Arabic grammar past and present tense

Transcript

1. ARABIC GRAMMAR Past tense and present tense
2. CONJUNCTION OF VERBS  There is no infinitive. The stem of a verb is the third person singular version of the verb. This is the form you will find in lists or dictionaries.  Unlike in English, in Arabic the subject (they, you, he, she, we or I) is part of the verb by the use of prefixes and/or suffixes  When the subject is more specific than they, you, he, she, we or I, the subject is mentioned after the verb. So ‘Muhammad said’ is: دمحم لاق  The past tense is called يضاملا  The present tense is called عراضملا
3. IN THE PAST TENSE THESE SUFFIXES ARE USED: - No suffix Third person – male – singular (= he) او Third person – male – plural(= they) ْ ت Third person – female – singular (= she) ْن Third person – female – plural (= they) َْت Second person – male - singular (= you) ْمت Second person – male – plural (= you) ِْت Second person – female - singular (= you) ْنت Second person – female – plural (=you) ُْت First person - singular (= I) ان First person – plural (=we)
4. USING THE WORD َسَرَد (TO STUDY), THE PAST TENSE LOOKS LIKE THIS: ْ َسَرَد He studied Third person – male – singular سَرَد او They studied Third person – male - plural َْسَرَد ْ ت She studied Third person – female - singular ْ سَرَد َْن They studied Third person – female - plural ْ سَرَد َْت You studied Second person – male - singular ْ سَرَد ْ مُت You studied Second person – male - plural ْ سَرَد ِْت You studied Second person – female - singular ْ سَرَد ْ نُت You studied Second person – female - plural ْ سَرَد ُْت I studied First person - singular ْ سَرَد ان We studied First person - plural
5. THE PRESENT TENSE USES PREFIXES AND / OR SUFFIXES AND CHANGES OF VOWELS:  It uses prefixes and /or suffixes  It uses changes of vowels  The third person female singular and the second person male singular are the same
6. USING THE WORD َسَرَد (TO STUDY), THE PRESENT TENSE LOOKS LIKE THIS: ْ َي ُْسُر د He studies Third person – male – singular ْ َي سُر د َْنو They studied Third person – male - plural ْ َت ُْسُر د She studies Third person – female - singular ْ َي ْ سُر د َْن They studied Third person – female - plural ْ َت ُْسُر د You study Second person – male - singular ْ َت سُر د َْنو You studied Second person – male - plural ْ َت سُر د َْني You study Second person – female - singular ت ْ سُر د َْن You study Second person – female - plural ْ َأ ُْسُر د I study First person - singular ْ َن ُْسُر د We study First person – plural
7. DUAL FORMS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT TENSE Past tense Present tense َْسَرَد ا They (dual, male) studied Third person – male – dual ْ َي سُر د ِْنا they (dual, male) study Third person – male – dual َْسَرَد اَت They (dual, female) studied Third person – female – dual ْ َت سُر د ِْنا They (dual, female) study Third person – female – dual َْسَرَد امُت You (dual) studied Second person - dual ْ َت سُر د ِْنا You (dual) study Second person - dual
8. FUTURE  There is no future tense in Arabic, but it is expressed with help of the prefixe َس or the word َفْو َ س.  Example:بتكي فوس (he will write) بتكيس (he will write)
9. SOURCES  Stoetzer, W. F. G. J. (1991). Arabische grammatica in schema's en regels. Coutinho.  http://allthearabicyouneverlearnedthefirsttime around.com/p2/p2-ch1/sound-verbs-form-i/