Lecture 6 | Late Antiquity

Transcript

1. Physical  and  Spiritual  Space    
   in  Late  An4quity  
   Reading:  
   Annabel  Wharton,  “Spectacularized  
   Jerusalem”  pp.  189-­‐233.    
    
   Range:  
   c.  200-­‐800  CE  
   Late  An-quity,  Byzan-ne,  Islam  
    
   Terms:  
   syncre4sm,  catacomb,  narra4ve  image,  
   iconic  image,  orant,  ketos,  torah  niche,  
   bap4stery,  chi-­‐rho,  basilica,  centrally  
   planned,    spolia,  Chris4anity,  Judaism,  
   prosely4zing,  spolia,    
   Monument  List:  
     Ark  of  the  Covenant  and  Two  
   Menorahs,  Jewish  Catacomb,  Villa  
   Torlonia,  Rome,  Late  An(quity,  3rd  
   century  CE.  
     Ceiling  with  the  Good  Shepherd,  
   Orants,  and  the  Story  of  Jonah,  
   Catacomb  of  SS.  Peter  and  
   Marcellinus,  Late  An(que,  e.  4th  
   century  CE.  
     Interior  of  Santa  Sabina,  (looking  
   northeast),  Rome,  Italy,  422-­‐432  CE.  
     The  Kaaba,  Mecca,  Saudi  Arabia,  c.  
   630  CE  
     Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  
   691-­‐692  CE  
   

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2. Rome  
   100  CE                                                                          
   of  60  million  people  
   fewer  than  10,000  
   were  Chris4ans.  
   200  CE                                                                        
   of  60  million  people  
   about  200,000  were  
   Chris4ans.  
   312  CE                                                                    
   of  60  million  people  no  
   more  than  5.5  million  
   people  were  Chris4ans.  
   

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3. Menorah  
   Trumpets  
   Spoils  Relief,  Arch  of  Titus,  Rome,  81  CE  
   

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4. Menorah   Menorah  
   Ark  of  the  Covenant  
   Jewish  Catacomb,  Villa  Torlonia,  Rome,  3rd  century  CE  
   

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5. Jonah  
   Peter  
   Marcelinus  
   Good  Shepherd,  Orants,  and  the  Story  of  Jonah,  Catacomb  of  
   SS.  Peter  and  Marcellinus,  Rome,  Late  3rd-­‐Early  4th  century  
   Narra4ve  Image  
   

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6. Figures  from  the  Story  of  Jonah,  Turkey  (?),  Late  Third  
   Century  CE  
   Jonah  given  to  the  whale   Jonah  being  cast  up   Jonah  res4ng  under  the  arbor  
   

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7. Sarcophagus  with  
   Endymion,  early  3rd  
   Century  CE  
   Sarcophagus  with  
   Jonah,  c.  270  BCE  
   Syncre4sm  is  the  conscious  or  unconscious  adapta4on  of  
   images  from  one  tradi4on  to  another,  giving  the  image  a  new  
   meaning.  
   

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8. Good  Shepherd  
   Peter  
   Marcelinus  
   Good  Shepherd,  Orants,  and  the  Story  of  Jonah,  Catacomb  of  
   SS.  Peter  and  Marcellinus,  Rome,  Late  3rd-­‐Early  4th  century  
   Iconic  Image  
   lThe  Lord  is  my  shepherd:  
   therefore  can  I  lack  
   nothing.    He  shall  feed  me  
   in  a  green  pasture:  and  
   lead  me  forth  beside  the  
   waters  of  comfort  […]    Yea,  
   though  I  walk  through  the  
   valley  of  the  shadow  of  
   death,  I  will  fear  no  evil:  for  
   thou  art  with  me  […]  thy  
   loving-­‐kindness  and  mercy  
   shall  follow  me  all  the  days  
   of  my  life:  and  I  will  dwell  
   in  the  house  of  the  Lord  for  
   ever.z  
   

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9. The  Good  Shepherd,  Turkey  (?),  
   Late  Third  Century  CE  
   Hermes  Kriophoros,  Crete,  620  
   BCE  
   Syncre4sm  is  the  conscious  or  unconscious  adapta4on  of  
   images  from  one  tradi4on  to  another,  giving  the  image  a  new  
   meaning.  
   

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10. Peter  
    Marcelinus  
    Good  Shepherd,  Orants,  and  the  Story  of  Jonah,  Catacomb  of  
    SS.  Peter  and  Marcellinus,  Rome,  Late  3rd-­‐Early  4th  century  
    Iconic  Image  
    

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11. Orant  Figure  (Jonah),  
    Turkey  (?),  Late  Third  
    Century  CE.  
    Man  with  raised  arms,  
    Arlon,  Belgium,  c.  3rd  
    century  CE  
    Orant  Figures  
    

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12. Constan4ne  and  Chris4anity  
    “Under  this  sign,  
    conquer.”  
    *Constan4ne  legalizes  Chris4anity  by  signing  
    the  Edict  of  Milan  in  313  CE  
    

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13. Constan4ne  and  Chris4anity  
    *This  is  seen  as  a  land  conflict  but  also  a  
    defense  of  the  Chris4ans  by  Constan4ne.  
    Licinius  also  stopped  
    honoring  the  Edict  of  
    Milan,  persecu4ng  
    Chris4ans  in  his  lands.  
    

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14. Constan4ne  and  Chris4anity  
    *Throughout  his  reign  Constan4ne  financially  
    supported  both  pagan  and  Chris4an  building  
    projects.  
    Constan4ne  converted  
    to  Chris4anity  on  his  
    deathbed  in  337.  
    

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15. Chris4anity  under  Theodosius  
    395  CE  
    Theodosius  divides  the  Roman  Empire  
    into  Eastern  and  Western  regions.    
    *Theodosius  I  asserted  Chris4anity  as  the  official  religion  of  
    the  Roman  Empire  in  380  and  ordered  the  dismantlement  
    of  all  pagan  temples  and  monuments  in  391.    
    Theodosius  I  (379-­‐395)  
    

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16. Chris4anity  amer  Theodosius  
    395  CE  
    Theodosius  divides  the  Roman  Empire  
    into  Eastern  and  Western  regions.    
    *The  successors  of  Theodosius  I    con4nued  to  
    strengthen  Chris4anity  as  a  powerful  force  in  
    both  the  East  and  the  West.  
    Honorius  I  (395-­‐423)  
    Byzan4ne  Empire  
    

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17. Church  of  Santa  Sabina,  Rome,  c.  422-­‐432.  
    Basilica  of  Trajan,  Rome,  112    
    Church  of  Santa  Sabina,  Rome,  
    c.  422-­‐432.  
    

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18. Church  of  Santa  Sabina,  Rome,  c.  422-­‐432.  
    Basilica  Ulpia,  Forum  of  Trajan,  Rome,  
    112-­‐117,  dedicated  117  CE.  
    

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19. Church  of  Santa  Sabina,  Rome,  c.  422-­‐432.  
    Spolia  
    

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20. 6-47, Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, 113-116 or
    after 117 CE
    Originally,  a  statue  of  Trajan,  but  now  a  statue  of  St.  Peter,  the  first  
    Bishop  of  Rome  
    

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21. 6-­‐57,  Equestrian  Statue  of  
    Marcus  Aurelius,  Rome,  c.  
    176  CE.  
    ★This  statue  survives  because  
    Chris4ans  thought  it  depicted  
    Constan4ne.  
    

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22. Extensive  quarrying  of  the  façade.    
    6-­‐39,  Flavian  Amphitheater  (Coliseum),  Rome,  72-­‐80  BCE.    
    

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23. ★Niches  once  held  the  statues  of  gods,  but  were  replaced  
    by  saints    in  609  by  Pope  Boniface  IV.  
    6-­‐52,  The  Pantheon,  Rome,  c.  118-­‐125  CE.  
    

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24. Chris4anity  amer  Theodosius  
    395  CE  
    Theodosius  divides  the  Roman  Empire  
    into  Eastern  and  Western  regions.    
    *The  successors  of  Theodosius  I  sought  to  
    strengthen  Chris4anity  as  a  powerful  force  in  
    both  the  East  and  the  West.  
    Honorius  I  (395-­‐423)  
    Byzan4ne  Empire  
    

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25. The  Fall  of  the  Western  Empire  
    395  CE  
    Theodosius  divides  the  Roman  Empire  
    into  Eastern  and  Western  regions.    
    *By  476,  all  of  Italy  was  under  the  control  of  the  Ostrogoths.  
    Byzan4ne  Empire  
    410  
    418  
    402  
    476  
    

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26. extraordinary elegance and beauty.
    THE CONTINUATION OF ANTIQUITY
    The first dynasty of Muslim rulers was the
    Umayyad line (r.661–750), who made Syria
    their capital province. They continued to
    replaced the stone and mosaics of the
    Mediterranean coast. To render the walls of
    their sprawling palaces – the Dar al Khilafa at
    Samarra, for example, covers 125 hectares
    (over 300 acres) – Abbasid artisans developed
    a carved and moulded style of abstract vegetal
    decoration with bevelled edges. This technique
    allowed the plaster to be released easily from
    the mould and was suitable for covering
    extensive wall surfaces. The bevelled style was
    also used in other architectural media, such as
    carved teakwood doors and shutters and stone
    capitals. It soon was applied to other arts, such
    as carved rock-crystal, and was exported
    throughout the empire, as far as Kairouan in
    North Africa and Balkh in Central Asia.
    1 THE HEARTLAND OF THE UMAYYAD EMPIRE was Syria,
    for the founder of the dynasty, Mu`awiya, had
    been governor of Damascus before he seized
    power in 661. His successors, after consolidating
    their power over the next three decades, turned
    the region into an enormous public works project,
    with the construction of cities, mosques, urban
    palaces and enormous rural agricultural estates.
    The major Islamic shrines at Mecca (centre of the
    faith), Medina (burial place of the Prophet) and
    Jerusalem were transformed into major
    architectural ensembles. These projects were
    funded by the enormous booty gained from the
    continuing conquests of outlying areas – from
    North Africa to Central Asia.
    30˚ 35˚ 40˚ 45˚ 50˚
    35˚
    30˚
    25˚
    Medina
    Mecca
    Jabal Says
    Qusayr Amra
    Mshatta
    Khirbat al Minya
    Khirbat al Mafjar
    Qasr al Hayr East
    Qasr al Hayr West
    Jerusalem
    Amman
    Bosra
    Antioch
    Latakia
    Homs Palmyra
    Damascus
    Hama
    Rusafa
    Raqqa
    Hiraqla
    Harran (Carrhe)
    Ruha (Edessa)
    Balis
    Manbij
    (Hierapolis)
    Aleppo
    ‘Anjar (c.710)
    Kufa (638)
    Basra (638)
    Wasit (702)
    Ramla (715)
    Fustat (641)
    Alexandria
    Tyre
    Gaza
    Mosul
    Iconium
    Hamadan
    Rayy
    Susa
    Hafar
    Ctesiphon
    Qadisiya
    Riyadh
    Suez
    Küs
    Edfu
    Aydhab
    Suakin
    Kom Ombo
    Isfahan
    Ardabil
    Nile
    Euphrate
    s
    Tigris
    L.Van
    MEDITERRANEAN
    SEA
    R
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    E G Y P T
    SYRIA
    A R A B I A
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    J A
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    develop the artistic traditions of late Antiquity in
    such buildings as the Dome of the Rock in
    Jerusalem (begun 692) and the Great Mosque of
    Damascus (705–15): classical structures of stone
    with marble columns and veneers, decorated
    with glittering glass mosaics.
    1 Umayyad Syria and the Levant
    extent of Islam
    to 632
    extent of Islam
    to 750
    pilgrimage routes
    to Mecca
    old cities
    new cities,
    with date of foundation
    rural palaces/
    agricultural estates
    centres of manuscript
    production
    site with mosaic
    site with stucco
    Umayyad mosque
    The  Rise  of  Islam  
    570:  Muhammad  is  born  in  Mecca  
    610:  Muhammad  becomes  the  prophet  
    622:  Muhammad  goes  to  Medina  
    630:  Muhammad  returns  to  Mecca  
    

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27. The  Growth  of  Islam  
    

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28. Five  Pillars  of  Islam  
    1.  There  is  only  one  God  and  Muhammad  is  the  
    prophet.  
    2.  Prayer  must  be  performed  five  4mes  a  day  
    facing  Mecca.  
    3.  The  voluntary  payment  of  a  yearly  4the  of  
    1/40  (2.5%)  of  one’s  assets.  
    4.  Fas4ng  from  dawn  4ll  dusk  during  Ramadan.  
    5.  Pilgrimage  to  Mecca  at  least  once  in  one’s  
    life4me.  
    

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29. The  Growth  of  Islam  
    

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30. The  Hajj  
    

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31. The  Kaaba,  Mecca,  Saudi  Arabia,  c.  630  CE  
    

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32. The  Kaaba,  Mecca,  Saudi  Arabia,  c.  630  CE  
    

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33. The  Kaaba,  Mecca,  Saudi  Arabia,  c.  630  CE  
    

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34. The  Kaaba  (Kiswa  Detail),  Mecca,  Saudi  
    Arabia,  c.  630  CE  
    

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35. The  Kaaba,  Mecca,  Saudi  Arabia,  c.  630  CE  
    

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37. Tomb  of  the  Prophet  Muhammad,  Masjid  Nabawi  (The  
    Prophet’s  Mosque),  Medina,  Saudi  Arabia,  c.  622  CE  
    

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38. Hypothe4cal  Plan  of  the  House  of  the  
    Prophet,  Medina,  Saudi  Arabia,  c.  622  CE.  
    

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39. Masjid  Nabawi  (The  Prophet’s  Mosque),  
    Medina,  Saudi  Arabia.  
    

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40. Masjid  Nabawi  (The  Prophet’s  Mosque),  
    Medina,  Saudi  Arabia.  
    

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41. Hypostyle  Hall,  Masjid  Nabawi  (The  
    Prophet’s  Mosque),  Medina,  Saudi  Arabia.  
    

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42. Hypostyle  Hall,  Masjid  Nabawi  (The  Prophet’s  Mosque),  
    Medina,  Saudi  Arabia.  
    

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43. Hypostyle  Hall,  Great  Mosque  of  Cordoba,  
    Spain,  c.  8th-­‐10th  Centuries.  
    

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44. Hypostyle  Hall,  Great  Mosque  of  Cordoba,  
    Spain,  c.  8th-­‐10th  Centuries.  
    114
    competing networks.
    10˚ 0˚ 10˚ 20˚
    40˚
    Arezzo (1286)
    Castello
    dell’Imperatore
    (1215)
    (1224)
    (1283)
    (1292-97)
    (Cathedral San Lorenzo, 1245-)
    (1266)
    (1247)
    (1286)
    (1260) (1275-78)
    (1266-68)
    (13th c)
    (San Marco, 1280s)
    (1180)
    (1231)
    (1246)
    (1248)
    (1228)
    Tolentino
    Urbino
    San Gimignano 7
    Assisi
    (1228-53)
    Todi
    (1296)
    Bologna
    (S Domenico, 1233;
    S Francesco, 1236-63)
    Brescia
    Verona
    (S Zeno, 1225)
    (1250, 1277)
    Trento (1200-)
    Castello del Buonconsiglio
    Bassano Venice (post-1293)
    Lodi
    Lucca
    Lerici
    Milan
    (1221)
    8 Vercelli
    Parma
    Pisa 9
    Volterra 6
    Naples
    (S Lorenzo Maggiore, 1266-)
    Viterbo
    (1266)
    Anagni
    Castello Caetani
    Massa Marittima
    (pre-1250)
    Cremona (1250)
    Castel Nuovo
    Castello di Lombardia
    Castello Maniace
    Augusta
    Benevento
    Salerno
    Monte Cassino
    Castel del Monte
    Lucera
    Caserta Vecchia
    Barcelona (1298)
    (1267)
    Tortosa
    Gerona
    Aigues-Mortes
    Piacenza
    Valencia
    Granada
    Ávila (13th c)
    Évora (1186-1250)
    Toledo
    (1226)
    (1238)
    Burgos
    (1221) Pamplona
    Tudela
    Huesca
    Sigena
    (1204)
    (1250)
    Valladolid
    Montpellier
    (1180)
    (1229)
    Toulouse
    (1300)
    Lérida Vic
    (1290)
    Lisbon
    (1254)
    (c.1220)
    (c.1285)
    Seville
    (1250)
    Salamanca
    La Mota
    Coimbra
    (from 1281)
    Calatrava
    la Nueva
    (1212) Palencia
    Tarragona
    (from 1277)
    León
    (1255)
    (1203-78)
    Santiago de Compostela
    Santarém
    Alcobaça
    (from 1178)
    Orvieto
    (Cathedral, 1228-;
    S Domenico, 1233-64)
    Subiaco
    Perugia
    Siena 4
    Syracuse
    Alhambra
    Genoa
    Córdoba
    Ebro
    Po
    Tagus
    ATLANTIC
    OCEAN
    A
    D
    R
    I A
    T I C
    S E A
    M E D I T E R R A N E A N
    S E
    A
    P
    Y
    R
    E N E E S
    A
    L
    P
    S
    B
    A
    L
    E
    A
    R I C I S
    PORTUGAL
    A R A G O N
    C A S T I L E
    L E Ó N
    CORSICA
    SICILY
    SARDINIA
    (to Genoa)
    GASCONY
    (to England)
    K I N G D O M
    O F
    S I C I LY
    NAVARRE
    F R A N C E
    E M
    P
    I R
    E
    O
    F
    T H
    E
    A L M
    O H A D S
    1
    2
    3
    5
    11
    N
    0
    0
    150 miles
    200 kms
    1 Rome
    (Sta Maria Sopra Minerva, 1280)
    (Sta Cecilia in Trastavere)
    (Curia Romana, 1244)
    (Sta Maria in Trastevere, 1290s;
    Sta Maria Maggiore, 1294;
    San Paolo Fuori le Mura, 1220;
    St John Lateran, 1291)
    11 Padua
    (Baptistry, 13th c; Sant’Antonio, 1232-1307)
    2 Florence
    (Santa Maria del Fiore, 1296-; Santissima Annunziata,
    1250-; Sta Croce, 1252; Sta Maria Novella, 1278-)
    (1293) (Bapistry, 1225)
    3 (S Francesco, 1255-65)
    4 (Cathedral, 13th c; S Galgano, 1218-)
    5 (Baptistry, 1196-1260)
    6 (Cathedral, restored 13th c)
    7 (San Agostino,1280)
    8 (Sant’Andrea, 1219)
    9 (Campo Santo, 1278)
    10 (S Francesco, 1230;
    Cathedral San Lorenzo, 1245-)
    (1210)
    (1222)
    but also institutions to nurture them, as
    metalworking centre
    

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45. Qibla  Wall  and  Mihrab,  Masjid  Nabawi  (The  
    Prophet’s  Mosque),  Medina,  Saudi  Arabia.  
    

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46. Qibla  Wall  and  Mihrab,  Great  Mosque  of  Cordoba,  
    Spain,  c.  8th-­‐10th  Centuries.  
    

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47. 10-­‐26,  Mihrab,  Madrasa  
    Imami,  Isfaham,  Iran,  c.  1354.  
    

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49. Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  691-­‐692  CE  
    

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50. Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  691-­‐692  CE  
    

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51. 10-­‐2,  Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  691-­‐692  CE  
    

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52. Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  691-­‐692  CE  
    

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53. Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  691-­‐692  CE  
    Byzan4ne  Crowns  
    Flourishing  Vegeta4on  
    

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54. Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  691-­‐692  CE  
    

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55. Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  691-­‐692  CE  
    

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56. Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  691-­‐692  CE  
    

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57. Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  691-­‐692  CE  
    

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58. Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  691-­‐692  CE  
    

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59. Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  691-­‐692  CE  
    

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60. Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  691-­‐692  CE  
    

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61. Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  691-­‐692  CE  
    Monastery  of  Ste.  Foy,  Conques,  France,  11th  and  12th  
    Century.  
    

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62. Dome  of  the  Rock,  Jerusalem,  691-­‐692  CE  
    “And  thus  we  have  made  you  a  just  community  
    that  you  will  be  witnesses  over  the  people  and  
    the  Messenger  will  be  a  witness  over  you.  And  
    We  did  not  make  the  qiblah  which  you  used  to  
    face  except  that  We  might  make  evident  who  
    would  follow  the  Messenger  from  who  would  
    turn  back  on  his  heels.  And  indeed,  it  is  difficult  
    except  for  those  whom  Allah  has  guided.  And  
    never  would  Allah  have  caused  you  to  lose  
    your  faith.  Indeed  Allah  is,  to  the  people,  Kind  
    and  Merciful.”  
    

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