Sealing in the flavor

Kotlin brings sealed classes and functional programming paradigms to the table. A type safe design can do miracles for your codebase so let's take a look how we can model runtime errors in our type system and what advantages FP concepts offer.

Transcript

1. SEALING IN THE FLAVOR
   

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2. SIMON VERGAUWEN
   

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3. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
   FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING IS SCARY
   ▸ Monoid
   ▸ Monad
   ▸ Functor
   ▸ Catamorphism
   ▸ ….
   

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4. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
   FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING IS SCARY UNFAMILIAR
   ▸ Monoid
   ▸ Monad
   ▸ Functor
   ▸ Catamorphism
   ▸ ….
   

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5. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
   FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING IS SCARY UNFAMILIAR
   ▸ Monoid
   ▸ Monad
   ▸ Functor
   ▸ Catamorphism
   ▸ ….
   ▸ Chainable
   

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6. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
   FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING IS SCARY UNFAMILIAR
   ▸ Monoid
   ▸ Monad
   ▸ Functor
   ▸ Catamorphism
   ▸ ….
   ▸ Chainable
   ▸ Aggregatable
   

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7. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
   FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING IS SCARY UNFAMILIAR
   ▸ Monoid
   ▸ Monad
   ▸ Functor
   ▸ Catamorphism
   ▸ ….
   ▸ Chainable
   ▸ Aggregatable
   ▸ Mappable
   

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8. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
   FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING IS SCARY UNFAMILIAR
   ▸ Monoid
   ▸ Monad
   ▸ Functor
   ▸ Catamorphism
   ▸ ….
   ▸ Chainable
   ▸ Aggregatable
   ▸ Mappable
   ▸ Collapsable
   

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9. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
   WHAT ARE SEALED CLASSES?
   ▸ Tagged Union, Sum type
   “A data structure used to hold a value that could take several
   different, but fixed, types. Only one of the types can be in use at any
   one time.
   

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10. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    MODELLING DATA
    data class Visitor(
    val id: String?,
    val name: String?,
    val lastName: String?,
    val email: String?,
    val isEmailVerified: Boolean,
    val isAnonymous: Boolean
    )
    

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11. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    MODELLING DATA
    data class Visitor(
    val id: String?,
    val name: String?,
    val lastName: String?,
    val email: String?,
    val isEmailVerified: Boolean,
    val isAnonymous: Boolean
    )
    DOMAIN LOGIC!?
    

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12. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    MODELLING DATA
    data class Visitor(
    val id: String?,
    val name: String?,
    val lastName: String?,
    val email: String?,
    val isEmailVerified: Boolean,
    val isAnonymous: Boolean
    )
    DOMAIN LOGIC!?
    WHEN CAN WHAT FIELD BE NULL? BOOLEAN FLAGS?
    

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13. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    MODELLING DATA
    abstract class Visitor {
    data class VerifiedUser(
    val id: String,
    val name: String,
    val lastName: String,
    val email: String
    ): Visitor()
    }
    

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14. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    MODELLING DATA
    abstract class Visitor {
    data class VerifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    data class UnverifiedUser(
    val name: String,
    val lastName: String,
    val email: String
    ): Visitor()
    }
    

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15. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    MODELLING DATA
    abstract class Visitor {
    data class VerifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    data class UnverifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    object Anonymous : Visitor()
    }
    

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16. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    MODELLING DATA
    abstract class Visitor {
    data class VerifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    data class UnverifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    object Anonymous : Visitor()
    }
    CLEAR MODEL OF OUR DOMAIN AND FIELDS
    

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17. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    MODELLING DATA
    //com.github.nomisRev.Visitor.kt
    abstract class Visitor {
    data class VerifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    data class UnverifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    object Anonymous : Visitor()
    }
    //some.hackery.HackyUser.kt
    data class HackyUser(val hackedId: String): Visitor()
    MIGHT BREAK MY LOGIC
    

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18. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    MODELLING DATA
    //com.github.nomisRev.Visitor.kt
    sealed class Visitor {
    data class VerifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    data class UnverifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    object Anonymous : Visitor()
    }
    //some.hackery.HackyUser.kt
    data class HackyUser(val hackedId: String): Visitor()
    SEALED (CLOSED) INHERITANCE
    

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19. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    MODELLING DATA
    //com.github.nomisRev.Visitor.kt
    sealed class Visitor {
    data class VerifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    data class UnverifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    object Anonymous : Visitor()
    }
    //some.hackery.HackyUser.kt
    data class HackyUser(val hackedId: String): Visitor()
    SEALED (CLOSED) INHERITANCE
    

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20. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    MODELLING DATA
    sealed class Visitor {
    data class VerifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    data class UnverifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    object Anonymous : Visitor()
    }
    fun sayHello(visitor: Visitor): String = when (visitor) {
    is Visitor.VerifiedUser -> "Hello ${visitor.name}," +
    "here are you settings/${visitor.id}"
    is Visitor.UnverifiedUser -> "Hello ${visitor.name}," +
    "we have sent a verification email to ${visitor.email}"
    is Visitor.Anonymous -> "Hello, would you like to register?"
    }
    

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21. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    MODELLING DATA
    sealed class Visitor {
    data class VerifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    data class UnverifiedUser(...): Visitor()
    object Anonymous : Visitor()
    }
    fun sayHello(visitor: Visitor): String = when (visitor) {
    is Visitor.VerifiedUser -> "Hello ${visitor.name}," +
    "here are you settings/${visitor.id}"
    is Visitor.UnverifiedUser -> "Hello ${visitor.name}," +
    "we have sent a verification email to ${visitor.email}"
    is Visitor.Anonymous -> "Hello, would you like to register?"
    }
    SMART CASTING
    

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22. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    SEALED CLASS VS ABSTRACT CLASS
    ▸ Compiler knows all subtypes
    ▸ No inheritance hierarchy - type definition
    ▸ Strong guarantees about types
    

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23. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    EXAMPLE
    sealed class MathExpression {
    data class Add(
    val left: MathExpression,
    val right: MathExpression
    ) : MathExpression()
    data class Subtract(
    val left: MathExpression,
    val right: MathExpression
    ) : MathExpression()
    data class Number(val value: Int) : MathExpression()
    }
    

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24. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    EXAMPLE
    sealed class MathExpression {
    data class Add(left, right) : MathExpression()
    data class Subtract(left, right) : MathExpression()
    data class Number(val value: Int) : MathExpression()
    fun eval(): Int = when (this) {
    }
    }
    Error:(9,23) Kotlin:’when’ expression must be exhaustive,

    add `is Add`, `is Subtract` and `is Number` branches

    or `else` branch instead.
    

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25. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    EXAMPLE
    sealed class MathExpression {
    data class Add(left, right) : MathExpression()
    data class Subtract(left, right) : MathExpression()
    data class Number(val value: Int) : MathExpression()
    fun eval(): Int = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Add -> left.eval() + right.eval()
    is MathExpression.Subtract -> left.eval() - right.eval()
    is MathExpression.Number -> value
    }
    }
    

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26. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    LET’S ADD OPERATION. OOP VS FP
    

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27. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    LET’S ADD OPERATION. OOP VS FP
    sealed class OOPMathExpression {
    abstract fun eval(): Int
    data class Add(left, right) : OOPMathExpression() {
    override fun eval() = left.eval() + right.eval()
    }
    data class Subtract(left, right) : OOPMathExpression() {
    override fun eval() = left.eval() - right.eval()
    }
    data class Number(value) : OOPMathExpression() {
    override fun eval() = value
    }
    }
    

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28. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    LET’S ADD OPERATION. OOP VS FP
    sealed class OOPMathExpression {
    abstract fun eval(): Int
    data class Add(left, right) : OOPMathExpression() {
    override fun eval() = left.eval() + right.eval()
    }
    data class Subtract(left, right) : OOPMathExpression() {
    override fun eval() = left.eval() - right.eval()
    }
    data class Number(value) : OOPMathExpression() {
    override fun eval() = value
    }
    data class Division(left, right) : OOPMathExpression()
    }
    COMPILER DEMANDS IMPLEMENTATION
    

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29. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    LET’S ADD OPERATION. OOP VS FP
    sealed class OOPMathExpression {
    abstract fun eval(): Int
    data class Add(left, right) : OOPMathExpression() {
    override fun eval() = left.eval() + right.eval()
    }
    data class Subtract(left, right) : OOPMathExpression() {
    override fun eval() = left.eval() - right.eval()
    }
    data class Number(value) : OOPMathExpression() {
    override fun eval() = value
    }
    data class Division(left, right) : OOPMathExpression() {
    override fun eval() = left.eval() / right.eval()
    }
    }
    

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30. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    LET’S ADD OPERATION. OOP VS FP
    sealed class MathExpression {
    data class Add(left, right) : MathExpression()
    data class Subtract(left, right) : MathExpression()
    data class Number(value) : MathExpression()
    data class Division(left, right): MathExpression()
    fun eval(): Int = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Add -> left.eval() + right.eval()
    is MathExpression.Subtract -> left.eval() - right.eval()
    is MathExpression.Number -> value
    is MathExpression.Add -> left.eval() / right.eval()
    }
    }
    

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31. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    LET’S ADD OPERATION. OOP VS FP
    sealed class MathExpression {
    data class Add(left, right) : MathExpression()
    data class Subtract(left, right) : MathExpression()
    data class Number(value) : MathExpression()
    data class Division(left, right): MathExpression()
    fun eval(): Int = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Add -> left.eval() + right.eval()
    is MathExpression.Subtract -> left.eval() - right.eval()
    is MathExpression.Number -> value
    is MathExpression.Add -> left.eval() / right.eval()
    }
    }
    ANY ISSUES HERE???
    

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32. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    LET’S ADD OPERATION. OOP VS FP
    sealed class MathExpression {
    data class Add(left, right) : MathExpression()
    data class Subtract(left, right) : MathExpression()
    data class Number(value) : MathExpression()
    data class Division(left, right): MathExpression()
    fun eval(): Int = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Add -> left.eval() + right.eval()
    is MathExpression.Subtract -> left.eval() - right.eval()
    is MathExpression.Number -> value
    is MathExpression.Add -> left.eval() / right.eval()
    }
    }
    ANY ISSUES HERE???
    JAVA.LANG.ARITHMETICEXCEPTION: / BY ZERO
    AT MATHEXPRESSION2.EVAL(MATHEXPRESSION2.KT:13)
    

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33. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    LET’S ADD OPERATION. OOP VS FP
    Add new method Add new data
    Polymorpish
    Change existing
    code
    Existing code
    unchanged
    Pattern
    matching
    Existing code
    unchanged
    Change existing
    code
    

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34. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLE EXCEPTIONS
    sealed class MathResult {
    data class Success(val value: Int) : MathResult()
    data class Failure(val exception: Throwable) : MathResult()
    }
    

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35. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLE EXCEPTIONS
    sealed class MathExpression {
    data class Add(left, right) : MathExpression()
    data class Number(value: Int) : MathExpression()
    data class Division(left, right) : MathExpression()
    fun eval(): MathResult = when (this) { ... }
    }
    

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36. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLE EXCEPTIONS
    fun eval(): MathResult = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Number -> MathResult.Success(value)
    }
    

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37. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLE EXCEPTIONS
    fun eval(): MathResult = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Add -> {
    val lR: MathResult = left.eval()
    }
    is MathExpression.Number -> Success(value)
    }
    

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38. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLE EXCEPTIONS
    fun eval(): MathResult = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Add -> {
    val lR: MathResult = left.eval()
    when (lR) {
    is Failure -> lR
    is Success -> { }
    }
    }
    is MathExpression.Number -> Success(value)
    }
    

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39. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLE EXCEPTIONS
    fun eval(): MathResult = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Add -> {
    val lResult: MathResult = left.eval()
    when (lResult) {
    is Failure -> lResult
    is Success -> {
    val rR: MathResult = right.eval()
    }
    }
    }
    is MathExpression.Number -> Success(value)
    }
    

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40. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLE EXCEPTIONS
    fun eval(): MathResult = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Add -> {
    val lResult: MathResult = left.eval()
    when (lResult) {
    is Failure -> lResult
    is Success -> {
    val rR: MathResult = right.eval()
    when (rR) {
    is Failure -> rResult
    is Success -> Success(lR.value + rR.value)
    }
    }
    }
    }
    is MathExpression.Number -> Success(value)
    }
    

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41. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLE EXCEPTIONS
    fun eval(): MathResult = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Division -> {
    val lR: MathResult = left.eval()
    }
    is MathExpression.Add -> {…}
    is MathExpression.Number -> Success(value)
    }
    

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42. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLE EXCEPTIONS
    fun eval(): MathResult = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Division -> {
    val lR = left.eval()
    when (lR) {
    is Failure -> lR
    is Success -> { }
    }
    is MathExpression.Add -> {…}
    is MathExpression.Number -> Success(value)
    }
    

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43. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLE EXCEPTIONS
    fun eval(): MathResult = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Division -> {
    val lR = left.eval()
    when (lR) {
    is Failure -> lR
    is Success -> {
    val rR = right.eval()
    }
    }
    is MathExpression.Add -> {…}
    is MathExpression.Number -> Success(value)
    }
    

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44. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLE EXCEPTIONS
    fun eval(): MathResult = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Division -> {
    val lR = left.eval()
    when (lR) {
    is Failure -> lR
    is Success -> {
    val rR = right.eval()
    when (rR) {
    is Failure -> rR
    is Success ->
    if (rR.value != 0) Success(lR.value / rR.value)
    else Failure(ArithmeticException(“Cannot / by zero"))
    }
    }
    }
    }
    is MathExpression.Add -> {…}
    is MathExpression.Number -> Success(value)
    }
    

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45. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLE EXCEPTIONS
    fun eval(): MathResult = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Division ->
    if (rR.value != 0) Success(lR.value / rR.value)
    else Failure(ArithmeticException(“Cannot / by zero"))
    is MathExpression.Add -> Success(lR.value + rR.value)
    is MathExpression.Number -> Success(value)
    }
    

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46. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLE EXCEPTIONS
    fun eval(): MathResult = when (this) {
    is MathExpression.Division ->
    if (rR.value != 0) lR.value / rR.value
    else ArithmeticException(“Cannot / by zero”)
    is MathExpression.Add -> lR.value + rR.value
    is MathExpression.Number -> value
    }
    

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47. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    GO AWAY BOILERPLATE!
    is MathExpression.Add -> {
    val lResult: MathResult = left.eval()
    when (lResult) {
    is Failure -> lResult
    is Success -> {
    val rR: MathResult = right.eval()
    when (rR) {
    is Failure -> rResult
    is Success -> Success(lR.value + rR.value)
    }
    }
    }
    }
    

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48. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    GO AWAY BOILERPLATE!
    is MathExpression.Add -> {
    val lResult: MathResult = left.eval()
    when (lResult) {
    is Failure -> lResult
    is Success -> {
    val rR: MathResult = right.eval()
    when (rR) {
    is Failure -> rResult
    is Success -> Success(lR.value + rR.value)
    }
    }
    }
    }
    IF FAILURE IMMEDIATELY RETURN
    ELSE COMPUTE NEW MATH RESULT
    

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49. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    GO AWAY BOILERPLATE!
    is MathExpression.Add -> {
    val lResult: MathResult = left.eval()
    when (lResult) {
    is Failure -> lResult
    is Success -> {
    val rR: MathResult = right.eval()
    when (rR) {
    is Failure -> rResult
    is Success -> Success(lR.value + rR.value)
    }
    }
    }
    }
    IF FAILURE IMMEDIATELY RETURN
    ELSE COMPUTE NEW MATH RESULT
    fun flatMap(f: (Int) -> MathResult): MathResult = when (this) {
    is MathResult.Failure -> this
    is MathResult.Success -> f(value)
    }
    

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50. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    GO AWAY BOILERPLATE!
    is MathExpression.Add -> {
    left.eval().flatMap { lValue ->
    val rR: MathResult = right.eval()
    when (rR) {
    is Failure -> rResult
    is Success -> Success(lValue + rR.value)
    }
    }
    }
    

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51. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    GO AWAY BOILERPLATE!
    is MathExpression.Add -> {
    left.eval().flatMap { lValue ->
    val rR: MathResult = right.eval()
    when (rR) {
    is Failure -> rResult
    is Success -> Success(lValue + rR.value)
    }
    }
    }
    IF FAILURE IMMEDIATELY RETURN
    ELSE COMPUTE NEW VALUE
    

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52. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    GO AWAY BOILERPLATE!
    is MathExpression.Add -> {
    left.eval().flatMap { lValue ->
    val rR: MathResult = right.eval()
    when (rR) {
    is Failure -> rResult
    is Success -> Success(lValue + rR.value)
    }
    }
    }
    IF FAILURE IMMEDIATELY RETURN
    ELSE COMPUTE NEW VALUE
    fun map(f: (Int) -> Int): MathResult = when(this) {
    is MathResult.Failure -> this
    is MathResult.Success -> MathResult.Success(f(value))
    }
    

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53. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    GO AWAY BOILERPLATE!
    is MathExpression.Add -> {
    left.eval().flatMap { lValue ->
    right.eval().map { rValue ->
    lValue + rValue
    }
    }
    }
    

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54. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    GO AWAY BOILERPLATE!
    is MathExpression.Add -> {
    val lResult: MathResult = left.eval()
    when (lResult) {
    is Failure -> lResult
    is Success -> {
    val rR: MathResult = right.eval()
    when (rR) {
    is Failure -> rResult
    is Success -> Success(lR.value + rR.value)
    }
    }
    }
    }
    is MathExpression.Add -> {
    left.eval().flatMap { lValue ->
    right.eval().map { rValue ->
    lValue + rValue
    }
    }
    }
    

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55. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLING ERRORS - NULL IS BAD!
    ▸ Bypasses type system
    ▸ Abused to model non existing values.
    ▸ Nulls can appear anywhere, in any value or variable.
    ▸ No way to control them as they can be anything.
    ▸ Hard to debug and leads to bugs
    

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56. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    HANDLING ERRORS - EXCEPTIONS ARE BAD!
    ▸ Bypasses type system
    ▸ Can appear anywhere (unchecked).
    ▸ Abused to model non existing values.
    ▸ Can be hard to debug and leads to bugs
    

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57. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    SOLUTIONS
    

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58. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    SOLUTIONS
    sealed class Option {
    data class Some(val value: T) : Option()
    object None : Option()
    }
    

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59. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    SOLUTIONS
    sealed class Try {
    data class Success(val value: T) : Try()
    data class Failure(val exception: Throwable) : Try()
    }
    sealed class Option {
    data class Some(val value: T) : Option()
    object None : Option()
    }
    

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60. SEALING IN THE FLAVOUR
    SOLUTIONS
    sealed class Try {
    data class Success(val value: T) : Try()
    data class Failure(val exception: Throwable) : Try()
    }
    sealed class Option {
    data class Some(val value: T) : Option()
    object None : Option()
    }
    sealed class Either {
    data class Left(val left: T) : Either()
    data class Right(val right: R) : Either()
    }
    

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61. https://speakerdeck.com/nomisrev

    https://github.com/nomisRev
    Any questions?
    

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