eval VPATH Ability to manipulate archives(.a) Including other makefiles Conditionals Secondary expansion Order-only prerequisites Static patterns Double-colon rules Target/pattern-specific variable values Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
72. Additional features Variables (two flavors: simple and recursive, the latter is also called macros) Functions including string substitution, file name manipulation, foreach, even the the root of evil – eval VPATH Ability to manipulate archives(.a) Including other makefiles Conditionals Secondary expansion Order-only prerequisites Static patterns Double-colon rules Target/pattern-specific variable values Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
73. Acknowledgements This slide incorporate some stuff from Roded Sharan’s http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~roded/courses/softp-b06/ Makefile.ppt Markdown http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/ in which this slide source is written. Pandoc http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/ by which this slide is generated. Haskell http://www.haskell.org/ in which Pandoc is implemented. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
74. Acknowledgements This slide incorporate some stuff from Roded Sharan’s http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~roded/courses/softp-b06/ Makefile.ppt Markdown http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/ in which this slide source is written. Pandoc http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/ by which this slide is generated. Haskell http://www.haskell.org/ in which Pandoc is implemented. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
75. Acknowledgements This slide incorporate some stuff from Roded Sharan’s http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~roded/courses/softp-b06/ Makefile.ppt Markdown http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/ in which this slide source is written. Pandoc http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/ by which this slide is generated. Haskell http://www.haskell.org/ in which Pandoc is implemented. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
76. Acknowledgements This slide incorporate some stuff from Roded Sharan’s http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~roded/courses/softp-b06/ Makefile.ppt Markdown http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/ in which this slide source is written. Pandoc http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/ by which this slide is generated. Haskell http://www.haskell.org/ in which Pandoc is implemented. Ray Song Introduction to Makefile
77. References GNU Make Manual http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/ Ray Song Introduction to Makefile