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Scalability Issues ... cure first, prevent later
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Thijs Feryn
May 31, 2012
Technology
1
510
Scalability Issues ... cure first, prevent later
Slides for my PHPBenelux UG session in Houthalen on May 30th
Thijs Feryn
May 31, 2012
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Transcript
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Evangelist
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@ThijsFeryn
Please3 rate3my3talk3on3 Joind.in https://joind.in/6577
None
It3works3on3my3computer
None
It’s3the3internet’s3fault
Suits & hipsters
“Isn't'hos*ng' supposed'to'be'a' bulk'product?”
“The'Cloud'will' make'sure'my'app' scales”
“Large'campaigns' on'shared'hos*ng,' why'is'that'a' problem?”
“What's'a' database'index?”
“We'll'solve'that' with'an'Ajax'call”
“We'll'probably'have' 10.000'visitors'on' the'next'campaign”
GeBng3the3numbers3right
Let’s3do3a3complete3rewrite3!
Have3you3got3the3Gme?
Or3the3money?
What3do3you3do?
Nothing
Throw3 servers3at3 the3 problem
Do3some3 tricks3!
Throw3servers3at3the3problem
Scale3verGcally
Fast Cheap vs Limited Expensive Long% term Short% term
Scale3horizontally
Efficient Unlimited vs ConsideraGons IniGal3effort Long% term Short% term
What3kind3of3infrastructure3do3you3need?
What3kind3of3infrastructure3do3you3need? One3big3 box?
What3kind3of3infrastructure3do3you3need? Scale3across3 1003nodes?
What3kind3of3infrastructure3do3you3need? That3big3F53 loadbalancer?
What3kind3of3infrastructure3do3you3need? Only3the3DB3 gets3 hammered
What3kind3of3infrastructure3do3you3need? Lots3of3staGc3 traffic
What3kind3of3infrastructure3do3you3need? Shared3hosGng3 will3do3...3 except3during3the3 month3of3the3event
About3a3mulGYserver3setup
Goal:3(almost)3no3code3changes
Cache
Why?
Is3caching3 the3 answer?
Frontend Backend Data% cache Opcode% cache Page% cache APC Memcached
SQLite File Redis +more +more
What? When3not? How3long? CompaGbility Limited3size
Tricks
RewriteEngine*On RewriteCond*%{REQUEST_FILENAME}*=s*[OR] RewriteCond*%{REQUEST_FILENAME}*=l*[OR] RewriteCond*%{REQUEST_FILENAME}*=d RewriteRule*^.*$*=*[NC,L] RewriteRule*^.*$*index.php*[NC,L] Use3mod_rewrite Hit3frontcontroller3if3resource3doesn’t3exist
Use3mod_rewrite Write3output3to3file3and3print3to3screen <?php require('db.php'); $data = db_get_content_from_uri( $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']); $fp =
fopen(dirname(__FILE__). $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], 'w'); fwrite($fp, $data); fclose($fp); echo $data;
APC
Auto3prepend3&3auto3append AutomaGcally3executed3before3every3request [PHP] auto_prepend_file*“/path/to/prepend.php” auto_append_file*“/path/to/append.php”
Auto3prepend Read3from3cache3or3start3output3buffer <?php if($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'GET'){ $key = md5('http://'.$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']. $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']);
if(($output = apc_fetch($key)) !== false){ echo $output; exit(); } ob_start(); }
Auto3append Close3output3buffer,3store3data3in3cache3&3 print3output <?php if($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'GET'){ $output = ob_get_contents();
ob_end_clean(); $key = md5('http://'.$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']. $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']); apc_store($key,$output,20); echo $output; }
Data3cache Caching3layer3 before3on3top3 of3the3 database
<?php class Data { private $_mysqlDependency; public function __construct($mysqlDependency) {
$this->_mysqlDependency = $mysqlDependency; } public function fetchQueryFromDatabase($key) { return $this->_mysqlDependency- >fetchQueryEscaped("SELECT * FROM `myTable` WHERE `myKey` = '%s'",$key); } } No% cache
<?php class Data { private $_namespace = 'myNamespace_'; private $_ttl
= 3600; private $_mysqlDependency; public function __construct($mysqlDependency) { $this->_mysqlDependency = $mysqlDependency; } public function fetchQueryFromDatabase($key) { if(($value = apc_fetch(md5( $this->_namespace.$key))) === false){ $value = $this->_fetchDataFromDatabase($key); $this->_storeDataInCache($key,$value); } return $value; } ... Override% &%use%cache Read% from%DB%&% store%in%cache
... private function _storeDataInCache($key,$value) { apc_store(md5($this->_namespace.$key),$value, $this->_ttl); return $this; }
private function _fetchQueryFromDatabase($key) { return $this->_mysqlDependency- >fetchQueryEscaped("SELECT * FROM `myTable` WHERE `myKey` = '%s'",$key); } } Fetch% from%DB Store% in%cache
You3can3also3use3Memcached
You3can3also3use3Memcached memcached.sess_prefix = "memc.sess.key." session.save_path="127.0.0.1:11211" session.save_handler = memcached Also% for%session%
handling
Reverse3 (caching)3 proxies
Put3‘em3before3 your3 webserver
They3honor3 your3caching3 headers
None
backend default { .host = "127.0.0.1"; .port = "8080"; }
acl purge { "localhost"; "127.0.0.1"; "some.host.name.com"; "1.2.3.4"; }
sub vcl_recv { if (req.request == "PURGE") { if (!client.ip
~ purge) { error 405 "Not allowed: " + client.ip; } return(lookup); } if (req.request != "GET" && req.request != "HEAD" && req.request != "PUT" && req.request != "POST" && req.request != "TRACE" && req.request != "OPTIONS" && req.request != "DELETE") { return (pipe); }
if (req.request != "GET" && req.request != "HEAD") { return
(pass); } if (req.http.Accept-Encoding) { if (req.url ~ "\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|swf|flv|mp3|mp4| pdf|ico|png|gz|tgz|bz2)(\?.*|)$") { remove req.http.Accept-Encoding; } else if (req.http.Accept-Encoding ~ "gzip") { set req.http.Accept-Encoding = "gzip"; } else if (req.http.Accept-Encoding ~ "deflate"){ set req.http.Accept-Encoding = "deflate"; } else { remove req.http.Accept-Encoding; } }
if (req.url ~ "\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|swf|css|js|flv|mp3| mp4|pdf|ico|png)(\?.*|)$") { unset req.http.cookie; set req.url
= regsub(req.url, "\?.*$", ""); return (lookup); } if (req.url ~ "\?(utm_(campaign|medium|source|term)| adParams|client|cx|eid|fbid|feed|ref(id|src)?|v(er| iew))=") { set req.url = regsub(req.url, "\?.*$", ""); } if (req.http.cookie ~ "^ *$") { unset req.http.cookie; }
sub vcl_fetch { if (req.url ~ "wp-(login|admin)" || req.url ~
"preview=true" || req.url ~ "xmlrpc.php") { return (hit_for_pass); } if ( (!(req.url ~ "(wp-(login|admin)|login)"))) { unset beresp.http.set-cookie; set beresp.ttl = 1h; } if (req.url ~ "\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|swf|css|js|flv|mp3| mp4|pdf|ico|png)(\?.*|)$") { set beresp.ttl = 365d; } }
sub vcl_deliver { if (obj.hits > 0) { set resp.http.X-Cache
= "HIT"; } else { set resp.http.X-Cache = "MISS"; } } sub vcl_hit { if (req.request == "PURGE") { purge; set obj.ttl = 0s; error 200 "OK"; } } sub vcl_miss { if (req.request == "PURGE") { purge; error 200 "OK"; } }
FPM hfp://www.php.net/manual/en/install.fpm.configuraGon.php
[www] listen = 9000 user = www-data group = www-data
pm = dynamic pm.max_children = 10 pm.start_servers = 4 pm.max_spare_servers = 6 pm.max_requests = 500 php_admin_value[sendmail_path] = /usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i -f
[email protected]
php_flag[display_errors] = off php_admin_value[error_log] = /var/log/fpm-php.www.log php_admin_flag[log_errors] = on php_admin_value[memory_limit] = 32M
None
upstream fpm { server php1.server.com:9000; server php2.server.com:9000; } upstream memcached
{ server memcached1.server.com:11211; server memcached2.server.com:11211; } server { root /var/www; index index.php index.html index.htm; server_name nginx.server.com; location / { try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php; } location @php { fastcgi_pass fpm; fastcgi_index index.php; include fastcgi_params; }
location ~ \.php$ { set $memcached_key $request_uri; memcached_pass memcached; memcached_next_upstream
not_found; default_type text/html; error_page 404 405 502 = @php; } location ~* \.(?:ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png)$ { expires max; add_header Pragma public; add_header Cache-Control "public, must- revalidate, proxy-revalidate"; } }
location ~ \.php$ { set $memcached_key $request_uri; memcached_pass memcached; memcached_next_upstream
not_found; default_type text/html; error_page 404 405 502 = @php; } location ~* \.(?:ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png)$ { expires max; add_header Pragma public; add_header Cache-Control "public, must- revalidate, proxy-revalidate"; } }
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Content Delivery Network
+3 W33Total3 Cache
None
None
None
None
✓Enable3caching ✓Enable3cron.php ✓Configure3log3retenGon ✓Flat3catalog ✓Enable3compilaGon ✓Install3Varnish3Cache3plugin ✓Split3frontend3&3backend3servers ✓Perform3indexing3on3separate3 server
<global> <cache> <backend>apc</backend> <prefix>MAGE_</prefix> </cache> </global>
<global> <cache> <backend>memcached</backend> <memcached> <servers> <server> <host><![CDATA[127.0.0.1]]></host> <port><![CDATA[11211]]></port> <persistent><![CDATA[1]]></persistent> </server>
</servers> <compression><![CDATA[0]]></compression> <cache_dir><![CDATA[]]></cache_dir> <hashed_directory_level><![CDATA[]]></hashed_directory_level> <hashed_directory_umask><![CDATA[]]></hashed_directory_umask> <file_name_prefix><![CDATA[]]></file_name_prefix> </memcached> </cache> </global>
None
Boost Varnish Memcached
Other3tricks3...
Mess3with3the3hosts3file Test3load3&3change3docroot Play3with3Apache3&3MySQL3 seBngs Add3a3database3index Enable3MySQL3query3caching
Don’t3be3clueless
Ask3for3help
Apply3the3tricks
And3don’t3forget3to3refactor3alerwards
And3then3relax3...3and3be3happy
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