Arabic grammar past and present tense2

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1. Past tense & present tense; regular verbs ARABIC GRAMMAR
2. Conjunction of verbs Arabic knows no infinitive (like ‘to do’, ‘to go’, etc. in English). The stem of a verb is the third person singular version of the verb (like ََلَعَف and ََبَهَذ). This is the form you will find in lists or dictionaries. Unlike in English, in Arabic the subject (they, you, he, she, we or I) is part of the verb by the use of prefixes and/or suffixes When the subject is more specific than they, you, he, she, we or I, the subject is mentioned after the verb. So ‘Muhammad said’ is: دمحمَلاق The past tense is called يضاملا The present tense is called َعراضملا
3. Past tense uses these suffixes: - No suffix Third person – male – singular (= he) او Third person – male – plural(= they) َ ت Third person – female – singular (= she) َن Third person – female – plural (= they) ََت Second person – male - singular (= you) َمت Second person – male – plural (= you) َِت Second person – female - singular (= you) َنت Second person – female – plural (=you) َُت First person - singular (= I) ان First person – plural (=we)
4. With the word َ سَرَد (to study), the past tense looks like this: َ َس َرَد He studied Third person – male – singular َاوسَرَد They studied Third person – male - plural َ تَسَرَد She studied Third person – female - singular ََن سَرَد They studied Third person – female - plural َ َت سَرَد You studied Second person – male - singular َ مُت سَرَد You studied Second person – male - plural َِت سَرَد You studied Second person – female - singular َ نُت سَرَد You studied Second person – female - plural َُت سَرَد I studied First person - singular ان سَرَد We studied First person - plural
5. The present tense It uses prefixes and /or suffixes to indicate the subject It uses changes of vowels The third person female singular and the second person male singular are the same
6. Using the word َسَرَد (to study), the present tense looks like this: َُسُر دَي He studies Third person – male – singular ََنوسُر دَي They studied Third person – male - plural َُسُر دَت She studies Third person – female - singular ََن سُر دَي They studied Third person – female - plural َُسُر دَت You study Second person – male - singular ََنوسُر دَت You studied Second person – male - plural ََنيسُر دَت You study Second person – female - singular ََن سُر دت You study Second person – female - plural َُسُر دَأ I study First person - singular َُسُر دَن We study First person – plural
7. Dual forms of the past and present tense Arabic knows a dual form. (in present tense 3rd person female dual and 2nd person dual look the same). Past tense Present tense اَس َرَد They (dual, male) studied Third person – male – dual َِناسُر دَي they (dual, male) study Third person – male – dual اَتَس َرَد They (dual, female) studied Third person – female – dual َِناسُر دَت They (dual, female) study Third person – female – dual امُتَس َرَد You (dual) studied Second person - dual َِناسُر دَت You (dual) study Second person - dual
8. Different types of regular verbs There are some differences in the short vowels of regular verbs. There are five types. ◦ a/u : This is the type we have already seen. In past tense it is characterized by the vowel a (darasa), in the present tense by the vowel u (yadrusu) ◦ Verbs in the 80% of the Quran course of this type: ََرَصَن, ََغَلَب, ََك َرَت, ََرَشَح, َ َمَكَح, ََج َرَخ, َ َدَلَخ, ََقَلَخ, ََلَخَد, ََرَكَذ, ََق َز َر, َ َدَجَس, ََرَعَش, ََرَكَش, ََقَدَص, َ َدَبَع, ََقَسَف, ََلَتَق, َ َدَعَق, ََبَتَك, ََرَكَم, ََرَظَن, ََ س َرَد ◦ Verbs in the 90% of the Quran course of this type: َ َمَتَك, ََخَفَن, َ َطَسَب, ََنَكَس, َ َمَع َز, ََكَلَس ◦ a/i: Past tense is characterized by the vowel a and is thus formed exactly like the past tense that we have already seen. The present tense is characterized by the vowel i (yakfiru). ◦ Verbs in the 80% of the Quran course of this type:ََرَفَك, ََب َرَض, ََلَمَح, ََرَبَص, َ َمَلَظ, ََف َرَع, ََلَقَع, ََرَفَغ, ََرَدَق, ََبَذَك, ََبَسَك, ََكَلَم ◦ Verbs in the 90% of the Quran course of this type: ََعَجَر, ََنَتَف, ََقَبَس, ََبَلَغ, ََف َرَص, ََلَدَع, ََفَشَك, ََحَكَن, ََفَلَح, ََ ض َرَع
9. Different types of regular verbs ◦ a/a: past tense is again the same, characterized by the a. The present tense is characterized by the vowel a (yaf’alu) ◦ Verbs of the 80% of the Quran course of this type:ََلَعَف, ََحَتَف, ََثَعَب, ََلَعَج, ََعَمَج, ََبَهَذ, ََعَفَر, ََرَحَس, ََحَلَص, ََنَعَل, ََعَفَن ◦ Verbs of the 90% of the Quran course of this type: ََعَنَص, َ َدَحَج, ََعَطَق, ََعَنَم, ََعَبَط ◦ i/a: past tense is characterized by the i (‘amila). The present tense is characterized by the vowel a, just like the above mentioned type. ◦ Verbs of the 80% of the Quran course of this type: ََعِمَس, ََن ِ زَح, ََبِسَح, َ َظِفَح, ََرِسَخ, َ َم ِح َر, َ َدِهَش, َ َمِلَع, ََلِمَع, َ َه ِ رَك ◦ Verbs of the 90% of the Quran course of this type: ََثِبَل, َ َهِقَف, ََح ِ رَف, ََب ِ رَش, َ َطِبَح, ََرِذَح, ََر ِخَس, ََ سِبَل ◦ u/u: past tense is characterized by the u (basura). The present tense is characterized by the vowel u, just like the first type (a/u). ◦ Verbs of the 80% of the Quran course of this type: ََرُصَب ◦ Verbs of the 90% of the Quran course of this type: ََبُرَق
10. Conjugating the a/i type Perfect Imperfect kafara ََرَفَك He disbelieved yakfiru َُرِف كَي He disbelieves kafarat َ تَرَفَك She disbelieved takfiru َُرِف كَت She disbelieves kafarta ََت رَفَك You (male singular) disbelieved takfiru َُرِف كَت You (male singular) disbelieve kafarti َِت رَفَك You (female singular) disbelieved takfirīna َ ي ِرِف كَت ََن You (female singular) disbelieve kafartu َُت رَفَك I disbelieved ʾakfiru َُرِف كَأ I disbelieve kafarū ا وُرَفَك They (male plural) disbelieved yakfirūna َ وُرِف كَي ََن They (male plural) disbelieve kafarna ََن رَفَك They (female plural) disbelieved yakfirna ََن رِف كَي They (female plural) disbelieve kafartum َ مُت رَفَك You (male plural) disbelieved takfirūna َ وُرِف كَت ََن You (male plural) disbelieve kafartunna َ نُت رَفَك You (female plural) disbelieved takfirna ََن رِف كَت You (female plural) disbelieve kafarnā اَن رَفَك We disbelieved nakfiru َُرِف كَن We disbelieve kafarā ا َرَفَك They (male dual) disbelieved yakfirāni ا َرِف كَي َِن They (male dual) disbelieve kafaratā اَت َرَفَك They (female dual) disbelieved takfirāni ا َرِف كَت َِن They (female dual) disbelieve kafartumā اَمُت رَفَك You (dual ) disbelieved takfirāni ا َرِف كَت َِن You (dual ) disbelieve
11. Conjugating the a/a type Perfect Imperfect faʿala ََلَعَف He did yafʿalu َ ُلَع فَي He does faʿalat َ تَلَعَف She did tafʿalu َ ُلَع فَت She does faʿalta ََت لَعَف You (male singular) did tafʿalu َ ُلَع فَت You (male singular) do faʿalti َِت لَعَف You (female singular) did tafʿalīna َ ِلَع فَت ََن ي You (female singular) do faʿaltu َُت لَعَف I did ʾafʿalu َ ُلَع فُأ I do faʿalū ا وُلَعَف They (male plural) did yafʿalūna َ ُلَع فَي ََن و They (male plural) do faʿalna ََن لَعَف They (female plural) did yafʿalna َ لَع فَي ََن They (female plural) do faʿaltum َ مُت لَعَف You (male plural) did tafʿalūna َ ُلَع فَت ََن و You (male plural) do faʿaltunna َ نُت لَعَف You (female plural) did tafʿalna َ لَع فَت ََن You (female plural) do faʿalnā اَن لَعَف We did nafʿalu َ ُلَع فُن We do faʿalā ََ لَعَف They (male dual) did yafʿalāni ََ لَع فَي َِن They (male dual) do faʿalatā اَتَلَعَف They (female dual) did tafʿalāni ََ لَع فَت َِن They (female dual) do faʿaltumā َ َمُت لَعَف ا You (dual ) did tafʿalāni ََ لَع فَت َِن You (dual ) do
12. Conjugating the i/a type Perfect Imperfect ʿamila ََلِمَع He worked yaʿmalu َ ُلَم عَي He works ʿamilat َ تَلِمَع She worked taʿmalu َ ُلَم عَت She works ʿamilta ََت لِمَع You (male singular) worked taʿmalu َ ُلَم عَت You (male singular) work ʿamilti َِت لِمَع You (female singular) worked taʿmalīna َ ِلَم عَت ََني You (female singular) work ʿamiltu َُت لِمَع I worked ʾaʿmalu َ ُلَم عَأ I work ʿamilū اوُلِمَع They (male plural) worked yaʿmalūna َ ُلَم عَي ََنو They (male plural) work ʿamilna ََن لِمَع They (female plural) worked yaʿmalna َ لَم عَي ََن They (female plural) work ʿamiltum َ مُت لِمَع You (male plural) worked taʿmalūna َ ُلَم عَت ََنو You (male plural) work ʿamiltunna َ نُت لِمَع You (female plural) worked taʿmalna َ لَم عَت ََن You (female plural) work ʿamilnā اَن لِمَع We worked naʿmalu َ ُلَم عَن We work ʿamilā َ َلِمَع They (male dual) worked yaʿmalāni َ َلَم عَي َِن They (male dual) work ʿamilatā اَتَلِمَع They (female dual) worked taʿmalāni َ َلَم عَت َِن They (female dual) work ʿamiltumā اَمُت لِمَع You (dual ) worked taʿmalāni َ َلَم عَت َِن You (dual ) work
13. Conjugating the u/u type (only the blue ones occur in the Quran) Perfect Imperfect baṣura ََرُصَب He watched yabṣuru َ ُص بَي َُر He watches baṣurat َ تَرُصَب She watched tabṣuru َ ُص بَت َُر She watches baṣurta ََت رُصَب You (male singular) watched tabṣuru صْبَت ر You (male singular) watch baṣurti َِت رُصَب You (female singular) watched tabṣurīna َ ُص بَت ََني ِ ر You (female singular) watch baṣurtu َُت رُصَب I watched ʾabṣuru َُرُص بَأ I watch baṣurū اوُرُصَب They (male plural) watched yabṣurūna َ ُص بَي ََنوُر They (male plural) watch baṣurna ََن رُصَب They (female plural) watched yabṣurna َ ُص بَي ََن ر They (female plural) watch baṣurtum َ مُت رُصَب You (male plural) watched tabṣurūna َ ُص بَت ََنوُر You (male plural) watch baṣurtunna َ نُت رُصَب You (female plural) watched tabṣurna َ ُص بَت ََن ر You (female plural) watch baṣurnā اَن رُصَب We watched nabṣuru َُرُص بَن We watch baṣurā اَرُصَب They (male dual) watched yabṣurāni َ ُص بَي َِناَر They (male dual) watch baṣuratā اَت َرُصَب They (female dual) watched tabṣurāni َ ُص بَت َِناَر They (female dual) watch baṣurtumā َ َمُت رُصَب ا You (dual ) watched tabṣurāni َ ُص بَت َِناَر You (dual ) watch