Ethereum with little caffeine

Transcript

1. Ethereum with a little
 caffeine! *Slides referred from Loi Luu and Vitalik Buterin Ronak Kogta

4. Speaker that was promised!
5. Speaker that was promised! Aye! That is all
 what blockchain does
6. Speaker that was promised! Aye! That is all
 what blockchain does ??
7. Agenda • Blockchain as World Computer • What is Ethereum ? • Smart contracts and applications • Writing your first contract • Research Problems
8. Blockchains and its crudest definition It's a platform that allows a software package that contains business logic and user data to sit in the cloud. A copy of this cloud is replicated by millions of computers around the world to keep code/ data integrity. The user interface is an open source project that communicates with the software package in the cloud. To incentivize people to replicate this software package to be maintained you pay them with a digital currency. Rick Tuinenburg
9. Blockchains and its crudest definition The value of digital currency is determined by the popularity of the entire platform. Early adopters gain the most if the platform becomes a success. What makes this platform unique is that the business logic / data cannot be taken down or changed unless multiple anonymous developers around the world agree to do so. This makes it so authorities cannot take down software or data they don't like. Some use cases are: legal public records (deeds, court cases records, fictitious business names, etc) Rick Tuinenburg
10. Proof of Work Coin Blockchain Dapp ASIC Transaction Contract Miner Ledger Pools Crypto Sign Hash Commitment Consensus Exchange Technically we should know…
11. Blockchain as world computer Consensus Computer
12. Blockchain as world computer f(x)=? Consensus Computer
13. Blockchain as world computer f(x)=? f(x)=y Consensus Computer
14. Blockchain as world computer f(x)=? f(x)=y f(x) = y ? f(x) = y ? Consensus Computer
15. Blockchain as world computer f(x)=? f(x)=y f(x) = y ? f(x) = y ? f(x)=y Consensus Computer
16. Lot of blockchains out there…
17. Decentralised Computer Ethereum
18. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Slow
 (5-1000x)
19. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Expansive to use Slow
 (5-1000x)
20. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Not always
 decisive Expansive to use Slow
 (5-1000x)
21. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Truly a 1950s computer Not always
 decisive Expansive to use Slow
 (5-1000x)
22. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Truly a 1950s computer Not always
 decisive Expansive to use Slow
 (5-1000x) Truly a global singleton
23. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Truly a 1950s computer Not always
 decisive Expansive to use Slow
 (5-1000x) Truly a global singleton Cannot fail, be stopped or censored
24. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Truly a 1950s computer Not always
 decisive Expansive to use Slow
 (5-1000x) Truly a global singleton Cannot fail, be stopped or censored Ubiquitous
25. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Truly a 1950s computer Not always
 decisive Expansive to use Slow
 (5-1000x) Truly a global singleton Cannot fail, be stopped or censored Ubiquitous Verifiable and Auditable
26. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Truly a 1950s computer Not always
 decisive Expansive to use Slow
 (5-1000x) Truly a global singleton Cannot fail, be stopped or censored Ubiquitous Verifiable and Auditable Guarantees
27. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Truly a 1950s computer Not always
 decisive Expansive to use Slow
 (5-1000x) Truly a global singleton Cannot fail, be stopped or censored Ubiquitous Verifiable and Auditable Atomicity Guarantees
28. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Truly a 1950s computer Not always
 decisive Expansive to use Slow
 (5-1000x) Truly a global singleton Cannot fail, be stopped or censored Ubiquitous Verifiable and Auditable Atomicity Immortality Guarantees
29. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Truly a 1950s computer Not always
 decisive Expansive to use Slow
 (5-1000x) Truly a global singleton Cannot fail, be stopped or censored Ubiquitous Verifiable and Auditable Atomicity Immortality Immutable Code Guarantees
30. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Truly a 1950s computer Not always
 decisive Expansive to use Slow
 (5-1000x) Truly a global singleton Cannot fail, be stopped or censored Ubiquitous Verifiable and Auditable Atomicity Immortality Immutable Code Synchrony Guarantees
31. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Truly a 1950s computer Not always
 decisive Expansive to use Slow
 (5-1000x) Truly a global singleton Cannot fail, be stopped or censored Ubiquitous Verifiable and Auditable Atomicity Immortality Immutable Code Synchrony Provenance Guarantees
32. Decentralised Computer Ethereum Truly a 1950s computer Not always
 decisive Expansive to use Slow
 (5-1000x) Truly a global singleton Cannot fail, be stopped or censored Ubiquitous Verifiable and Auditable Atomicity Immortality Immutable Code Synchrony Provenance Permanence Guarantees
33. Ethereum (Just another blockchain)
34. Ethereum (Just another blockchain) • Blockchain is a decentralised ledger of trust.
35. Ethereum (Just another blockchain) • Blockchain is a decentralised ledger of trust. – Rather than currency, you can use the ledger for kind of applications which require trust
36. Ethereum (Just another blockchain) • Blockchain is a decentralised ledger of trust. – Rather than currency, you can use the ledger for kind of applications which require trust – For e.g. Notary, writing a will, or decentralised
37. Ethereum (Just another blockchain) • Blockchain is a decentralised ledger of trust. – Rather than currency, you can use the ledger for kind of applications which require trust – For e.g. Notary, writing a will, or decentralised I. Craiglist , Uber, Zomato …
38. Ethereum (Just another blockchain) • Blockchain is a decentralised ledger of trust. – Rather than currency, you can use the ledger for kind of applications which require trust – For e.g. Notary, writing a will, or decentralised I. Craiglist , Uber, Zomato … II. Ebay, Amazon, Uber …
39. Ethereum (Just another blockchain) • Blockchain is a decentralised ledger of trust. – Rather than currency, you can use the ledger for kind of applications which require trust – For e.g. Notary, writing a will, or decentralised I. Craiglist , Uber, Zomato … II. Ebay, Amazon, Uber … • The way to do it is to write programs which are called “Smart Contracts”
40. Ethereum (Just another blockchain) • Blockchain is a decentralised ledger of trust. – Rather than currency, you can use the ledger for kind of applications which require trust – For e.g. Notary, writing a will, or decentralised I. Craiglist , Uber, Zomato … II. Ebay, Amazon, Uber … • The way to do it is to write programs which are called “Smart Contracts” • Ethereum can also be used to do normal ether transactions.
41. Ethereum (Just another blockchain) • Blockchain is a decentralised ledger of trust. – Rather than currency, you can use the ledger for kind of applications which require trust – For e.g. Notary, writing a will, or decentralised I. Craiglist , Uber, Zomato … II. Ebay, Amazon, Uber … • The way to do it is to write programs which are called “Smart Contracts” • Ethereum can also be used to do normal ether transactions. Matchmakers
44. Ethereum Programming Model
45. Ethereum Programming Model Bob does not believe in Spiderman, but Alice does
46. Ethereum Programming Model Bob does not believe in Spiderman, but Alice does Alice bets that if she is in danger, Spiderman will protect her.
47. Ethereum Programming Model Bob does not believe in Spiderman, but Alice does Alice bets that if she is in danger, Spiderman will protect her. Spiderman morally wants to help everybody, if he can.
 Because with great power comes great responsibility.
48. Ethereum Programming Model Bob does not believe in Spiderman, but Alice does Alice bets that if she is in danger, Spiderman will protect her. Spiderman morally wants to help everybody, if he can.
 Because with great power comes great responsibility. Alice does not trust Bob, and needs to ensure that they both hold 
 their end of bargains after the bet is done.
49. Ethereum Programming Model Bob does not believe in Spiderman, but Alice does Alice bets that if she is in danger, Spiderman will protect her. Spiderman morally wants to help everybody, if he can.
 Because with great power comes great responsibility. Alice does not trust Bob, and needs to ensure that they both hold 
 their end of bargains after the bet is done. Spiderman is unaware of this bet, and just webbing his way around.
50. Ethereum Programming Model
51. Ethereum Programming Model Contract Persistent Msg Store $$$ Program Logic
52. Ethereum Programming Model Contract Persistent Msg Store $$$ Program Logic ?? $$$ Msg
53. Ethereum Programming Model Contract Persistent Msg Store $$$ Program Logic ?? $$$ Msg • Contract = Code + State
54. Ethereum Programming Model Contract Persistent Msg Store $$$ Program Logic ?? $$$ Msg • Contract = Code + State • Turing Complete
55. Ethereum Programming Model Contract Persistent Msg Store $$$ Program Logic ?? $$$ Msg • Contract = Code + State • Turing Complete • Self-Executing and enforcing
56. Ethereum Programming Model Contract Persistent Msg Store $$$ Program Logic ?? $$$ Msg • Contract = Code + State • Turing Complete • Self-Executing and enforcing
57. Ethereum Programming Model Contract Persistent Msg Store $$$ Program Logic ?? $$$ Msg • Contract = Code + State • Turing Complete • Self-Executing and enforcing are submitted as transactions in 
 blockchain.
58. Ethereum Programming Model Contract Persistent Msg Store $$$ Program Logic ?? $$$ Msg • Contract = Code + State • Turing Complete • Self-Executing and enforcing are submitted as transactions in 
 blockchain. - Can send eth to other accounts
59. Ethereum Programming Model Contract Persistent Msg Store $$$ Program Logic ?? $$$ Msg • Contract = Code + State • Turing Complete • Self-Executing and enforcing are submitted as transactions in 
 blockchain. - Can send eth to other accounts - Read/write from storage
60. Ethereum Programming Model Contract Persistent Msg Store $$$ Program Logic ?? $$$ Msg • Contract = Code + State • Turing Complete • Self-Executing and enforcing are submitted as transactions in 
 blockchain. - Can send eth to other accounts - Read/write from storage - Invoke function calls to other contracts
61. Ethereum Programming Model Contract Persistent Msg Store $$$ Program Logic ?? $$$ Msg • Contract = Code + State • Turing Complete • Self-Executing and enforcing are submitted as transactions in 
 blockchain. - Can send eth to other accounts - Read/write from storage - Invoke function calls to other contracts - Create other contracts
62. DNS, a commitment, a contract, of sorts
63. DNS, a commitment, a contract, of sorts Invoked by other accounts
64. Contract Workflow
65. Contract Workflow Your Contract
66. Contract Workflow Your Contract 60606040526040516102503 80380610250833981016040 528........ What others see
 in blockchain
67. Contract Workflow Your Contract 60606040526040516102503 80380610250833981016040 528........ What others see
 in blockchain PUSH 60 PUSH 40 MSTORE PUSH 0 CALLDATALOAD ..... Disassembler output
68. Transactions • nonce (anti-replay-attack or transaction counter) • to (destination address) • value (amount of ETH to send) • data (readable by contract code) • gasprice (amount of ether per unit gas) • startgas (maximum gas consumable) • v, r, s (ECDSA signature values)
69. How to Create a Contract? • Submit a transaction to the blockchain – nonce: previous nonce + 1 – to: empty – value: value sent to the new contract – data: contains the code of the contract – gasprice (amount of ether per unit gas) – startgas (maximum gas consumable) – v, r, s (ECDSA signature values) • If tx is successful – Returns the address of the new contract
70. How to Interact With a Contract? • Submit a transaction to the blockchain – nonce: previous nonce + 1 – to: contract address – value: value sent to the new contract – data: data supposed to be read by the contract – gasprice (amount of ether per unit gas) – startgas (maximum gas consumable) – v, r, s (ECDSA signature values) • If tx is successful – Returns outputs from the contract (if applicable)
71. Ethereum Frameworks Serpent Solidity Lower Level Language Ethereum VM Bytecode Stack Language (Like python) (Like javascript) (Function and macros
 like scheme) (Defined in Ethereum
 yellow paper) *Slide from Andrew Miller
72. Blockchain State
73. Blockchain State Address Balance (BTC) 0x123456… 10 0x1a2b3f… 1 0xab123d… 1.1 Bitcoin's state consists of key value mapping of addresses to account balance
74. Blockchain State Address Balance (BTC) 0x123456… 10 0x1a2b3f… 1 0xab123d… 1.1 Ethereum’s state consists of key value mapping addresses to account objects Address Object 0x123456… X 0x1a2b3f… Y 0xab123d… Z Bitcoin's state consists of key value mapping of addresses to account balance
75. Blockchain State Address Balance (BTC) 0x123456… 10 0x1a2b3f… 1 0xab123d… 1.1 Ethereum’s state consists of key value mapping addresses to account objects Address Object 0x123456… X 0x1a2b3f… Y 0xab123d… Z Bitcoin's state consists of key value mapping of addresses to account balance Blockchain != Blockchain State
76. EVM Ethereum State Transition
77. EVM Program Counter Ethereum State Transition
78. EVM Program Counter Computes preamble
 computation for transaction Ethereum State Transition
79. EVM Program Counter Computes preamble
 computation for transaction Rolls back the
 transaction, if it fails Ethereum State Transition
80. EVM Program Counter Computes preamble
 computation for transaction Commits the
 transaction
 if success Rolls back the
 transaction, if it fails Ethereum State Transition
81. EVM Program Counter Computes preamble
 computation for transaction Commits the
 transaction
 if success Rolls back the
 transaction, if it fails Ethereum State Transition 1 Syntax checking transaction.
82. EVM Program Counter Computes preamble
 computation for transaction Commits the
 transaction
 if success Rolls back the
 transaction, if it fails Ethereum State Transition 1 Syntax checking transaction. 2 Computing preamble transaction fee.
83. EVM Program Counter Computes preamble
 computation for transaction Commits the
 transaction
 if success Rolls back the
 transaction, if it fails Ethereum State Transition 1 Syntax checking transaction. 2 Computing preamble transaction fee. 3 Initialise the gas payment.
84. EVM Program Counter Computes preamble
 computation for transaction Commits the
 transaction
 if success Rolls back the
 transaction, if it fails Ethereum State Transition 1 Syntax checking transaction. 2 Computing preamble transaction fee. 3 Initialise the gas payment. 4 Transfer the amount from sender to receiver.
85. EVM Program Counter Computes preamble
 computation for transaction Commits the
 transaction
 if success Rolls back the
 transaction, if it fails Ethereum State Transition 1 Syntax checking transaction. 2 Computing preamble transaction fee. 3 Initialise the gas payment. 4 Transfer the amount from sender to receiver. 5 Throw error, when sender account does not have sufficient ether, and roll back transaction.
86. EVM Program Counter Computes preamble
 computation for transaction Commits the
 transaction
 if success Rolls back the
 transaction, if it fails Ethereum State Transition 1 Syntax checking transaction. 2 Computing preamble transaction fee. 3 Initialise the gas payment. 4 Transfer the amount from sender to receiver. 5 Throw error, when sender account does not have sufficient ether, and roll back transaction. 6 For any other error, send the gas fee to sender
87. Account Object • Every account object contains 4 pieces of data: – Nonce – Balance – Code hash (code = empty string for normal accounts) – Storage trie root
88. Account Object • Every account object contains 4 pieces of data: – Nonce – Balance – Code hash (code = empty string for normal accounts) – Storage trie root
89. Tx-n Tx-1 Block Mining Tx-2
90. Tx-n Tx-1 Block Mining Miners Tx-2
91. Tx-n Tx-1 Block Mining Miners Tx-2 Block A set of TXs Previous block New State Root Receipt Root Nonce
92. Tx-n Tx-1 Block Mining Miners Tx-2 Block A set of TXs Previous block New State Root Receipt Root Nonce
93. Tx-n Tx-1 Block Mining Miners Tx-2 Block A set of TXs Previous block New State Root Receipt Root Nonce Verify transactions & execute all code to update the state
94. Tx-n Tx-1 Block Mining Miners Tx-2 Block A set of TXs Previous block New State Root Receipt Root Nonce SHA3(Block) < D Verify transactions & execute all code to update the state
95. Tx-n Tx-1 Block Mining Miners Tx-2 Block A set of TXs Previous block New State Root Receipt Root Nonce SHA3(Block) < D Broadcast Block Verify transactions & execute all code to update the state
96. Code execution • Every (full) node on the blockchain processes every transaction and stores the entire state P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1
97. Code execution • Every (full) node on the blockchain processes every transaction and stores the entire state P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1 This is a new block! I’m a leader
98. Code execution • Every (full) node on the blockchain processes every transaction and stores the entire state P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1 This is a new block! I’m a leader This is a new block! This is a new block! This is a new block! This is a new block! This is a new block!
99. Dos Attack Vector • Halting problem – Cannot tell whether or not a program will run infinitely – A malicious miner can DoS attack full nodes by including lots of computation in their txs • Full nodes attacked when verifying the block uint i = 1; while (i++ > 0) { donothing(); }
100. Solution: Gas • Charge fee per computational step (“gas”) – Special gas fees for operations that take up storage
101. Solution: Gas • Charge fee per computational step (“gas”) – Special gas fees for operations that take up storage
102. Solution: Gas • Charge fee per computational step (“gas”) – Special gas fees for operations that take up storage
103. Sender has to pay for the gas • gasprice: amount of ether per unit gas • startgas: maximum gas consumable – If startgas is less than needed • Out of gas exception, revert the state as if the TX has never happened • Sender still pays all the gas • TX fee = gasprice * consumedgas • Gas limit: similar to block size limit in Bitcoin – Total gas spent by all transactions in a block < Gas Limit
104. What are Smart Contracts ?
105. What are Smart Contracts ? A smart contract is a computer program executed in a secure environment that directly controls digital assets
106. Properties of Smart Contracts
107. Properties of Smart Contracts Security Property
108. Properties of Smart Contracts • Correctness of execution – The execution is done correctly, is not tampered • Integrity of code and data • Optional properties – Confidentiality of code and data – Verifiability of execution – Availability for the programs running inside Security Property
109. Properties of Smart Contracts • Correctness of execution – The execution is done correctly, is not tampered • Integrity of code and data • Optional properties – Confidentiality of code and data – Verifiability of execution – Availability for the programs running inside Security Property Servers secured
 by trusted 
 hardware.
 (Intel SGX)
110. Properties of Smart Contracts Digital Assets
111. Properties of Smart Contracts • A broad category – Domain name – Website – Money – Anything tokenisable (e.g. gold, silver, stock share etc) – Game items – Network bandwidth, computation cycles Digital Assets
112. Properties of Smart Contracts
113. Properties of Smart Contracts Technical aspects of smart contract
114. Properties of Smart Contracts • Requires parties to pay collateral before participating. • Use oracles (external trusted third parties) • Use network (miners are ready to do your work for a good incentive) • Cryptography 1. Commitments 2. Digital signatures 3. Merkle trees and authenticated data structures Technical aspects of smart contract
115. Example: escrow service for exchange
116. Example: escrow service for exchange A B E X
117. Example: escrow service for exchange A B E X
118. Example: escrow service for exchange A B E X A B E A B E I won’t give you Y Y
119. Example: escrow service for exchange A B E X A B E A B E I won’t give you Y Y
120. Example: escrow service for exchange A B E X A B E A B E I won’t give you Y Y A B E A B E X X
121. Example: multisig • Require M of N “owners” to agree in order for a particular digital asset to be transferred – Individual use cases • eg. two-factor authentication – Intra-organizational use cases
122. Demo Time
123. ICOs Whitepaper Dapp Smart Contract Life cycle of a Dapp
124. Research Problems
125. Research Problems • How to write secure and correct contracts ? Need tools like Oyente
126. Research Problems • How to write secure and correct contracts ? Need tools like Oyente • Can define your secure ethereum client based on yellow paper
127. Research Problems • How to write secure and correct contracts ? Need tools like Oyente • Can define your secure ethereum client based on yellow paper • Can define programming languages like rust for smart contracts.
128. Research Problems • How to write secure and correct contracts ? Need tools like Oyente • Can define your secure ethereum client based on yellow paper • Can define programming languages like rust for smart contracts. • Scaling Issues ?
129. Research Problems • How to write secure and correct contracts ? Need tools like Oyente • Can define your secure ethereum client based on yellow paper • Can define programming languages like rust for smart contracts. • Scaling Issues ? • Sharding
130. Research Problems • How to write secure and correct contracts ? Need tools like Oyente • Can define your secure ethereum client based on yellow paper • Can define programming languages like rust for smart contracts. • Scaling Issues ? • Sharding • State channels
131. Research Problems • How to write secure and correct contracts ? Need tools like Oyente • Can define your secure ethereum client based on yellow paper • Can define programming languages like rust for smart contracts. • Scaling Issues ? • Sharding • State channels • Privacy Issues (Ring signatures, ZK-SNARKS and Hawk)
132. Research Problems • How to write secure and correct contracts ? Need tools like Oyente • Can define your secure ethereum client based on yellow paper • Can define programming languages like rust for smart contracts. • Scaling Issues ? • Sharding • State channels • Privacy Issues (Ring signatures, ZK-SNARKS and Hawk) • Ethereum Virtual machine and improvement in language models
133. Research Problems • How to write secure and correct contracts ? Need tools like Oyente • Can define your secure ethereum client based on yellow paper • Can define programming languages like rust for smart contracts. • Scaling Issues ? • Sharding • State channels • Privacy Issues (Ring signatures, ZK-SNARKS and Hawk) • Ethereum Virtual machine and improvement in language models • Proof of work/stake model for x86_64 which is gpu and asic resistant
134. Research Problems • How to write secure and correct contracts ? Need tools like Oyente • Can define your secure ethereum client based on yellow paper • Can define programming languages like rust for smart contracts. • Scaling Issues ? • Sharding • State channels • Privacy Issues (Ring signatures, ZK-SNARKS and Hawk) • Ethereum Virtual machine and improvement in language models • Proof of work/stake model for x86_64 which is gpu and asic resistant • Defining decentralised pools and exchanges and relays (eg. Smart pool and BTC relay)
135. Research Problems
136. Research Problems • Role of algorithmic incentives(game theory) in cryptocurrency
137. Research Problems • Role of algorithmic incentives(game theory) in cryptocurrency • Transaction in blockchain = mining reward + mining fee + private cost function
138. Research Problems • Role of algorithmic incentives(game theory) in cryptocurrency • Transaction in blockchain = mining reward + mining fee + private cost function • Multi-Agents are involved like miners, type of transactions etc.
139. Research Problems • Role of algorithmic incentives(game theory) in cryptocurrency • Transaction in blockchain = mining reward + mining fee + private cost function • Multi-Agents are involved like miners, type of transactions etc. • Can we define a model to calculate the costs for a particular contract or at least provide some guarantee.
140. Research Problems • Role of algorithmic incentives(game theory) in cryptocurrency • Transaction in blockchain = mining reward + mining fee + private cost function • Multi-Agents are involved like miners, type of transactions etc. • Can we define a model to calculate the costs for a particular contract or at least provide some guarantee. • Can do various studies of economics in crypto-regime
141. Research Problems • Role of algorithmic incentives(game theory) in cryptocurrency • Transaction in blockchain = mining reward + mining fee + private cost function • Multi-Agents are involved like miners, type of transactions etc. • Can we define a model to calculate the costs for a particular contract or at least provide some guarantee. • Can do various studies of economics in crypto-regime • Behavioural economic models
142. Research Problems • Role of algorithmic incentives(game theory) in cryptocurrency • Transaction in blockchain = mining reward + mining fee + private cost function • Multi-Agents are involved like miners, type of transactions etc. • Can we define a model to calculate the costs for a particular contract or at least provide some guarantee. • Can do various studies of economics in crypto-regime • Behavioural economic models • Selfish Agents
143. Research Problems • Role of algorithmic incentives(game theory) in cryptocurrency • Transaction in blockchain = mining reward + mining fee + private cost function • Multi-Agents are involved like miners, type of transactions etc. • Can we define a model to calculate the costs for a particular contract or at least provide some guarantee. • Can do various studies of economics in crypto-regime • Behavioural economic models • Selfish Agents • Coordinated choices
144. Research Problems • Role of algorithmic incentives(game theory) in cryptocurrency • Transaction in blockchain = mining reward + mining fee + private cost function • Multi-Agents are involved like miners, type of transactions etc. • Can we define a model to calculate the costs for a particular contract or at least provide some guarantee. • Can do various studies of economics in crypto-regime • Behavioural economic models • Selfish Agents • Coordinated choices • How a blackmail would happen, what would be protocols for heist, Can there be a morality check on contracts
145. Research Problems • Role of algorithmic incentives(game theory) in cryptocurrency • Transaction in blockchain = mining reward + mining fee + private cost function • Multi-Agents are involved like miners, type of transactions etc. • Can we define a model to calculate the costs for a particular contract or at least provide some guarantee. • Can do various studies of economics in crypto-regime • Behavioural economic models • Selfish Agents • Coordinated choices • How a blackmail would happen, what would be protocols for heist, Can there be a morality check on contracts https://github.com/ethereum/research/wiki/Problems
146. प्रश्न एवं उत्तर