NR_37_IOE_EN_1_-_48_MOD_1.pdf

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1. NR 37 - IOE COURSE FOR INDIVIDUALS OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED TO IONIZING RADIATION Workload: 16 hours Target audience: All workers occupationally exposed to Ionizing Radiation Instructor: Welton Luz
2. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Introduction and objectives of Radiation Protection Types of Radioactive Sources (Natural and Synthetic) Radiological Quantities (Units and Quantities) Types of Contamination (Direct Exposure, Contact, Inhalation and Ingestion); Radiation Risks Associated with Health in the Performance of Functions; Dose Limits and Control Instruments, Signaling and Area Control in Radiation Protection Course Presentation
3. 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 PPE and EPC and protective measures Right to Access Records of Dose Values ​ ​ for Each IOE Relevant Legislation (CNEN, NR-06, NR-15 and NR-37) Procedure in Accidents and Emergency Situations Notions of First Aid Transportation, Storage and Radioactive Waste Summary of the Classification of Radioactive Materials Adopted by the United Nations (UN) 15 Final Assessment Course Presentation
4. MODULE I - RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVITY What you will learn in this training: Introduction to Radiation Protection; Types of Radiation; Biological effects of radiation; Definitions of radioactive doses; Safety recommendations;
5. MODULE II - TYPES OF CONTAMINATION, RISKS AND RADIOPROTECTION What you will learn in this module: Types of Contamination Protective Measures Radiation Risks Principles and Objectives of Radiation Protection
6. Types of Radiation TYPES OF RADIATION Heat Light Radio Waves X-rays Nuclear IONIZING OR NON- IONIZING Non-Ionizing Non-Ionizing Non-Ionizing Ionizing Ionizing
7. The Typical Atom Nucleus composed of protons and neutrons Proton Neutron Atomic Structure Electron
8. Nuclear Radiation A radiation source is the nucleus of an unstable atom. These radioactive atoms become more stable when the nucleus ejects or emits subatomic particles and/or high-energy photons (gamma rays).
9. Ionization It is any process that causes the removal of charge from an atom. Remember that an atom with the same number of protons and electrons is electrically neutral. So when an electron is forcibly expelled from an atom, it becomes positive. When this happens, the atom is called an ion. The removed electron is also called an ion.
10. Discovery of radiation History The discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895 and of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896 paved the way for in-depth studies in this area.
11. TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES Natural and Synthetic Sources Natural Sources - Minerals in the Earth's Crust and Cosmic Radiation
12. Origin of Radiation Natural: Comes from elements such as Uranium (U), Thorium (Th-232), Radon (Rn-222), and cosmic radiation. Norm: Naturally occurring radioactive material – radioactive materials that are found in nature.
13. Synthetic Sources: Artificially created radioisotopes are used in medical and industrial applications. –X-ray: Identical to gamma rays but with a different origin. They are produced by machines and not by radioactive sources.
14. SYNTHETIC SOURCES: INCLUDES X-RAYS AND RADIOISOTOPES SUCH AS COBALT-60, CESIUM-137, IRIDIUM-192, IODINE-131, AMONG OTHERS.
15. TYPES OF RADIATION Alpha Rays (α) It is the largest radiation particle and its mass is equal to the mass of Helium; Heavy particles composed of two protons and two neutrons; They have high ionization power due to their positive charge; - Low penetration power.
16. TYPES OF RADIATION Beta Particles (β) Particle identical to a high-speed electron emitted by radioactive nuclei, with greater penetrating power than alpha rays. Negatively charged; They can travel a few feet in the air. Ex: Cs-137.
17. TYPES OF RADIATION Gamma Rays (γ) High-energy electromagnetic wave, without mass or charge, with high penetrating power; -Can be blocked by lead, tungsten, steel or high-density concrete; They can travel great distances in the air; Biologically, they can cause external and intracellular damage;
18. TYPES OF RADIATION Neutrons (n): Uncharged particles resulting from the interaction of an alpha emitter emitted by radioactive material with light elements such as Beryllium, Boron or Lithium; Very penetrating; Widely used in the oil and gas industry; They are blocked by hydrogenated materials such as water or polyethylene (light core - greater number of atoms per volume); Interacts with Hydrogen; Ex: Am241Be
19. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS CAUSED BY IONIZING RADIATION Ionizing radiation can cause direct or indirect damage to cells. Direct damage occurs by breaking the chemical bonds of biological molecules, such as DNA. Indirect damage is caused by the formation of free radicals in water molecules, which are highly reactive and can damage various cellular structures.
20. CLASSIFICATION OF EFFECTS CAUSED BY RADIATION Immediate and Late (chronic): according to the time of manifestation; Genetic Effects: Abnormalities that may occur in future children of exposed individuals and in subsequent generations; Teratogenic effects: Effects that may be observed in children who were exposed during the fetal and embryonic stages of development. These are effects related to cancer or congenital malformations in children subjected to ionizing radiation during the fetal or embryonic period. This is due to the radiosensitivity of fetal cells during pregnancy. The more the cells reproduce, the more vulnerable they are to radiation.
21. Biological effects of radiation DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS Effects for which there is a threshold of absorbed dose necessary for their occurrence and whose severity increases with increasing dose. STOCHASTIC EFFECTS Effects for which there is no dose threshold for their occurrence and whose probability of occurrence is a function of the dose. The severity of these effects is independent of the dose.
22. BIOLOGICAL IMPACT
23. BIOLOGICAL IMPACT Somatic Effects: These are the physical effects that occur in people exposed to radiation. The effects are observed after receiving acute doses of radiation of 1Sv or more to the entire body in a short period of time. The effect may also be cancer that occurs years after exposure. This occurs indirectly when radiation changes part of the body's cells. The potential for disease is proportional to the occupational dose.
24. Types of Radionuclides and their applications. Discussion of radionuclides used in medical, industrial, and research facilities, detailing how they are acquired and employed without significant alteration. Examples include use in industrial radiography, oil well logging, teletherapy, product sterilization, and more.
25. Radiological Quantities (units and quantities) Radiological quantities are fundamental for radioprotection, as they allow the quantification of exposure to ionizing radiation, assessing risks and ensuring the safety of people and environments.
26. Activity The activity of a radioactive source indicates the amount of disintegrations that occur in a given time interval. It is a measure of the "intensity" of the source in terms of emitted radiation.
27. Curie (Ci)
28. Curie (Ci): Unit in the special system, corresponds to approximately 3.7×10¹º disintegrations per second or Becquerel (Bq)
29. Becquerel: a unit of the International System (SI), corresponding to one disintegration per second. This unit reflects a more direct approach and is widely used in modern scientific and regulatory contexts.
30. Absorbed Dose Definition: Absorbed dose is the energy deposited by ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material, including biological tissue. Unit: Gray (Gy), which corresponds to one joule per kilogram (1 J/kg1 \, \text{J/kg}1J/kg). This unit is crucial to understanding how much energy actually interacts with materials.
31. Equivalent Dose Definition: The equivalent dose takes into account the type of radiation and its biological effectiveness. Different types of radiation have different biological effects even when they emit the same amount of energy. Equivalent dose is the absorbed dose (Gy or Rad) multiplied by the quality factor (wR). The international unit is the Sievert (Rem is also used). . Where 1 Sv = 100 Rem;
32. Radiation Weighting Factors (wR) Definition The radiation weighting factor is used to adjust the absorbed dose and reflect the biological potential of the radiation. For example, alpha radiation is more biologically damaging than beta or gamma radiation, for the same amount of energy deposited. Application Essential for calculating the equivalent dose and, by extension, the effective dose, which is a key indicator for regulatory limits and protective measures.
33. Effective Dose
34. Definition: The effective dose is a measurement that considers both the type of radiation and the sensitivity of the different tissues exposed to it. Application: Used to estimate the risk associated with radiation exposure in occupational and medical environments, supporting radiation safety practices. International Recommendations Background: Organizations such as the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) set scientifically- based guidelines to minimize the risks of radiation exposure.
35. Types of Contamination
36. Direct exposure occurs when the human body is exposed without protection to an external source of radiation. This can happen in work environments that deal with sources of ionizing radiation, such as in medical procedures that use X-rays or in industrial facilities that employ radiography for materials testing. Direct exposure can result in significant doses of absorbed radiation, especially if there are no adequate barriers or protections, such as lead aprons or physical shielding, and the distance and exposure time considered safe for each scenario are not respected. Direct Exposure
37. Cell damage and DNA changes, which can lead to cancer. Protective Measures Limit the time of exposure to the radiation source; Implementation of physical barriers and safety zones to maintain a safe distance from sources; Use of shields, PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), such as lead aprons. Risks of Radiation Exposure
38. Contact refers to contamination by radioactive substances, which can adhere to the skin or clothing. Scenarios where radioactive materials are handled directly, or where leaks or spills occur require extra attention. Contact
39. Contamination risks External contamination can become internal if not properly managed, such as through open wounds or by touching the mouth with contaminated hands. Protective Measures Use of protective clothing that prevents direct contact with radioactive materials. Strict hygiene and decontamination protocols.
40. Inhalation Inhalation of radioactive materials is particularly dangerous because small particles can be breathed in and deposited directly in the lungs. This often occurs in uranium mines or in industrial settings where radioactive dusts or aerosols are produced. Deposition of radionuclides in the lungs can cause lung damage or cancer. Contamination risks
41. Ventilation and filtration systems to control and minimize the presence of radioactive aerosols. Protective Measures Suitable respirators and masks that filter radioactive particles.
42. Ingestion
43. Risks
44. It is important to remember that it is prohibited to eat in areas where there is the presence of radioactive materials.
45. STRICT MONITORING AND CONTROL OF FOOD AND WATER QUALITY IN ENVIRONMENTS PRONE TO RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION. Education and training in food hygiene and safety practices to prevent inadvertent ingestion of contaminants.
47. RADIATION RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH HEALTH DUE TO THE PERFORMANCE OF THEIR FUNCTIONS The risks associated with radiation exposure that occurs as a result of performing duties in environments where ionizing radiation is a concern.