Arabic grammar introduction verbs, the ten forms

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1. Arabic grammar - INTRODUCTION VERBS - FORMS
2. Introduction verbs Arabic verbs and nouns are formed by three letters that constitute the root. (There are only a few exceptions.) A root has a sort of general meaning. The specific meaning depends on the specific form the root has in a verb. Prefixes, suffixes and letters in between give more information about There are six important grammatical catagories for verbs: ◦ Person (first, second and third person) ◦ Gender (male or female) ◦ Number (one, two or more) ◦ Tense (past, present) ◦ Voice (active and passive) ◦ Mood (for the present tense: indicative, subjunctive, imperative, jussive, energetic) Also Arabic knows different patterns for the root of a verb, that change the meaning
3. Tenses, person, gender, number In this course you have already learned to recognize past and present tense in Arabic and the person, gender and number Voices and moods will be discussed later on in this course
4. Form Arabic roots can be found in ten different patterns that are called ‘forms’. The form determines a more specific meaning for a verb. ◦ Example: the root م ل ع In the first form this is the verb َمَلَع (to know) In the second form this is the verb َمَّلَع (to teach) In Arabic َلَعَف is the verb that is commonly used to show how the different forms look All these forms function as any other verb: they can be used in tenses, voices and moods.
5. These are the ten forms (with ََلَعَف in past tense) I َلَعَف II َلّعَف III َلَعاَف IV َلَعْفأ V َلَّعَفَت VI َلَعاَفَت VII َلَعَفْنِا VIII َلَعَتْفِا IX َّلَعْفِا X َلَعْفَتْسِا
6. Forms in the present tense •a/i type: I, II, III, IV, VII, VIII, X •a/a type: V, VI, IX •In present tense form I starts with the short vowel ‘a’ in the prefixes (yadrusu). This is not the case in all forms: ◦ Present tense starts with yu/tu/’u/nu: II, III, IV ◦ Present tense starts with ya/ta/’a/na: V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X •In what follows you will see the conjugations of each form
7. Form II (yu, a/i type, short vowel on first consonant, shudda on middle consonant) Perfect Imperfect baššara َرَّشَب He gave good news yubašširu ُرِّشَبُي He gives good news Baššarat ْت َرَّشَب She gave good news tubašširu ُرِّشَبُت She gives good news Baššarta َت ْرَّشَب You (male singular) gave good news tubašširu ُرِّشَبُت You (male singular) give good news Baššarti ِت ْرَّشَب You (female singular) gave good news tubašširīna ِ رِّشَبُت ََْي You (female singular) give good news Baššartu ُت ْرَّشَب I gave good news ʾubašširu ُرِّشَبُأ I give good news baššarū ا ْوُرَّشَب They (male plural) gave good news yubašširūna ُرِّشَبُي ََ ْو They (male plural) give good news baššarna ََ ْرَّشَب They (female plural) gave good news yubašširna ْرِّشَبُي ََ They (female plural) give good news baššartum ْمُت ْرَّشَب You (male plural) gave good news tubašširūna ُرِّشَبُت ََ ْو You (male plural) give good news baššartunna ََُّت ْرَّشَب You (female plural) gave good news tubašširna ْرِّشَبُت ََ You (female plural) give good news baššarnā اَن ْرَّشَب We gave good news nubašširu ُرِّشَبُن We give good news baššarā ا َرَّشَب They (male dual) gave good news yubašširāni َرِّشَبُي َِا They (male dual) give good news baššaratā اَت َرَّشَب They (female dual) gave good news tubašširāni َرِّشَبُت َِا They (female dual) give good news baššartumā َمُت ْرَّشَب ا You (dual ) gave good news tubašširāni َرِّشَبُت َِا You (dual ) give good news
8. Form III (yu, a/i type, alif after first consonant) Perfect Imperfect ǧaʾhada َدَهاَج He struggled yuǧaʾhidu ُدِهاَجُي He struggles ǧaʾhadat ْتَدَهاَج She struggled tuǧaʾhidu ُدِهاَجُت She struggles ǧaʾhadta َتْدَهاَج You (male singular) struggled tuǧaʾhidu ُدِهاَجُت You (male singular) struggle ǧaʾhadti ِتْدَهاَج You (female singular) struggled tuǧaʾhidīna ََيِدِهاَجُت You (female singular) struggle ǧaʾhadtu ُتْدَهاَج I struggled ʾuǧaʾhidu ُدِهاَجُأ I struggle ǧaʾhadū اوُدَهاَج They (male plural) struggled yuǧaʾhidūna ََوُدِهاَجُي They (male plural) struggle ǧaʾhadna ََْدَهاَج They (female plural) struggled yuǧaʾhidna ََْدِهاَجُي They (female plural) struggle ǧaʾhadtum ْمُتْدَهاَج You (male plural) struggled tuǧaʾhidūna ََوُدِهاَجُت You (male plural) struggle ǧaʾhadtunna ََُّتْدَهاَج You (female plural) struggled tuǧaʾhidna ََْدِهاَجُت You (female plural) struggle ǧaʾhadnā اَنْدَهاَج We struggled nuǧaʾhidu ُدِهاَجُن We struggle ǧaʾhadā اَدَهاَج They (male dual) struggled yuǧaʾhidāni َِاَدِهاَجُي They (male dual) struggle ǧaʾhadatā اَتَدَهاَج They (female dual) struggled tuǧaʾhidāni َِاَدِهاَجُت They (female dual) struggle ǧaʾhadtumā اَمُتْدَهاَج You (dual ) struggled tuǧaʾhidāni َِاَدِهاَجُت You (dual ) struggle
9. Form IV (yu, a/i type, past tense starts with an alif, imperfect sukun on the first consonant) Perfect Imperfect ʾarsala َلَس ْرَأ He sent yursilu ُلِس ْرُي He sends ʾarsalat ْتَلَس ْرَأ She sent tursilu ُلِس ْرُت She sends ʾarsalta َتْلَس ْرَأ You (male singular) sent tursilu ُلِس ْرُت You (male singular) send ʾarsalti ِتْلَس ْرَأ You (female singular) sent tursilīna يِلِس ْرُت ََ You (female singular) send ʾarsaltu ُتْلَس ْرَأ I sent ʾursilu ُلِس ْرُأ I send ʾarsalū اوُلَس ْرَأ They (male plural) sent yursilūna ََوُلِس ْرُي They (male plural) send ʾarsalna ََْلَس ْرَأ They (female plural) sent yursilna ََْلِس ْرُي They (female plural) send ʾarsaltum ُتْلَس ْرَأ ْم You (male plural) sent tursilūna ََوُلِس ْرُت You (male plural) send ʾarsaltunna ُتْلَس ْرَأ ََّ You (female plural) sent tursilna ََْلِس ْرُت You (female plural) send ʾarsalnā َنْلَس ْرَأ ا We sent nursilu ُلِس ْرُن We send ʾarsalā َلَس ْرَأ They (male dual) sent yursilāni ََِلِس ْرُي They (male dual) send ʾarsalatā َتَلَس ْرَأ ا They (female dual) sent tursilāni ََِلِس ْرُت They (female dual) send ʾarsaltumā ُتْلَس ْرَأ اَم You (dual ) sent tursilāni ََِلِس ْرُت You (dual ) send
10. Form V (ya, a/a type, ta before first consonant, shudda on middle consonant. Short vowel on first consonant in imperfect) Perfect Imperfect tafakkara َرَّكَفَت He thought over yatafakkaru َّكَفَتَي ُر He thinks over tafakkarat ْت َرَّكَفَت She thought over tatafakkaru َّكَفَتَت ُر She thinks over tafakkarta َت ْرَّكَفَت You (male singular) thought over tatafakkaru َّكَفَتَت ُر You (male singular) think over tafakkarti ِت ْرَّكَفَت You (female singular) thought over tatafakkarīna َّكَفَتَت ََي ِر You (female singular) think over tafakkartu ُت ْرَّكَفَت I thought over ʾatafakkaru ُرَّكَفَتَأ I think over tafakkarū وُرَّكَفَت ا They (male plural) thought over yatafakkarūna َّكَفَتَي ََوُر They (male plural) think over tafakkarna ََ ْرَّكَفَت They (female plural) thought over yatafakkarna َّكَفَتَي ََ ْر They (female plural) think over tafakkartum ُت ْرَّكَفَت ْم You (male plural) thought over tatafakkarūna َّكَفَتَت ََوُر You (male plural) think over tafakkartunna ُت ْرَّكَفَت ََّ You (female plural) thought over tatafakkarna َّكَفَتَت ََ ْر You (female plural) think over tafakkarnā َن ْرَّكَفَت ا We thought over natafakkaru َّكَفَتَن ُر We think over tafakkarā ا َرَّكَفَت They (male dual) thought over yatafakkarāni َّكَفَتَي َِا َر They (male dual) think over tafakkaratā َت َرَّكَفَت ا They (female dual) thought over tatafakkarāni َّكَفَتَت َِا َر They (female dual) think over tafakkartumā ُت ْرَّكَفَت اَم You (dual ) thought over tatafakkarāni َّكَفَتَت َِا َر You (dual ) think over
11. Form VI (ya, a/a type, ta before first consonant, alif after first consonant) Perfect Imperfect tabaʾraka َك َراَبَت He was blessed yatabaʾraku ُك َراَبَتَي He is blessed tabaʾrakat ْتَكَراَبَت She was blessed tatabaʾraku ُك َراَبَتَت She is blessed tabaʾrakta َتْكَراَبَت You (male singular) were blessed tatabaʾraku ُك َراَبَتَت You (male singular) are blessed tabaʾrakti ِتْكَراَبَت You (female singular) were blessed tatabaʾrakīna ََيِكَراَبَتَت You (female singular) are blessed tabaʾraktu ُتْكَراَبَت I was blessed ʾatabaʾraku ُك َراَبَتَأ I am blessed tabaʾrakū اوُكَراَبَت They (male plural) were blessed yatabaʾrakūna ََوُكَراَبَتَي They (male plural) are blessed tabaʾrakna ََْكَراَبَت They (female plural) were blessed yatabaʾrakna ََْكَراَبَتَي They (female plural) are blessed tabaʾraktum ْمُتْكَراَبَت You (male plural) were blessed tatabaʾrakūna ََوُكَراَبَتَت You (male plural) are blessed tabaʾraktunna ََُّتْكَراَبَت You (female plural) were blessed tatabaʾrakna ََْكَراَبَتَت You (female plural) are blessed tabaʾraknā اَنْكَراَبَت We were blessed natabaʾraku ُك َراَبَتَن We are blessed tabaʾrakā اَكَراَبَت They (male dual) were blessed yatabaʾrakāni َِاَكَراَبَتَي They (male dual) are blessed tabaʾrakatā اَتَكَراَبَت They (female dual) were blessed tatabaʾrakāni َِاَكَراَبَتَت They (female dual) are blessed tabaʾraktumā َمُتْكَراَبَت ا You (dual ) were blessed tatabaʾrakāni َِاَكَراَبَتَت You (dual) are blessed
12. Form VII (ya, a/i type, (alif) nun before first consonant. Short vowel on first consonant in imperfect) Perfect Imperfect ʾinqalaba َبَلَقْنِا He turned away yanqalibu ُبِلَقْنَي He turns away ʾinqalabat ْتَبَلَقْنِا She turned away tanqalibu ُبِلَقْنَت She turns away ʾinqalabta َتْبَلَقْنِا You (male singular) turned away tanqalibu ُبِلَقْنَت You (male singular) turn away ʾinqalabti ِتْبَلَقْنِا You (female singular) turned away tanqalibīna ََيِبِلَقْنَت You (female singular) turn away ʾinqalabtu ُتْبَلَقْنِا I turned away ʾanqalibu ُبِلَقْنَأ I turn away ʾinqalabū اوُبَلَقْنِا They (male plural) turned away yanqalibūna ََوُبِلَقْنَي They (male plural) turn away ʾinqalabna ََْبَلَقْنِا They (female plural) turned away yanqalibna ََْبِلَقْنَي They (female plural) turn away ʾinqalabtum ُتْبَلَقْنِا ْم You (male plural) turned away tanqalibūna ََوُبِلَقْنَت You (male plural) turn away ʾinqalabtunna ُتْبَلَقْنِا ََّ You (female plural) turned away tanqalibna ََْبِلَقْنَت You (female plural) turn away ʾinqalabnā َنْبَلَقْنِا ا We turned away nanqalibu ُبِلَقْنَن We turn away ʾinqalabā اَبَلَقْنِا They (male dual) turned away yanqalibāni َِاَبِلَقْنَي They (male dual) turn away ʾinqalabatā َتَبَلَقْنِا ا They (female dual) turned away tanqalibāni َِاَبِلَقْنَت They (female dual) turn away ʾinqalabtumā ُتْبَلَقْنِا اَم You (dual ) turned away tanqalibāni َِاَبِلَقْنَت You (dual ) turn away
13. Form VIII (ya, a/i type, ta after first consonant, alif before first consonant in perfect, sukun on first consonant in imperfect) Perfect Imperfect ʾiḫtalafa َفَلَتْخِا He differed yaḫtalifu ُفِلَتْخَي He differs ʾiḫtalafat ْتَفَلَتْخِا She differed taḫtalifu ُفِلَتْخَت She differs ʾiḫtalafta َتْفَلَتْخِا You (male singular) differed taḫtalifu ُفِلَتْخَت You (male singular) differ ʾiḫtalafti ِتْفَلَتْخِا You (female singular) differed taḫtalifīna ََيِفِلَتْخَت You (female singular) differ ʾiḫtalaftu ُتْفَلَتْخِا I differed ʾaḫtalifu ُفِلَتْخَأ I differ ʾiḫtalafū وُفَلَتْخِا ا They (male plural) differed yaḫtalifūna ََوُفِلَتْخَي They (male plural) differ ʾiḫtalafna ََْفَلَتْخِا They (female plural) differed yaḫtalifna ََْفِلَتْخَي They (female plural) differ ʾiḫtalaftum ُتْفَلَتْخِا ْم You (male plural) differed taḫtalifūna ََوُفِلَتْخَت You (male plural) differ ʾiḫtalaftunna ُتْفَلَتْخِا ََّ You (female plural) differed taḫtalifna ََْفِلَتْخَت You (female plural) differ ʾiḫtalafnā َنْفَلَتْخِا ا We differed naḫtalifu ُفِلَتْخَن We differ ʾiḫtalafā اَفَلَتْخِا They (male dual) differed yaḫtalifāni َِاَفِلَتْخَي They (male dual) differ ʾiḫtalafatā َتَفَلَتْخِا ا They (female dual) differed taḫtalifāni َِاَفِلَتْخَت They (female dual) differ ʾiḫtalaftumā ُتْفَلَتْخِا اَم You (dual ) differed taḫtalifāni َِاَفِلَتْخَت You (dual) differ
14. Form IX (ya, a/a type, shudda on the last consonant. past tense starts with an alif, imperfect sukun on the first consonant) Perfect Imperfect ʾiḥmarra َّرَمْحِا He became red yaḥmarru رَمْحَي He becomes red ʾiḥmarrat ْتَّرَمْحِا She became red taḥmarru رَمْحَت She becomes red ʾiḥmararta َت ْر َرَمْحِا You (male singular) became red taḥmarru رَمْحَت You (male singular) become red ʾiḥmararti ِت ْر َرَمْحِا You (female singular) became red taḥmarrīna ََْي ِّرَمْحَت You (female singular) become red ʾiḥmarartu ُت ْر َرَمْحِا I became red ʾaḥmarru رَمْحَأ I become red ʾiḥmarrū ا ْو رَمْحِا They (male plural) became red yaḥmarrūna ََ ْو رَمْحَي They (male plural) become red ʾiḥmararna ََ ْر َرَمْحِا They (female plural) became red yaḥmarirna ََ ْر ِ رَمْحَي They (female plural) become red ʾiḥmarartum ُت ْر َرَمْحِا ْم You (male plural) became red taḥmarrūna ََ ْو رَمْحَت You (male plural) become red ʾiḥmarartunna ُت ْر َرَمْحِا ََّ You (female plural) became red taḥmarirna ََ ْر ِ رَمْحَت You (female plural) become red ʾiḥmararnā اَن ْر َرَمْحِا We became red naḥmarru رَمْحَن We become red ʾiḥmarrā اَّرَمْحِا They (male dual) became red yaḥmarrāni َِاَّرَمْحَي They (male dual) become red ʾiḥmarratā اَتَّرَمْحِا They (female dual) became red taḥmarrāni َِاَّرَمْحَت They (female dual) become red ʾiḥmarartumā ُت ْر َرَمْحِا اَم You (dual ) became red taḥmarrāni َِاَّرَمْحَت You (dual) become red
15. Form X (ya, a/i type, (alif) sin ta before first consonant, sukun on first consonant in imperfect) Perfect Imperfect ʾistaḡfara َفْغَتْسِا َر He asked for forgiveness yastaḡfiru ِفْغَتْسَي ُر He asks forgiveness ʾistaḡfarat َفْغَتْسِا ْت َر She asked for forgiveness tastaḡfiru ِفْغَتْسَت ُر She ask forgiveness ʾistaḡfarta َفْغَتْسِا َت ْر You (male singular) asked for forgiveness tastaḡfiru ِفْغَتْسَت ُر You (male singular) ask forgiveness ʾistaḡfarti َفْغَتْسِا ِت ْر You (female singular) asked for forgiveness tastaḡfirīna ِفْغَتْسَت ََي ِ ر You (female singular) ask forgiveness ʾistaḡfartu َفْغَتْسِا ُت ْر I asked for forgiveness ʾastaḡfiru ُرِفْغَتْسَأ I ask forgiveness ʾistaḡfarū َفْغَتْسِا اوُر They (male plural) asked for forgiveness yastaḡfirūna ِفْغَتْسَي ََوُر They (male plural) ask forgiveness ʾistaḡfarna َفْغَتْسِا ََ ْر They (female plural) asked for forgiveness yastaḡfirna ِفْغَتْسَي ََ ْر They (female plural) ask forgiveness ʾistaḡfartum َفْغَتْسِا ْمُت ْر You (male plural) asked for forgiveness tastaḡfirūna ِفْغَتْسَت ََوُر You (male plural) ask forgiveness ʾistaḡfartunna َفْغَتْسِا ََُّت ْر You (female plural) asked for forgiveness tastaḡfirna ِفْغَتْسَت ََ ْر You (female plural) ask forgiveness ʾistaḡfarnā َفْغَتْسِا اَن ْر We asked for forgiveness nastaḡfiru ُرِفْغَتْسَن We ask forgiveness ʾistaḡfarā َفْغَتْسِا ا َر They (male dual) asked for forgiveness yastaḡfirāni ِفْغَتْسَي َِا َر They (male dual) ask forgiveness ʾistaḡfaratā َفْغَتْسِا اَتَر They (female dual) asked for forgiveness tastaḡfirāni ِفْغَتْسَت َِا َر They (female dual) ask forgiveness ʾistaḡfartumā َفْغَتْسِا اَمُت ْر You (dual ) asked for forgiveness tastaḡfirāni ِفْغَتْسَت َِا َر You (dual) ask forgiveness
16. Sources Alhawary, M. T. (2011). Modern Standard Arabic Grammar: A Learner's Guide. John Wiley & Sons. Ryding, K. C. (2005). A reference grammar of modern standard Arabic. Cambridge University Press. Stoetzer, W. F. G. J. (1991). Arabische grammatica in schema's en regels. Coutinho.