Artech House • Roger L. Freeman, “Fundamentals of Telecommunications”, John Wiley • Roger L. Freeman, “Fundamentals of Telecommunications”, John Wiley & Sons, 2005 • Alberto Leon-Garcia & Indra Widjaja, “Communication Networks, Funda mental Concepts and Key Architectures”, Mc Graw Hill • Some other books, references and the Internet
telec ommunication is communications at a distance The IEEE Standard Dictionary defines telecommunications as the transmission of signals over long distance, such as by telegraph, radio, or television by telegraph, radio, or television According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, teleco mmunication is the technology of sending signals, images and messages over long distances by radio, telephone, tel evision, satellite etc.
dan Informatika • England : British Standard Institute (BSI) • Germany : Deutsche Industrie-Normen (DIN) • US : American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization/European Com mittee for Standardization CEPT: Conférence Européenne des Administrations des Postes et des Telecommunications CEPT: Conférence Européenne des Administrations des Postes et des Telecommunications
Electronics Engin eers • EIA: Electronic Industries Association • EIA: Electronic Industries Association • FCC: Federal Communications Commission • TIA: Telecommunications Industry Association
Electrotechnical Commission – Information technology standard – ISO -> data communication standard and protocol – IEC -> electromechanical, environment and safety
all other switches (or nodes) in the network other switches (or nodes) in the network Very survivable because of a plethora of pos sible alternative routes
common central node • It is the least survivable. • However, it is one of the most econ omic nodal patterns both to install However, it is one of the most econ omic nodal patterns both to install and to administer Star Network Multiple Star Network