NR_37_IOE_EN_49-88_MOD_2.pdf

Transcript

2. Protective Measures Regular monitoring of radiation levels in the workplace is essential to ensure they remain within safe limits. Workers should wear personal dosimeters to track their cumulative exposure and ensure they do not exceed recommended dose limits.
3. Protective Measures The use of PPE, such as protective clothing, gloves and masks, is crucial to protect workers from radiation contamination. In cases of direct handling of radioactive sources, appropriate shielding must be used to minimize exposure.
7. PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES OF RADIOPROTECTION
9. RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION Due to the risk associated with radiation exposure, radiological protection measures are essential. Guidelines include minimizing exposure time, maximizing distance from the radiation source, and using adequate shielding. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is essential to protect professionals when handling radioactive materials.
10. PRINCIPLES OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION: Justification Every activity involving radiation must be justified in relation to the alternatives, producing a positive net benefit to society. Optimization (Alara - As Low As Reasonably Achievable) Facilities and practices should be planned and implemented so that exposures are as low as reasonably achievable, considering social and economic factors. Limitation of Individual Doses Individual doses for workers and the public must not exceed the annual limits established by standard CNEN-NN-3.01.
11. PRINCIPLES OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION Any activity involving radiation must be justified in relation to alternatives, producing a positive net benefit to society. Justification of Practice:
12. OPTIMIZATION OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION Facilities and practices should be designed and implemented so that exposures are as reduced as reasonably achievable, considering social and economic factors. Radiation exposure should be kept as low as reasonably achievable, taking into account economic and social factors. This is achieved by controlling individual and collective doses, using operational dose constraints to limit exposure to individuals through controlled practices.
13. INDIVIDUAL DOSE LIMITATIONS Standard CNEN-NN-3.01 - April/2024 Individual doses for workers and the public must not exceed the annual limits established by standard CNEN-NN-3.01.
14. Objectives of Radiation Protection The main objective of radiation protection is to protect people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. This is accomplished by preventing deterministic effects (e.g. radiation burns) and reducing the incidence of stochastic effects (e.g. cancer) to an acceptable level. Another objective is to respond appropriately to radiological emergency situations, minimizing exposures and their consequences.
15. Radiation Protection Factors Radiation protection factors include:
16. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE CONTROL The three most important safety rules to remember when working with radiation are: Time Distance Shielding
17. REDUCING RADIATION EXPOSURE
18. TIME: Reducing the time of exposure to radiation decreases the total absorbed dose. DISTANCE: Increasing the distance from the radiation source drastically reduces the dose received, according to the inverse square law of distance. SHIELDING: Use materials that effectively block or reduce radiation, such as lead for X and gamma rays, or water and polyethylene for neutrons.
19. Exposure control is a set of practices and procedures designed to minimize the amount of radiation received by individuals. This is often summarized by the acronym ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable), which stands for keeping radiation doses as low as reasonably achievable. EXPOSURE CONTROL
20. It includes measures such as limiting exposure time, increasing the distance from radiation sources and using adequate shielding to reduce the dose received. Exposure Control
21. It involves ensuring that all radiation sources are safe and comply with national and international regulations. Radiation Source Safety
22. It includes the use of personal protective equipment, adequate training for workers and measures to protect the general public. Operator and Public Protection
23. Ongoing training in radiation protection is vital to ensure that workers understand the risks associated with radiation and know how to mitigate them effectively. It emphasizes the importance of adequate radiation protection training for all professionals working with radiation, ensuring that they are well informed about the associated risks and how to effectively mitigate them. Training
24. EDUCATION AND TRAINING Knowledge and ongoing training in radiological protection are crucial for professionals in the field. In Brazil, CNEN inspects radioactive facilities and strictly demands that comprehensive training be provided in terms of content and technical quality, aiming to pass on knowledge in order to increase safety when working with radioactive materials.
25. International organizations, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), provide educational resources to help develop competencies in radiation protection. EDUCATION AND TRAINING
26. These basic notions are fundamental for the understanding and practical application of radiological protection techniques in various fields, from medical facilities to nuclear power plants, ensuring the safety of operators and the public. Notions of Shielding Calculation
27. Gamma radiation is discussed with a focus on how to calculate the shielding required to attenuate this form of radiation, which is uncharged and highly penetrating. Calculations for gamma radiation shielding involve determining the appropriate thickness and material to reduce the radiation intensity to safe levels. The equations used take into account factors such as the linear attenuation coefficient of the material and the intensity of the radiation source. Shielding: Gamma Radiation
28. For x-rays, the approach is similar to gamma radiation, but with specific attention to typical x-ray energies used in medical and industrial applications. The calculation of X-ray shielding also considers the attenuation coefficient, but may take into account specific characteristics of X-ray equipment, such as operating voltage and current. Shielding: X-ray
29. Shielding for beta particles (electrons) is handled differently due to their mass and charge. Beta particles have a much lower penetration capacity compared to gamma and X-rays. Studies mention that materials such as plastic or glass may be sufficient to block beta particles, and calculations are discussed to determine the necessary thickness of these less dense materials. Shielding: Beta Particle
30. Neutron shielding is complex due to the nature of this type of radiation, which is not easily attenuated by common materials such as lead. Hydrogen-containing materials such as water or polyethylene are used for neutron shielding because hydrogen effectively slows down and captures neutrons. Shielding: Neutrons
31. LIMITS, CONTROL, SIGNALING, PPE AND EPC. Limits; Control; Signaling; EPI e EPC;
32. The principle of dose limitation is fundamental in radiological protection and aims to ensure that no person is exposed to ionizing radiation at levels that could cause significant harm to health. To achieve this, dose limits are established for different categories of exposure: Occupational exposure; Workers who deal with ionizing radiation have specific dose limits, usually higher than for the general public, due to the nature of their work. DOSE LIMITS AND CONTROL
33. GENERAL PUBLIC For members of the public, the dose limits are significantly lower, thus minimizing any risk of adverse health effects due to radiation exposure.
34. EMERGENCY SITUATIONS Specific temporary limits may be applied in radiological emergency situations, allowing for greater exposure in the short term to respond to a critical event.
35. In practice, dose control and exposure limitation are implemented through strict monitoring and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Workers are often equipped with personal dosimeters that record accumulated radiation doses over time to ensure that safety limits are not exceeded. Additionally, facilities that use ionizing radiation are designed with built-in safety features, such as lead walls in X-ray rooms, and operating procedures that ensure both workers and the public are protected from unnecessary exposure. PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION
36. The measures necessary to ensure safety when dealing with radiation sources are addressed, as well as strategies to protect operators and other individuals present in areas where there are radiation sources. RADIATION SOURCE SAFETY AND OPERATOR PROTECTION
38. Radiation Detection Instruments
39. RADIATION DETECTORS
40. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF DETECTORS