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Resiliency and Availability Design Patterns for the Cloud

Resiliency and Availability Design Patterns for the Cloud

We have traditionally built robust architectures by trying to avoid mistakes or failures in production, or by testing parts of the system in isolation. However, modern techniques take a very different approach: embracing failure instead of trying to avoid it. Resilient architectures enhance observability, leverage well-known patterns such as graceful degradation, timeouts and circuit breakers but also new patterns like cell-based architecture and shuffle sharding. In this session, will review the most useful patterns for building resilient software systems and especially show the audience how they can benefit from the patterns.

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  1. © 2021, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its Affiliates. Resiliency

    and Availability Design Patterns for the Cloud Sébastien Stormacq Principal Developer Advocate @sebsto
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    rights reserved. Can you guess what will happen?
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    rights reserved. Distributed Systems are hard
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    rights reserved. Failures are a given and everything will eventually fail over time. Werner Vogels CTO – Amazon.com “ “
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    rights reserved. Resiliency: Ability for a system to handle and eventually recover from unexpected conditions
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    rights reserved. Partial failure mode
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    rights reserved. People Application Network & Data Infrastructure
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    rights reserved. Let’s talk about Geo Availability
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    rights reserved. Fully-scaled Availability Zone
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    rights reserved. Highly redundant regional network
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    rights reserved. AWS Region and availability zones Region Availability zone a Availability zone b Availability zone c data center data center data center 1 or more data centers per AZ 2 or more AZs per region (new regions min 3) data center data center data center data center data center data center
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    rights reserved. Availability in parallel Component Availability Downtime X 99% (2-nines) 3 days 15 hours Two X in parallel 99.99% (4-nines) 52 minutes Three X in parallel 99.9999% (6-nines) 31 seconds
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    rights reserved. Multi-AZ architecture Region Availability zone a Availability zone b Availability zone c Instances Instances Instances DB Instance DB instance standby Elastic Load Balancing (ELB)
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    rights reserved. Multi-AZ architecture X Region Availability zone a Availability zone b Availability zone c Instances Instances Instances DB Instance DB instance standby Elastic Load Balancing (ELB)
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    rights reserved. Multi-AZ architecture Region Availability zone a Availability zone b Availability zone c Instances Instances Instances DB Instance DB instance standby Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) X
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    rights reserved. Multi-AZ architecture Region Availability zone a Availability zone b Availability zone c Instances Instances Instances DB Instance DB instance new master Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) X
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    rights reserved. Multi-AZ architecture • Enables fault-tolerant applications • AWS regional services designed to withstand AZ failures • Leveraged by AWS regional services such as Amazon S3, Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon Aurora, Amazon ELBs, etc. Region Availability zone a Availability zone b Availability zone c Instances Instances Instances DB Instance DB instance standby Elastic Load Balancing (ELB)
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    rights reserved. Let’s talk about auto scaling
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    rights reserved. Auto-Scaling Fixed Variable
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    rights reserved. Availability zone 1 Auto Scaling group AWS Region Availability zone 2 Auto-scaling for self-healing Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) X
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    rights reserved. Let’s talk about decoupling and async
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    rights reserved. Process A Process B Process A Process B Synchronous Asynchronous Waiting Working Continues get or fetch result Get result Decoupling with async pattern
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    rights reserved. API: {DO foo} PUT JOB: {JobID: 0001, Task: DO foo} API: {JobID: 0001} GET JOB: {JobID: 0001, Task: DO foo} {JobID: 0001, Result: bar} Cache node Worker Instance Worker Instance Queue/Streaming API Instance API Instance API Instance
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    rights reserved. Push Notification User Worker Instance Worker Instance API Instance API Instance Cache node Fetch results API Instance Queue/Streaming
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    rights reserved. Degrade & prioritize traffic with queues Worker Instance Worker Instance API Instance API Instance API Instance High Priority Queue Low Priority Queue
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    rights reserved. Let’s talk about databases.
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    rights reserved. Read / Write separation DB Instance DB instance read replica DB instance read replica DB instance read replica Instance Instance Instance Supports degradation through Read-Only mode
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    rights reserved. Database Federation Users DB Products DB Instance Instance Instance DB Instance DB instance read replica DB Instance DB instance read replica
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    rights reserved. Database Sharding User ShardID 002345 A 002346 B 002347 C 002348 B 002349 A C B A Instance Instance Instance DB Instance DB instance read replica DB Instance DB instance read replica DB Instance DB instance read replica
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    rights reserved. Let’s talk about timeouts, backoff & retries!
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    rights reserved. Users App DB Conn Pool INSERT INSERT INSERT INSERT What happens if the DB “slows down”? Timeout client side Timeout backend side ? ?
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    rights reserved. User 1 App DB Conn Pool INSERT Timeout client side = 10s Timeout backend side = default = Infinite Retry INSERT Retry INSERT ERROR: Failed to get connection from pool Retry
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    rights reserved. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.net.httpwebrequest.timeout
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    rights reserved. @timeout_decorator.timeout(5, timeout_exception=StopIteration) def timed_get(url): return requests.get(url) https://pypi.org/project/timeout-decorator/
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    rights reserved. How else could we have prevented the error? User 1 DB Conn Pool INSERT Retry INSERT Retry INSERT Retry ERROR: Failed to get connection from pool
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    rights reserved. User 1 DB Conn Pool INSERT Timeout client side = 10s Timeout backend side = 10s Wait 2s before Retry INSERT INSERT Wait 4s before Retry Wait 8s before Retry Wait 16s before Retry Backing off between retries Releasing connections Backoff
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    rights reserved. No jitter With jitter https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/architecture/exponential-backoff-and-jitter/ Simple Exponential Backoff is not enough: Add Jitter
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    rights reserved. Example: add jitter 0-1000ms MAX_TRIES = 12 def get_item(self, url, n=1): try: res = requests.get(url) except: if n > MAX_TRIES: return None n += 1 time.sleep((2 ** n) + (random.randint(0, 1000) / 1000.0)) return self.get_item(url, n) else: return res
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    rights reserved. Idempotent operation No additional effect if it is called more than once with the same input parameters.
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    rights reserved. Circuit Breaker • Wrap a protected function call in a circuit breaker object, which monitors for failures. • If failures reach a certain threshold, the circuit breaker trips. Producer Circuit Breaker Consumer Connection Monitoring Timeouts Breaking Circuit
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    rights reserved. https://github.com/Netflix/Hystrix
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    rights reserved. https://spring.io/guides/gs/circuit-breaker/
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    rights reserved. Let’s talk about health checking!
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    rights reserved. Auto Scaling group Service A Availability zone 1 Auto Scaling group AWS Region Service A Availability zone 2 Service B Service B database Email Probing for health Cluster
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    rights reserved. Shallow health check Instance Cache node Email database Cluster Are you healthy? yes
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    rights reserved. Shallow health check Instance Cache node Email database Cluster Are you healthy? yes
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    rights reserved. Deep health check Instance Cache node Email database Cluster Are you healthy? yes Are you healthy? yes yes yes yes
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    rights reserved. Deep health check Instance Cache node Email database Cluster Are you healthy? no Are you healthy? no yes yes yes
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    rights reserved. Prioritize shallow health checks during hard times. Cache and be careful with logging.
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    rights reserved. Let’s talk about load shedding.
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    rights reserved. Don’t be overly optimistic and take on more than you can. Find an operational metric to reject what you cannot take in. Favor cached and static content Prioritize ELB health check (shallow) pings In an overload situation you have precious resources, do not let any of it go to waste. Load Shedding
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    rights reserved. Service Degradation & Fallbacks
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    rights reserved. https://twitter.com/redditstatus/status/1116204502703493120
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    rights reserved. Let’s talk about sharding.
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    rights reserved. Assign Customers to Cells Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 4
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    rights reserved. Assign Customers to Cells Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 4
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    rights reserved. Assign Customers to Cells Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 4
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    rights reserved. Assign Customers to Cells Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 4
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    rights reserved. Assign Customers to Cells Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 4
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    rights reserved. Assign Customers to Cells Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 4
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    rights reserved. Assign Customers to Cells Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 4
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    rights reserved. Measure for this: blast radius
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    rights reserved. Blast radius • How many customers? • What functionality? • How many locations?
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    rights reserved. Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 4 Assign Customers to Random Cells
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    rights reserved. Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 4 Assign Customers to Random Cells
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    rights reserved. Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 4 Assign Customers to Random Cells
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    rights reserved. Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 4 Assign Customers to Cells
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    rights reserved. Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 4 Assign Customers to Random Cells
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    rights reserved. Shuffle sharding Nodes = 8 Shard size = 2 Combinations = 28 Overlap % customers 0 53.6% 1 42.8% 2 3.6%
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    rights reserved. Shuffle sharding Nodes = 100 Shard size = 5 Combinations = 75 million! Overlap % customers 0 77% 1 21% 2 1.8% 3 0.06% 4 0.0006% 5 0.0000013%
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    rights reserved. Let’s talk about chaos!
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    rights reserved. GameDay at Amazon Creating Resiliency Through Destruction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoz0ZjfrQ9s
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    rights reserved. Chaos engineering https://github.com/Netflix/SimianArmy
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    rights reserved. “Chaos Engineering is the discipline of experimenting on a distributed system in order to build confidence in the system’s capability to withstand turbulent conditions in production.” http://principlesofchaos.org
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    rights reserved. Failure injection Start small & build confidence •Application level •Host failure •Resource attacks (CPU, memory, …) •Network attacks (dependencies, latency, …) •Region attacks
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    rights reserved. AWS Fault Injection Simulator Fully managed chaos engineering service on AWS Coming soon
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    rights reserved. https://aws.amazon.com/wellarchitected
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    rights reserved. https://medium.com/@adhorn
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    rights reserved. Plan for the worst, prepare for the unexpected.
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    rights reserved. Thank you ! @sebsto /sebsto /sebsto /sebAWS Sébastien Stormacq