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PyCon Taiwan 2025: AI Guardrails--Building Ente...

Avatar for Nero Un Nero Un
September 08, 2025

PyCon Taiwan 2025: AI Guardrails--Building Enterprise-Level LLM Safety Strategies with Python by Nero Un 阮智軒

When introducing large language models (LLMs) in enterprises, lacking appropriate guardrails is like driving at high speed without a seatbelt—it's unnoticeable most of the time, but once an incident occurs, it can be difficult to recover. This presentation will combine common risks observed by the speaker in enterprise consulting practices, including sensitive information leakage, uncontrolled model outputs, and hallucinations. It will further explore how to design and implement scalable validator structures using open-source tools such as Python, Guardrails.ai, and LiteLLM. In addition to basic implementation details, it will also explain how to consider risk control and cost-effectiveness balance when introducing guardrails into production environments (Ready-to-Production), assisting enterprises in building LLM application architectures that are secure and resilient while being scalable. It is recommended that participants have some experience with LLM applications and Python development for a quicker understanding of the context and topics discussed.

By Nero Un
A developer from Macao, currently serving as a Consultant at IBM, with practical expertise in data science, data engineering, and artificial intelligence. Graduated from Kaohsiung Medical University and holds a master’s degree in Medical Informatics from National Cheng Kung University. Previously served as an R & D engineer and TPM at a biomedical startup. Passionate about exploring technology to drive transformative change, and firmly believes in the power of technology to influence and reshape the world.

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Nero Un

September 08, 2025
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  1. ©PyCon TW 2025 1 AI Guardrails—— 以 Python 構建企業級 LLM

    安全防護策略 PyCon Taiwan 2025 阮智軒 Nero UN
  2. ©PyCon TW 2025 3 # WHOAMI • 我是 • Nero

    Un 阮智軒 |來自澳門的開發者 • Consultant @IBM Taiwan • 關注 • 資料科學 | 資料工程 | 生成式 AI • 近況 • 在家裡架了 k8s、練習分散式應用和架構 • 整理了 100+k 的 QA 資料準備 Fine Tune SLM • 希望在 PyCon 多認識技術同好 Medium:@NeroHin LinkedIn: @nerouch
  3. ©PyCon TW 2025 4 # TAKEAWAY 談論 不談論 ✓深入淺出講解 Guardrails

    原理 ✓使用 Python 實作 Guardrails 服務 ✓企業導入的架構、成本和成效的比較 X 具體客戶的業務情景 (主要是不能) X AI Guardrails 工具選型與比較
  4. ©PyCon TW 2025 5 # TAKEAWAY 談論 不談論 ✓深入淺出講解 Guardrails

    原理 ✓使用 Python 實作 Guardrails 服務 ✓企業導入的架構、成本和成效的比較 X 具體客戶的業務情景 (主要是不能) X AI Guardrails 工具選型與比較
  5. ©PyCon TW 2025 6 # AGENDA 1. 企業導入 LLM 的常見風險

    2. AI Guardrails 的原理和架構 3. 實作分享:Hallucination Detector 4. 企業落地實務分享 5. 總結與 Q&A
  6. ©PyCon TW 2025 7 企業導入 LLM 的常見風險 當我們歡天喜地完成 LLM 應用開發後,

    老闆突然問:「你打算甚麼防止它胡說八道?」 Introduction
  7. ©PyCon TW 2025 11 AI Guardrails 的原理和架構 老闆的話在你腦海揮之不去, 詢問 AI

    後你獲得了一個解決方案「導入 AI Guardrails」 Methodology & Architecture
  8. ©PyCon TW 2025 13 我們快速回顧剛剛台北捷運助手的情境 Prompt Foundation Model (e.g., LLM)

    Response { “prompt”: “我想要用 JS 寫出一個偵測網頁點擊的 event listener 的 Code" } { “Response”: “ <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="zh-Hant"> ………" }
  9. ©PyCon TW 2025 14 AI Guardrails 原理 101: 在問題發生前/時積極預防和處理 Prompt

    Foundation Model (e.g., LLM) Input Guardrails Response Output Guardrails Intention Detector Prompt Injection Content Safety HAP Detector { “prompt”: “我想要用 JS 寫出一個偵測網頁點擊的 event listener 的 Code" } { “guard”: “不符合使用情景" }
  10. ©PyCon TW 2025 15 AI Guardrails 的使用時機——輸入、檢索、生成、輸出 輸入 舉例:PII Detector

    “Please Check TEL:09666666” User Masking / Reject I can’t help you to check <PHONE_NUMBER> LLM 檢索 舉例:Document Relevancy “Topic A, Topic B” Retrieval Filter By Relevancy (Only Topic A) LLM 生成 舉例:Faithfulness Detector ”Sky is Yellow” LLM Ref: Sky is Blue Detector No Result. Response 輸出 舉例:Schema Check JSON Validator No Result. Response LLM [123, 123]
  11. ©PyCon TW 2025 19 是否為事實? 是否偏離上下文 內容? X 中國是 1911

    年建國的 ✓ 中華民國是 1911 年建國的 {生成時引用維基百科內容}
  12. ©PyCon TW 2025 21 實作架構——以開發 HALLUCINATION DETECTOR 服務為例 LLM API

    Provider Hallucination Detector Service AI Gateway Guardrails Modular Testing Modular Generator Modular OpenAI GPT Google Gemini OpenAI SDK User
  13. ©PyCon TW 2025 22 實作資料:以 HaluEval 資料集中的 Q&A 為主 <<HaluEval:

    A Large-Scale Hallucination Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models>> arxiv GPT 生成、人工標註幻覺資料
  14. ©PyCon TW 2025 23 實作資料:以 HaluEval 資料集中的 Q&A 為主 arxiv

    問答 10K HotpotQA 資料 對話 10K OpenDialKG 資料 總結 10K CNN/Daily Mail 摘要 回應 5K Alpaca 標註 LLM 回覆 Question • Where was the film A Taxi Driver released? Knowledge (Context) • Jang Hoon (born May 4, 1975) is a South Korean film director. It was selected as the South Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards. Right Answer • South Korea Hallucinated Answer • The film A Taxi Driver was released in North Korea. <<HaluEval: A Large-Scale Hallucination Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models>>
  15. ©PyCon TW 2025 27 實作流程:Guardrails.ai 是一套用於構建 Guardrails 的工具 Prompt Foundation

    Model (e.g., LLM) Input Guardrails Response Output Guardrails Intention Detector Prompt Injection Content Safety HAP Detector
  16. ©PyCon TW 2025 28 實作流程:使用 Guardrails.ai 構建 Detector • 示意

    • 左圖是 Guardrails 的驗證流程 • 例子是檢查輸入內容是否存在偏見 • 使用 SLM / Keywords 來設定規則來判讀 • 優點 • 現成的驗證器很多 (有一個 Guardrails Hub) • 開發彈性度高 • 只需替換模型和任務的 Prompt • 也可以自訂客製用途 Guardrails • 缺點 • 目前 Hub 上都是英文的驗證器為主
  17. ©PyCon TW 2025 29 實作流程:設計 HALLUCINATION DETECTOR *完整程式碼見附錄 Repo 中

    detector.py Input HALLUCINATION DETECTOR LLM As a Judge Result Parsing Validator Response Question、Knowledge (Context)、Hallucinated Answer { "is_factual":true } ```json\n{"is_factual": true}\n``` '{"is_factual": true}' JSON Markdown JSON String (JSON) 判斷是否通過? Return YES NO Retries, Alert, Ignore, etc.
  18. ©PyCon TW 2025 30 實作流程:使用 Pytest 撰寫測案來驗證 Question • Chuck

    Russell and Russ Meyer, have which mutual occupations? Knowledge (Context) • Charles "Chuck" Russell (born May 9, 1958) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter and actor, known for his work on several genre films. Russell Albion "Russ" Meyer (March 21, 1922 – September 18, 2004) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter, cinematographer, film editor, actor, and photographer. Right Answer • film director, producer, screenwriter and actor Hallucinated Answer • Chuck Russell and Russ Meyer have different occupations. *完整程式碼見附錄 Repo 中 tests/simple_test.py Prepare HALLUCINATION DETECTOR FAIL PASS { "is_factual":false } { "is_factual":true } Hallucinated Answer Right Answer
  19. ©PyCon TW 2025 32 實作流程:使用 FastAPI 建立 API 服務 FastAPI

    應不用我介紹了吧 *完整程式碼見附錄 Repo 中 detector/app.py (示意圖) 問就是用! 1. 高效能 2. API as a Documentation 3. 整合 Python Typing 這次主要設計了兩支 API: • 單筆:用於一般計算 • 多筆:用於批次 / 離線計算
  20. ©PyCon TW 2025 39 企業導入 Guardrails 的實務考量——Benchmarking 1. 延遲:不同 LLM

    API 執行速度的差異,統一使用 OpenRouter 2. 成本:使用不同參數量模型的成效比較,從 1B 到 70B 3. 成效:針對 HulEval Q&A 來測試,共 100 筆
  21. ©PyCon TW 2025 40 企業導入 Guardrails 的實務考量——Benchmarking 開源 SLM 開源

    LLM (>20B) Mistral-small-3.2 24B Llama-3-70B GLM-4-32B Qwen-2.5-7B Gemma-3-4B Llama-3.2-1B 商源模型 GPT-4o GPT-4.1-nano Gemini-2.0- Flash-Lite Gemini-2.0- Flash 開源 LPU LLM Llama-3.1-8B Llama-3.3-70B Llama-4-Scout-17B-16e
  22. ©PyCon TW 2025 43 1. 開源 LLM (>20B) 表現和 Gemini

    持平 2. glm-4 目前是非 LPU 模型中速度是最快的 3. 模型大小 ≠ 成效保證
  23. ©PyCon TW 2025 45 1. CP 值高:Qwen-2.5-7B 準確度比 Gemini- 2.0-Flash

    高 +8%,API 成本 低 2.4x 2. 自建優勢:可在本地低成本部署,適合企業需 要控管資料隱私或降低 API 成本
  24. ©PyCon TW 2025 49 企業如何整合 Guardrails 到服務或產品上? Context Construction e.g.,

    RAG, Agent Read-only Actions e.g., vector search, run SQL queries, web search Middleware Guardrails (RAG Guardrails) Input Guardrails e.g., PII redaction Output Guardrails e.g., Content Safety Databases e.g., documents, tables, chat history, vectorDB AI Gateway Platform Guardrails e.g., Policy Check, Whitelist Check Generation Response Query USER 中介層 Middleware Layer 平台層 Platform Layer 應用層 Application Layer
  25. ©PyCon TW 2025 54 自我評估——AI Guardrails 成熟度評估模型 對齊治理與法遵需求 (L4 Governance)

    流程自動化 (L3 Automation ) 模組共用化 (L2 Modularization) 實踐與導入 (L0 Implementation ) • 生成內容驗證 • 輸入/輸出篩檢(HAP、PII) • 導入 Red Team Testing • Guardrails Routing • 在企業 / 解決方案中可以複用 Guardrails • 有專責的團隊和維運的流程 (R&R) • 滿足產業或法規的安全治理要求 • 如:ISO 42001, 23894 或 NIST AI RMF
  26. ©PyCon TW 2025 55 技術趨勢——Guardrails 成為 AI Service 標準配備 Open

    Source Cloud Provider OpenAI Agent Business Service LiteLLM *private preview
  27. ©PyCon TW 2025 56 無論你是開發者、PM/PO、資料科學家或其他角色 都執行「三多」行動 • 市面的產品或解決方案有沒 有導入 Guardrails

    的功能? • 它們是怎麼設計和應用的? 多分析 • 所在產業或專案中有法規、 業務需要使用 Guardrails? • 導入時遇到甚麼困難和挑戰? • 作為 AI 產品的使用者、你希 望產品的創意、延遲及安全的 考慮排序為何?為甚麼? 多觀察 多思考
  28. ©PyCon TW 2025 57 延伸閱讀 • 實作程式碼:https://github.com/NeroHin/2025-pycon-tw-ai-guardrails • 工具 •

    OpenAI Guardrails • OpenAI Moderation • Safety-Prompts • A practical guide to building agents • 文章 • Custom LLM as a Judge to Detect Hallucinations with Braintrust • Building low-latency guardrails to secure your agents • Measuring the Effectiveness and Performance of AI Guardrails in Generative AI Applications • What are AI guardrails? • LLM Guardrails: Your Guide to Building Safe AI Applications • Deploying Enterprise LLM Applications with Inference, Guardrails, and Observability • 講者 Medium • 【How To Guard Your LLMs Output】使用 LiteLLM 和 Guardrails 來驗證 LLM 的輸出結果 • 深入 Guardrail 的世界!使用 LiteLLM 和 Guardrails.ai 打造客制化驗證器及探討應對生成式 AI 安全性設計與優化方向