A Philosophy of Software Design 前半

2022/02/28 に MoneyForward で発表した A Philosophy of Software Design の話です。

Transcript

1. A philosophy of
   software design (લ൒)
   2022/2/28 @ MoneyForward ษڧձ
   

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2. Twitter: @yosuke_furukawa
   Github: yosuke-furukawa
   

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3. A philosophy of software
   design
   • 2018೥ʹॳ൛͕ϦϦʔε͞Ε
   • 2020೥ʹୈೋ൛͕ϦϦʔε͞Εͨ
   • ๜୊Ͱ͍͏ͱʮιϑτ΢ΣΞઃܭͷ఩ֶʯ
   https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B07N1XLQ7D/
   

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4. A philosophy of software
   design
   • ஶऀ͸δϣϯɾΦʔελʔϋ΢τ͞Μ
   • Stanford େֶͷίϯϐϡʔλαΠΤϯεڭत
   • Sprite OS (OS), Tcl.Tk(ϓϩάϥϛϯάݴޠ),
   RAMCloud (Ϋϥ΢υγεςϜ) ͳͲͳͲɺ੍
   ࡞෺ଟ਺
   https://web.stanford.edu/~ouster/cgi-bin/
   home.php
   

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5. A philosophy of software design
   ͷݴ͍͍ͨࠜຊʹ͋Δͱ͜Ζ
   • ιϑτ΢ΣΞͷઃܭ͸ָ͍͠
   • ७ਮͳ૑࡞աఔͷதͰύζϧͷΑ͏ʹͲ͏΍ͬͯઃܭ͢Δ͔
   Λߟ͑Δ͜ͱɺͦΕΛ࣮૷͢Δ͜ͱ͸΋ͷָ͍͘͢͜͝͠ͱ
   • ͜ͷ෦෼Λָ͠ΊΔΑ͏ʹͳͬͯ΄͍͠
   • ٯʹݴ͏ͱΞυϗοΫʹϫʔʔ͍͖ͬͯͳΓॻ͍ͪΌ͔ͬͯ
   ΒςετΛॻ͍ͨΓ৭ʑޙ͔Βྑ͘͢ΔɺΈ͍ͨͳ͜ͱ͸ࠓ
   ͷτϨϯυͰ͸͋Δ΋ͷͷɺྑ͍૑࡞աఔʹ͸ͳ͍ͬͯͳ͍
   

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6. ͦ΋ͦ΋ઃܭϓϩηεΛͪΌ
   Μͱ޻ఔͱͯ͠΍͍ͬͯΔͱ
   ͜Ζ͸গͳ͍
   

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7. ྫ͑͹...
   • ΞδϟΠϧ։ൃ
   • εϓϦϯτͰ2िؒͷΰʔϧΛܾΊͯͦΕʹ޲͚ͯ
   ։ൃΛ͍ͯ͘͠
   • ͢ΔͱͲ͏ͯ͠΋࣮૷ʹλεΫ͕ϑΥʔΧε͞ΕΔ
   • ݁Ռͱͯ͠࠷ॳ͔Βʮϫʔʔ࣮ͬͯ૷ͯ͠ɺޙ͔Β
   ςετॻ͘ʯʹͳΓ͕ͪ
   

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8. ྫ͑͹...
   • ҰਓͷϑϧελοΫϓϩάϥϚʔ͚͕ͩΞαΠ
   ϯ͞ΕͯϓϩδΣΫτΛճ͠ଓ͚ΔΑ͏ͳঢ়گ
   • ԿͰ΋΍Βͳ͍ͱ͍͚ͳ͍ঢ়گʹ௥͍ࠐ·Εͯ
   Δ
   • ϫʔʔͬͱॻ͚ͩ͘ʹͳΓ͕ͪɺͱ͍͏͔ͦ
   ͏͡Όͳ͍ͱऴΘΒͳ͍ঢ়گʹͳͬͯΔ
   

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9. ྫ͑͹...
   • ͳΜͱͳ͘ͷ֤࿦ʹؕΓ͕ͪ
   • ϑϨʔϜϫʔΫԿΛ࢖͏ʁ
   • πʔϧΛͲ͏͢Δʁ
   • ςετͲ͏΍ͬͯॻ͘ʁ
   • Ͳ͏΍ͬͯ࡞Δ͔ͷٞ࿦ΑΓ΋લʹ͜ͷ࿩͕དྷͯ͠·͏έʔε͕༗Δɻ
   • ͜ͷखͷϑϨʔϜϫʔΫ΍πʔϧͷબఆ͸࣮૷ʹ͍ۙ
   • ܾΊͨΒʮϫʔʔͬͱॻ͘ʯࣄʹ૸Γ͕ͪ
   

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10. ͜͏͍͏ʮϫʔʔͬͱॻͩ͘
    ͚ॻ͘ʯͱ͍͏ϓϩάϥϛϯ
    άΛ൱ఆ͍ͯ͠Δ
    

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11. tactical programming vs
    strategic programming
    • ʮϫʔʔͬͱॻ͚ͩ͘ॻ͘ʯͱ͍͏ͷ͸͜ͷຊͰ͸
    tactical programming ͱݺ͹Ε͓ͯΓɺ൱ఆ͞Ε͍ͯΔɻ
    • ·ͣͲ͏΍ͬͯෳࡶ͞Λ੾Γ෼͚Δ͔ͱݴͬͨ໰୊ͷ෼ղ
    ͱͦΕΛͲ͏΍ͬͯදݱ͢Δ͔ͱ͍͏ந৅ԽΛͪΌΜͱߦ
    ͏΂͖ͩͱ͍͏ओு
    • ͜ͷෳࡶ͞ͱ޲͖߹ͬͯίʔυΛॻ͘͜ͱΛʮstrategic
    programmingʯ ͱݺΜͰ͓Γɺͪ͜ΒΛਪ঑͍ͯ͠Δɻ
    

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12. ෳࡶ͞ͱ޲͖߹͏
    

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13. ιϑτ΢ΣΞ։ൃʹ͸ෳࡶ͕͞
    ͖ͭ΋ͷ
    • ෳࡶ͞ͷ੒ΓཱͪΛ஌Γ
    • ෳࡶ͞ΛͲ͏΍ͬͯॲཧ͢Δ͔Λߟ͑Δ
    • ͦΕ͕ͦ͜ "ઃܭ" Ͱ͋Δ
    

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14. ͦ΋ͦ΋ෳࡶ͞ͱ͸
    

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15. ෳࡶ͞
    • "Complexity is anything related to the
    structure of a software system that makes it
    hard to understand and modify the system."
    • ʮෳࡶ͞ͱ͸ιϑτ΢ΣΞγεςϜͷߏ଄ʹ
    ؔͯ͠ɺγεςϜͦͷ΋ͷΛཧղɾมߋ͠ʹ͘
    ͍ͯ͘͠ΔԿ͔ʯͰ͋Δɻ
    

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16. ෳࡶ͞ʹΑͬͯҾ͖ى͜͞ΕΔ
    ঢ়ଶ
    • มߋͷ֦େԽ (Change Amplification)
    • ೝ஌ෛՙͷ૿Ճ (Cognitive Load)
    • ஌Βͳ͍͜ͱͷ૿Ճ (Unknown Unknowns)
    

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17. มߋͷ֦େԽ (Change
    Amplification)
    • มߋՕॴ͕ଟ͘ͳΔ͜ͱ
    • ҰՕॴม͑Ε͹ࡁΈͦ͏ͳมߋ͚ͩͲɺ࣮͸ผͳՕॴ΋
    ม͑ͳ͖Ό͍͚ͳ͍έʔε
    • ྫ͑͹ɺഎܠ৭ͷม਺Λݸʑͷϖʔδ͕͍࣋ͬͯͯɺશ
    ମΛม͑Δ࣌ʹҰݸҰݸͷϖʔδʹมߋ͕ٴΜͰ͠·͏
    • ͜͏͍͏ͷ͸มߋՕॴͷӨڹΛ࠷খݶʹ͠Α͏ͱͨͨ͠
    Ίʹ tactic ͳίʔυ͕ੵΈॏͳͬͯى͖Δ
    

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18. มߋͷ֦େԽ (Change
    Amplification)
    ҰՕॴͰม͑ΒΕΔΑ͏ʹͳ͍ͬͯͳ͍ྫ
    

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19. ೝ஌ෛՙͷ૿Ճ (Cognitive Load)
    • ୯७ʹಡΈʹ͍͘ίʔυ
    • ίʔυ͕ϕλοͱॻ͔Ε͍ͯͯɺؔ਺ͱ͔Ϋϥε
    ͱ͔ͰͪΌΜͱ෼ׂ͞Εͯͳ͔ͬͨΓɺҰՕॴͰ
    ৭ʑ΍Γ͗ͩͬͨ͢Γɺͦ΋ͦ΋ม਺ɾؔ਺໊͕
    ௚ײͱ߹Θͳ͔ͬͨΓ
    • Α͘ݴΘΕͯΔΫιίʔυͬͯݺ͹ΕͨΓɺώϤ
    ίʔυͬͯݺ͹ΕͨΓ͢Δ΍ͭ
    

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20. ஌Βͳ͍͜ͱͷ૿Ճ (Unknown
    Unknowns)
    • ௚༁͢Δͱʮ஌Βͳ͍͜ͱʯΛ஌Βͳ͍͜ͱ
    • ͦͷλεΫΛऴ͑ΔͷʹͲ͜·ͰνΣοΫ͢Ε͹͍
    ͍͔͕ෆ໌ྎͳ͜ͱ
    • มߋͨ͠Βʮ࣮͸͜͜ʹ΋Өڹ͋Γ·ͨ͠ʔʯͳࣄ
    ͕ӅΕͯΔ
    • ʮӅΕͨӨڹ㲈Α͘஌Βͳ͍͜ͱʯ͕Θ͔Βͳ͍͜ͱ
    

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21. ஌Βͳ͍͜ͱͷ૿Ճ (Unknown
    Unknowns)
    ҰՕॴͰม͑ΒΕΔΑ͏ʹͳͬͨ΋ͷͷɺ࣮͸
    emphͱ͍͏ผͳछྨͷม਺Ͱݸʑʹϖʔδ৭੍͕ޚ͞Ε͍ͯΔྫ
    FNQI͕
    VOLOPXO
    

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22. ͳΜͰෳࡶʹͳΔͷ͔
    

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23. ෳࡶʹͳΔཧ༝
    • "Complexity comes from an accumulation of
    dependencies and obscurities. (snip) As a
    result, it takes more code modifications to
    implement each new feature."
    • ʮෳࡶ͞͸ґଘͱᐆດ͞ͷ஝ੵ͔Β΋ͨΒ͞
    ΕΔɻ݁Ռͱͯ͠কདྷͷػೳ࣮૷ͷͨΊʹΑ
    Γଟ͘ͷίʔυมߋ͕ඞཁʹͳΔʯ
    

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24. ґଘ (dependencies)
    • ґଘࣗମ͸ආ͚ΒΕͳ͍
    • ϥΠϒϥϦ΁ͷґଘ
    • ࣗ෼ͷ࡞ͬͨผͳΫϥε΁ͷґଘ
    • ඞͣଘࡏ͢ΔɺΉ͠Ζແ͠Ͱ͸։ൃ͕Ͱ͖
    ͳ͍
    

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25. ґଘ (dependencies)
    • ॏཁͳͷ͸ґଘͦͷ΋ͷΛආ͚Δ͜ͱͰ͸ͳ
    ͘ɺԿͷͨΊʹґଘ͍ͯ͠Δͷ͔ɺͲ͏΍ͬͯ
    ґଘ͍ͯ͠Δͷ͔Λ໌֬ʹ͢Δ͜ͱ
    • background color ͷྫͰݴ͑͹ɺ͜ΕΛม͑
    Ε͹શͯͷഎܠ৭͕มΘΔ͜ͱΛ໌֬ʹ͢Δɻ
    • ٯʹݴ͑͹ෆ໌ྎͳґଘ͸ආ͚Δɻ
    

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26. ᐆດ͞ (obscurity)
    • ᐆດͳίʔυͷྫ
    • Ұൠత͗͢Δม਺໊ (data, time, num)
    • υΩϡϝϯτʹ୯Ґ͕໌ه͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍ (width, height => pixel?
    inch? cm?)
    • Ұ؏ੑ͕ͳ͍ίʔυ
    • ґଘʹΑͬͯᐆດ͕͞Ҿ͖ى͜͞ΕΔέʔε΋༗Δ
    • ґଘͨ͠ίʔυͷதͰ৽͍͠Τϥʔ͕௥Ճ͞ΕͨΓɺڍಈͷมߋ͕
    ى͖ͯ΋ͦΕ͕໌ه͞Ε͍ͯͳ͔ͬͨΓ
    

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27. ᐆດ͞ (obscurity)
    • Ұ൪ଟ͍ͷ͸ʮυΩϡϝϯτෆ଍ʯʹΑΔᐆ
    ດ͞
    • ͳΜͰ΋υΩϡϝϯτʹॻ͚Αͱ͍͏࿩Ͱ͸
    ͳ͍ɻ
    • γϯϓϧͳઃܭʹΑͬͯυΩϡϝϯτ͕ͦ͜
    ·Ͱඞཁͳ͘ͳΔ͜ͱ΋͋Δ
    

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28. Strategic Programming
    

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29. Strategic Programming
    • ϫʔʔͬͱίʔυΛॻ͘ tactical programming Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɺ
    ෳࡶ͞ͱ޲͖߹͏ Strategic Programming Λਪ঑͍ͯ͠Δ
    • Α͋͘Δٕज़తෛ࠴͸ tactical programming ʹΑͬͯى͜Δ
    • Strategic Programming ʹ͸౤ࢿϚΠϯυ͕ඞཁ
    • ࠷଎Λ໨ࢦͯ͠ίʔυΛॻ͍ͯऴΘΒͤΑ͏ͱ͢ΔͷͰ͸ͳ
    ͘ɺҰ୴ෳࡶ͞ͱ޲͖߹ͬͯઃܭͷྑ͠ѱ͠Λߟ͑ͳ͕Β
    ίʔυΛॻ͘͜ͱ͕ॏཁ
    

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30. ౤ࢿϚΠϯυ
    • ྑ͍ઃܭ͸ແྉͰ࡞Εͳ͍
    • ແྉͰ͸ͳ͍ͷͰߟ͑Δ͕࣌ؒඞཁʹͳΔ͕ɺશମͷίετͷ
    ಺ɺ10-20%ఔ౓͸ઃܭʹ࢖ͬͯྑ͍ͱචऀ͸ݴ͍ͬͯΔɻ
    • ࠷ॳ͸஗ͯ͘΋ঃʑʹ্͕͍ͬͯ͘
    •
    

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31. Strategic Programming
    • Deep Module Λ࡞Δ
    • ద੾ʹϑΝΠϧΛ෼͚ͯɺద੾ʹϑΝΠϧΛ
    ౷߹͢Δ
    • ϨΠϠ͝ͱʹந৅Խͷํ਑Λม͑Δ
    • ྫ֎Λఆٛ͢Δ
    

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32. Deep Module Λ࡞Δ
    • ந৅Խͷ伴͸৘ใΛ࠷খݶʹߜΔ͜ͱ
    • Shallow Module Έ͍ͨͳ୯ʹ࣮૷͕؆୯Ͱத਎ͷബ͍Ϟδϡʔ
    ϧ͹͔ΓʹͳΔ͜ͱ͸ආ͚ͳ͚Ε͹͍͚ͳ͍
    • ΠϯλϑΣʔε͸γϯϓϧʹɺ࣮૷͸खް͘
    •
    

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33. Deep Module Λ࡞Δ
    • ྫ͑͹
    • Java I/O ΫϥεͷσβΠϯ͸ shallow
    module ʹͳ͍ͬͯΔ
    ͜Εࣗ਎͕ѱ͍ɺͱ͍͏༁Ͱ͸ͳ͍͕
    όοϑΝ͢Δ͔͠ͳ͍͔͕બ΂ΔσβΠϯ
    

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34. Deep Module Λ࡞Δ
    • ྫ͑͹
    • ΠϯλϑΣʔε͸Ұ൪Α͋͘ΔέʔεΛ୯७
    ʹ࢖͑ΔΑ͏ʹઃܭ͞Ε͍ͯΔ΂͖
    • ຆͲͷϢʔβʔ͕bufferͯ͠࢖͏͜ͱ͕جຊ
    ʹͳΔͷͰ͋Ε͹ɺͦΕ͕؆୯ʹͰ͖Δσ
    βΠϯͰ͋Δ΂͖
    

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35. ద੾ʹϑΝΠϧΛ෼͚Δ
    ద੾ʹϑΝΠϧΛ౷߹͢Δ
    • Ͳ͜Ͱ෼ׂͯ͠Ͳ͜Ͱ౷߹͢Δ͔͕Ұ൪جຊతͳઃܭ
    • ౷߹͢Δͱ͖:
    • ৘ใ͕ڞ༗͞ΕͯΔ࣌ (ྫ component 1 ͱ 2 ͸ಉ͡
    σʔλΛ࢖͏)
    • ΠϯλϑΣʔεΛγϯϓϧʹͰ͖Δ࣌
    • ॏෳΛഉআͰ͖Δ࣌
    

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36. ద੾ʹϑΝΠϧΛ෼͚Δ
    ద੾ʹϑΝΠϧΛ౷߹͢Δ
    • ෼ׂ͢Δ࣌
    • ໨త͕ҟͳΔ࣌: Ұൠతͳ΋ͷͱಛԽͨ͠΋ͷͰ෼͚Δɻ
    • ͦͷ୅ΘΓɺݺͼ෼͚ΔΑ͏ͳͷ͸ۃྗආ͚Δ
    •
    

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37. ϨΠϠ͝ͱʹந৅ԽΛม͑Δ
    • ϑΝΠϧγεςϜ
    • ௿ϨΠϠʹ͸HDDͷϒϩοΫ͕͋ͬͨΓɺσόΠευϥΠό͕ͦ
    ΕΛѻ͍ͬͯͨΓ͢Δ͕ɺߴϨΠϠͰ͸ͦΕΒΛҙࣝ͠ͳ͍Ͱѻ
    ͑ΔΑ͏ʹͳ͍ͬͯͨΓ͢Δɻ
    • ·ΕʹσʔλΛΩϟογϡ͢Δ૚΋͋ͬͨΓ͢Δɻ
    • ωοτϫʔΫɾϓϩτίϧ
    • TCP Ͱ৴པੑͷߴ͍ϓϩτίϧΛ࡞Γͭͭͦͷ্Ͱ͸ϨΠϠΛҙ
    ࣝ͠ͳ͍Α͏ʹͰ͖͍ͯΔ
    

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38. ϨΠϠ͝ͱʹந৅ԽΛม͑Δ
    • pass through ͸ආ͚Δ
    • pass through ݺͼग़ͨ͠ϝιου͕ผͳϝ
    ιουΛͨͩݺͿ͚ͩͷߦҝ
    • pass through ͸ϝιουΛ shallow ʹͯ͠
    ͠·͏
    

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39. ྫ֎Λఆٛ͢Δ
    • ྫ֎Λग़͢΂͖͔ʁ͔Βߟ͑Δ
    • ྫ֎ΛҿΈࠐΉ࢓૊Έ
    • ͪΌΜͱྫ֎ΛͱυΩϡϝϯτʹ࢒͢
    

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40. ྫ֎Λग़͢΂͖͔ʁ͔Βߟ͑Δ
    • ྫ: Tcl ͰͷؒҧͬͨσβΠϯ
    • unset ͱ͍͏ม਺ͷத਎Λ࡟আ͢Δ࢓૊ΈΛݴޠʹೖΕͨʢGC͕ͳ͍͔Β
    ࢖ͬͨม਺Λ࡟আͯ͠΄͍࣌͠ͷ࢓૊Έʣ
    • ͨͩ͠ɺະఆٛͷม਺Λ unset ͨ͠৔߹͸ϓϩάϥϛϯάͷόάͱͯ͠ྫ֎
    Λεϩʔ͢Δઃܭʹͯ͠͠·ͬͨɻ
    • ݁Ռͱͯ͠ɺͲͷม਺Λఆ͔ٛͨ͠ΛϓϩάϥϚʔ͕͍֮͑ͯͳ͍ͱ͍͚ͳ
    ͘ͳͬͯ͠·ͬͨɻ
    • catch Ͱશ෦ͬͯ͘͘ɺҰ୴ແࢹΈ͍ͨͳΞϯνύλʔϯ͕ੜ·Εͯ͠·ͬͨ
    

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41. ྫ֎Λग़͢΂͖͔ʁ͔Βߟ͑Δ
    • ྫ֎Λग़͞ͳ͍ઃܭ΋͋Δ
    • substring ϝιουʹ͍ͭͯߟ͑Δ
    • substring(start, end) Ͱ end < start ͩͬͨ࣌ʹྫ
    ֎Λεϩʔ͢Δ͔൱͔ʁ
    • Java ͸ྫ֎Λεϩʔ͢Δ͕ɺ Python ͸ۭͷจࣈ
    ྻΛฦ͢
    

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42. ྫ֎Λग़͢΂͖͔ʁ͔Βߟ͑Δ
    • Windows ͷϑΝΠϧγεςϜ͸࡟আର৅ͷϑΝΠ
    ϧ͕ಡࠐதͩͬͨ࣌ʹಡΈࠐΈ͕ऴΘΔ·Ͱ଴ͭ
    ͱ͍͏σβΠϯɺ݁Ռͱͯ͠γεςϜશମ͕ halt
    ͯ͠͠·͏
    • Unix ͷϑΝΠϧγεςϜ͸ͦ͏Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɺϑΝΠ
    ϧΛҰ୴ಡΊΔ৔ॴʹ֬อ͔ͯ͠ΒಡΈࠐΈͱॻ
    ͖ग़͠͸ผ్ߦ͏
    

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43. ྫ֎ΛҿΈࠐΉ
    • TCP͸ଟগͭͳ͕Βͳ͔ͬͨΓɺྫ֎తͳঢ়
    گʹͳͬͨͱͯ͠΋ࣗ෼ͷதͰղܾ͢Δ
    • ϦτϥΠͨ͠ΓɺޡΓగਖ਼ͨ͠Γ͢Δ
    • ຊ౰ʹແཧͳঢ়گʹͳͬͨͱ͖͚ͩྫ֎Λ
    ্͛Δ
    

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44. ྫ֎ΛҿΈࠐΉ
    • ͜͏͍͏ͱ͖͸ຊ౰ʹྫ֎తͳঢ়گͰ͋Γɺ
    ͦͷͱ͖͸Ұ୴Ϋϥογϡͤͯ͞ϦΧόϦ͢
    ΔͳΓɺͳΜͳΓͷରॲΛ্ҐϨΠϠʹٻΊ
    Δ
    

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45. ͪΌΜͱྫ֎ΛυΩϡϝϯτʹ
    ࢒͢
    • ͲΜͳঢ়گͷྫ֎ͳͷ͔Λ໌ه͢Δ
    • Կ͕ॏཁͰԿ͕ॏཁͰͳ͍͔Λॻ͔ͳ͍ͱ͍͚
    ͳ͍
    • ॏཁ͡Όͳ͍ྫ֎͸Ӆͤͳ͍͔Λݕ౼͢Δ΂͖
    • ॏཁͳྫ֎͸υΩϡϝϯτʹ໌ه͠ͳ͚Ε͹ͳ
    Βͳ͍
    

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46. design it twice
    

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47. ೋճઃܭ͠Ζ design it twice
    • ΤσΟλͷઃܭҰͭͱͬͯ΋ෳ਺ͷந৅Խͷઃܭ͕͋ΓಘΔ
    • ߦࢤ޲ͷΠϯλϑΣʔε
    • ྻࢤ޲ͷΠϯλϑΣʔε
    • จࣈྻࢤ޲ͷΠϯλϑΣʔε
    • ҰճͷઃܭͰ͢΂ͯͷϝϦοτͱσϝϦοτ͸Θ͔Βͳ͍
    • ઃܭ͸ೋճͯ͠ΈΔʢ࣌ؒͷڐ͢ݶΓʣ
    

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48. ·ͱΊ
    • Tactical Programming ͸΍ΊΑ͏
    • Strategic Programming Λਪ঑
    • ෳࡶ͞͸ґଘͱᐆດ͔͞Βى͖Δ
    • ෳࡶ͞͸มߋ૿େɺೝ஌ෛՙɺΑ͘஌Βͳ͍͜ͱΛ૿Ճͤ͞Δ
    • Strategic Programming ͸͜ΕΒΛߟ͑௚ͨ͢ΊͷҰॿͱͳΔ΋ͷ
    • ౤ࢿϚΠϯυͰߟ͑ͯϓϩάϥϛϯά͢Δ
    

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