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Census Data

Census Data

Presentation by Prof Phil Benson (Linguistics, Macquarie University)

Multilingual Sydney

July 25, 2017
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  1. Census data in sociolinguistics
    research
    Multilingualism Research
    Group workshop
    25 July 2017
    Phil Benson – Macquarie University, Department of Linguis=cs

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  2. Census data in sociolinguis/cs
    • Geolinguis=cs
    • Language demography (Clyne 2003)
    • Demolinguis=cs (Extra 2010)
    • Study of sociolinguis=c issues in
    popula=on data (survey/census)

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  3. Interna=onal studies
    •  Europe (Extra & Yagmur 2004; Ludi 2008),
    South Africa (van der Merwe & van der
    Merwe 2008), Canada (De Vries 1990), United
    States (Veselinova & Booza, 2009)
    – Many countries do not have censuses
    – Many have censuses but do not ask language
    ques=ons
    – Australian census gives rela=vely good data

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  4. Australian census studies
    •  Language concentra=ons in Melbourne and
    Sydney
    – Clyne & Kipp 1998; Clyne, Hajek & Kipp 2008
    •  Language shi[
    – Clyne 1991, 2003; 2011 etc; Forrest & Dandy,
    2017; Karidakis & Arunachalam, 2016; Rubino,
    2010

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  5. Studies by census year
    •  1986-2001
    – Clyne 1991, 2003, 2011; Clyne & Kipp 1998; Kipp
    2008, Rubino, 2010)
    •  2006
    – Clyne, Hajek & Kipp 2008,
    •  2011
    – Forrest & Dandy, 2017; Karidakis & Arunachalam,
    2016

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  6. Australian census ques=ons
    •  Language ques=ons (Current language use)
    – Language other than English (LOTE)
    – English proficiency (Eng)
    •  Proxy ques=ons (Earlier language use and
    heritage)
    – Place of birth (PoB)
    – Parents’ place of birth (PPoB)
    – Ancestry (Anc)

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  7. Language other than English (LOTE)

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  8. Problems with the LOTE ques=on
    •  Ignores proficiency
    •  Ignores use outside the home, use in wri=ng
    •  25% of people in single person households
    •  Only one language can be selected
    •  But considered best of several alterna=ves
    (Clyne 2003; Extra 2010)

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  9. English proficiency (Eng)
    23. Reasons include ‘Difficulty with English language’

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  10. Place of birth (PoB)

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  11. Parents’ place of birth (PPoB)
    (to 1996 and 2016 - not 2001- 2011)

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  12. Parents’ place of birth (2001-2011)

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  13. Ancestry (Anc)

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  14. Non-linguis=c variables
    •  Gender, age, year of arrival, occupa=on
    •  Educa=on level
    •  SES variables
    •  Housing variables
    •  Sta=s=cal areas (Levels 1-4), State/Territority
    (STE), Australia (AUS)
    – SA1 = smallest unit: 54,000 in Australia
    – SA2 = suburb in urban areas

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  15. Language shi[
    •  Language shi[ occurs when a person loses
    language x in favour of language y;
    intergenera=onally when descendants of a
    speaker of language x, lose or do not acquire it
    •  At the community level = % of speakers of
    language x on arrival (or their Australian born
    descendants) who do not report language x as a
    LOTE
    –  PoB is proxy for language on arrival
    –  PPoB/Anc is proxy for parents’/ancestors’ language on
    arrival

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  16. Calcula=ng rates of language shi[
    •  1st gen – LOTE + PoB (-Aus)
    •  2nd gen – LOTE + PoB (+Aus) + PPoB (-Aus)/Anc
    •  3rd+ genera=on – LOTE + PPoB (+Aus) + Anc

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  17. Calcula=ng rates of intergenera=onal
    lanaguage shi[
    •  2001-2011 – 2nd Gen can only be based on Anc
    (PPoB does not predict language)
    •  1996 / 2016 – 2nd Gen can also be based on
    PPoB (which predicts language)
    •  1996-2016 – 3rd+ Gen can only be based on
    Anc (no data on grandparents’ PoB)

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  18. Findings from 2011 studies
    •  High levels of language shi[ in 1st Gen and
    especially 2nd & 3rd Gen
    •  But variability according to Ancestry with
    rates of reten=on from 1% to 30%-70% for
    some groups
    •  Also interac=on among factors, e.g., religion;
    mother or father born in Australia for 2.5 Gen

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  19. Changes from 2011-2016
    •  Few studies have inves=gated change from
    census to census since 1996-2006; poten=al to
    inves=gate change from 2011-2016
    •  Factors that may lead to change in rates of
    language shi[
    – Transna=onalism
    – Online and social media
    – Community language maintenance (Oriyama
    2016)

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  20. References
    Clyne, M. (1991). Community languages: The Australian experience.
    Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Clyne, M. (2003). Dynamics of language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge
    University Press.
    Clyne, M., and Kipp, S. (1998). Language concentra=ons in metropolitan
    areas. People & Place, 6 (2), 50-60.
    Clyne, M., Hajek, J., and Kipp, S. (2008). Tale of two mul=lingual ci=es in a
    mul=lingual con=nent. People & Place, 16 (3), 1-8.
    De Vries, J. (1990). On coming to our Census: A layman's guide to
    demolinguis=cs. Journal of Mul?lingual and Mul?cultural Development, 11
    (1-2), 57-76.
    Extra, G. (2010). Mapping linguis=c diversity in mul=cultural contexts:
    Demolinguis=c perspec=ves. In J. A. Fishman and O. Garcia (Eds.), Handbook
    of language and ethnic iden?ty (Second edi=on) (pp. 107-122). Oxford:
    Oxford University Press.
    Extra, G., and Yaǧmur, K. (2004). Urban mul?lingualism in Europe: Immigrant
    minority languages at home and school. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    Forrest, J., and Dandy, J. (2017). Proficiency in English, linguis=c shi[ and
    ethnic capital: An intergenera=onal analysis of non-English speaking
    background immigrant groups in Sydney, Australia. Journal of Mul?lingual
    and Mul?cultural Development.

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  21. References
    Karidakis, M., and Arunachalam, D. (2016). Shi[ in the use of migrant
    community languages in Australia. Journal of Mul?lingual and Mul?cultural
    Development, 37 (1), 1-22.
    Kipp, S. (2008). Community languages in Australia. In M. Barni and G. Extra
    (Eds.) Mapping linguis?c diversity in mul?cultural contexts (pp. 293-310).
    Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    Lüdi, G. (2008). Mapping immigrant languages in Switzerland. In M. Barni and
    G. Extra (Eds.) Mapping linguis?c diversity in mul?cultural contexts (pp.
    195-215). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    Oriyama, K. (2016). Community of prac=ce and family language policy:
    Maintaining heritage Japanese in Sydney – 10 years later. Interna?onal
    Mul?lingual Research Journal, 10 (4), 289-307.
    Rubino, A. (2010). Mul=lingualism in Australia: Reflec=ons on current and
    future research trends. Australian Review of Applied Linguis?cs, 33 (2), 1-21.
    Van der Merwe, I. J., & van der Merwe, J. H. (2008). The Linguis?c atlas of
    South Africa: Mapping diversity in space and =me. In M. Barni and G. Extra
    (Eds.) Mapping linguis?c diversity in mul?cultural contexts (pp. 265-292).
    Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    Veselinova, L. N., and Booza, J. C. (2009). Studying the mul=lingual city: A GIS-
    based approach. Journal of Mul?lingual and Mul?cultural Development, 30
    (2), 145-165.

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