of Radiation Protection Types of Radioactive Sources (Natural and Synthetic) Radiological Quantities (Units and Quantities) Types of Contamination (Direct Exposure, Contact, Inhalation and Ingestion); Radiation Risks Associated with Health in the Performance of Functions; Dose Limits and Control Instruments, Signaling and Area Control in Radiation Protection Course Presentation
and protective measures Right to Access Records of Dose Values for Each IOE Relevant Legislation (CNEN, NR-06, NR-15 and NR-37) Procedure in Accidents and Emergency Situations Notions of First Aid Transportation, Storage and Radioactive Waste Summary of the Classification of Radioactive Materials Adopted by the United Nations (UN) 15 Final Assessment Course Presentation
in this training: Introduction to Radiation Protection; Types of Radiation; Biological effects of radiation; Definitions of radioactive doses; Safety recommendations;
unstable atom. These radioactive atoms become more stable when the nucleus ejects or emits subatomic particles and/or high-energy photons (gamma rays).
charge from an atom. Remember that an atom with the same number of protons and electrons is electrically neutral. So when an electron is forcibly expelled from an atom, it becomes positive. When this happens, the atom is called an ion. The removed electron is also called an ion.
(U), Thorium (Th-232), Radon (Rn-222), and cosmic radiation. Norm: Naturally occurring radioactive material – radioactive materials that are found in nature.
radiation particle and its mass is equal to the mass of Helium; Heavy particles composed of two protons and two neutrons; They have high ionization power due to their positive charge; - Low penetration power.
high-speed electron emitted by radioactive nuclei, with greater penetrating power than alpha rays. Negatively charged; They can travel a few feet in the air. Ex: Cs-137.
mass or charge, with high penetrating power; -Can be blocked by lead, tungsten, steel or high-density concrete; They can travel great distances in the air; Biologically, they can cause external and intracellular damage;
interaction of an alpha emitter emitted by radioactive material with light elements such as Beryllium, Boron or Lithium; Very penetrating; Widely used in the oil and gas industry; They are blocked by hydrogenated materials such as water or polyethylene (light core - greater number of atoms per volume); Interacts with Hydrogen; Ex: Am241Be
direct or indirect damage to cells. Direct damage occurs by breaking the chemical bonds of biological molecules, such as DNA. Indirect damage is caused by the formation of free radicals in water molecules, which are highly reactive and can damage various cellular structures.
according to the time of manifestation; Genetic Effects: Abnormalities that may occur in future children of exposed individuals and in subsequent generations; Teratogenic effects: Effects that may be observed in children who were exposed during the fetal and embryonic stages of development. These are effects related to cancer or congenital malformations in children subjected to ionizing radiation during the fetal or embryonic period. This is due to the radiosensitivity of fetal cells during pregnancy. The more the cells reproduce, the more vulnerable they are to radiation.
is a threshold of absorbed dose necessary for their occurrence and whose severity increases with increasing dose. STOCHASTIC EFFECTS Effects for which there is no dose threshold for their occurrence and whose probability of occurrence is a function of the dose. The severity of these effects is independent of the dose.
occur in people exposed to radiation. The effects are observed after receiving acute doses of radiation of 1Sv or more to the entire body in a short period of time. The effect may also be cancer that occurs years after exposure. This occurs indirectly when radiation changes part of the body's cells. The potential for disease is proportional to the occupational dose.
in medical, industrial, and research facilities, detailing how they are acquired and employed without significant alteration. Examples include use in industrial radiography, oil well logging, teletherapy, product sterilization, and more.
radioprotection, as they allow the quantification of exposure to ionizing radiation, assessing risks and ensuring the safety of people and environments.
ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material, including biological tissue. Unit: Gray (Gy), which corresponds to one joule per kilogram (1 J/kg1 \, \text{J/kg}1J/kg). This unit is crucial to understanding how much energy actually interacts with materials.
type of radiation and its biological effectiveness. Different types of radiation have different biological effects even when they emit the same amount of energy. Equivalent dose is the absorbed dose (Gy or Rad) multiplied by the quality factor (wR). The international unit is the Sievert (Rem is also used). . Where 1 Sv = 100 Rem;
used to adjust the absorbed dose and reflect the biological potential of the radiation. For example, alpha radiation is more biologically damaging than beta or gamma radiation, for the same amount of energy deposited. Application Essential for calculating the equivalent dose and, by extension, the effective dose, which is a key indicator for regulatory limits and protective measures.
the type of radiation and the sensitivity of the different tissues exposed to it. Application: Used to estimate the risk associated with radiation exposure in occupational and medical environments, supporting radiation safety practices. International Recommendations Background: Organizations such as the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) set scientifically- based guidelines to minimize the risks of radiation exposure.
protection to an external source of radiation. This can happen in work environments that deal with sources of ionizing radiation, such as in medical procedures that use X-rays or in industrial facilities that employ radiography for materials testing. Direct exposure can result in significant doses of absorbed radiation, especially if there are no adequate barriers or protections, such as lead aprons or physical shielding, and the distance and exposure time considered safe for each scenario are not respected. Direct Exposure
Protective Measures Limit the time of exposure to the radiation source; Implementation of physical barriers and safety zones to maintain a safe distance from sources; Use of shields, PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), such as lead aprons. Risks of Radiation Exposure
managed, such as through open wounds or by touching the mouth with contaminated hands. Protective Measures Use of protective clothing that prevents direct contact with radioactive materials. Strict hygiene and decontamination protocols.
particles can be breathed in and deposited directly in the lungs. This often occurs in uranium mines or in industrial settings where radioactive dusts or aerosols are produced. Deposition of radionuclides in the lungs can cause lung damage or cancer. Contamination risks
ENVIRONMENTS PRONE TO RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION. Education and training in food hygiene and safety practices to prevent inadvertent ingestion of contaminants.
THEIR FUNCTIONS The risks associated with radiation exposure that occurs as a result of performing duties in environments where ionizing radiation is a concern.
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