Arabic grammar moods

Transcript

1. MOOD: INDICATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, JUSSIVE AND ENERGETIC Arabic Grammar
2. INTRODUCTION  We have seen different important grammatical categories for verbs:  Person (first, second and third person)  Gender (male or female)  Number (one, two or more)  Tense (past, present)  Voice (active and passive)  Mood (for the present tense: indicative, subjunctive, imperative, jussive, energetic)  Forms  So far we have discussed period, gender, number, tense, voice and forms. Now we will discuss the mood, starting with the indicative, subjunctive and jussive. This presentation wil end with the energetic. The imperative wil be treated in a seperate presentation.
3. MOODS  The present tense can occur in three kind of moods: the indicative, subjunctive and jussive (past tense has no moods)  You can recognize them by the ending of the verb.  The indicative is the ‘normal’ kind of mood. The verbs in the present tense we have seen so far, are in the indicative mood.  In some contexts a verb can be placed in the subjnunctive or jussive mood.
4. INDICATIVE  Indicative: this is the basic mood. Used for factual statements, straightforward questions and (in combination with َ س or the َ فْو س) for the future.  Features: the normal features of the present tense:  short u vowel at the end for 1-s, 1-p, 2-m-s, 3-f-s 3-m- s (example: ُُسُرْدَي )  full suffixes at the end َُنو- (3-m-p, 2-m-p) َُني- (2-f-s) َُن- (3-f-p, 2-f-p) andُِنا– (dual forms)
5. PRESENT TENSE (INDICATIVE) ُ َي ُُسُرْد He studies Third person – male – singular ُ َي ُرْد َُنو They studied Third person – male - plural ُ َت ُُسُرْد She studies Third person – female - singular ُ َي ُْ ُرْد َُن They studied Third person – female - plural ُ َت ُُسُرْد You study Second person – male - singular ُ َت ُرْد َُنو You studied Second person – male - plural ُ َت ُرْد َُني You study Second person – female - singular ت ُْ ُرْد َُن You study Second person – female - plural ُ َأ ُُسُرْد I study First person - singular ُ َن ُُسُرْد We study First person – plural
6. DUAL FORMS OF THE PRESEN TENSE (INDICATIVE) Present tense ُ َي ُرْد ُِنا they (dual, male) study Third person – male – dual ُ َت ُرْد ُِنا They (dual, female) study Third person – female – dual ُ َت ُرْد ُِنا You (dual) study Second person - dual
7. SUBJUNCTIVE USAGE  1. used for attitudes towards the action of the verb (for example: wishing, doubt, desire, intent) Example: he writes (indic.) -> he may write (subjun.)  2. After a number of particles, the verb that follows is always in the subjunctive mood. A few important particles of them are:  ُْنَل (‘not’ for future)  ُِل (for), يَكِل (in order to), ىَّتَح (until) (= particles that express purpose)  ُْنَأ (that) (=particle that subordinates a part of a sentence to a main sentence)
8. FEATURES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE  Features: the endings of the present tense change somewhat:  short a vowel (in stead of u) at the end for 1-s, 1- p, 2-m-s, 3-f-s 3-m-s (example: َُسُرْدَي)  The nun is left out in the long suffixes. They become: او- (3-m-p, 2-m-p) ي- (2-f-s) andُا– (dual forms). َُن- (3-f-p, 2-f-p) stays the same.
9. PRESENT TENSE (SUBJUNCTIVE) َُسُرْدَي Third person – male – singular ُرْدَي او Third person – male - plural َُسُرْدَت Third person – female - singular َُنْ ُرْدَي Third person – female - plural َُسُرْدَت Second person – male - singular ُرْدَت او Second person – male – plural ُِ ُرْدَت ي Second person – female - singular َُنْ ُرْدت Second person – female - plural َُسُرْدَأ First person - singular َُسُرْدَن First person – plural Dual Forms: َُ ُرْدَي ا Third person – male – dual َُ ُرْدَت ا Third person – female – dual َُ ُرْدَت ا Second person – dual
10. SUBJUNCTIVE EXAMPLES  ُِه ۡيَلَعُ ٰ ىَف ۡ خَيُ َ لَ(part of 3:5) “Not is hidden from him” 3-m-s, present tense (form I) ‘a’ like sounding vowel at the end -> subjunctive  ُ ٰٰٓ ىَحوُيُاَم (part of 7:203) “what is inspired” IV 3-m-s, present tense (form IV) ‘a’ like sounding vowel at the end -> subjunctive  ُ َّ لََأ ُ ْاوُطِ ۡقُت (part of 4:3) “you will not be able to do justice” 2-m-p, present tense (form IV) shortened vowel at the end -> subjunctive  ُۡمُكَرِّهَطُيِل (part of 5:6) “to purify you” 3-m-s, present tense (form II). Prefix ُِل and ‘a’ vowel at the end -> subjunctive
11. JUSSIVE USAGE  1. after ُ ْمَل (not)  2. after َُ لَ (no)  3. after the prefix ُْلُ،ِل (this gives meanings like ‘to let (somebody) do’, ‘to let (somebody) write’, etc.  4. in conditional sentences (when/if… than…)  Also used to make the imperative (see the multimedia level about the imperative)
12. FEATURES OF THE JUSSIVE  Features: the endings of the present tense change somewhat:  No short vowel (in stead of u or a) at the end for 1-s, 1-p, 2-m-s, 3-f-s 3-m-s (example: ُْسُرْدَي)  Just like the subjunctive: the nun is left out in the long suffixes. They become: او- (3-m-p, 2-m-p) ي- (2-f-s) andُا– (dual forms). َُن- (3-f-p, 2-f-p) stays the same.
13. PRESENT TENSE (JUSSIVE) ُْسُرْدَي Third person – male – singular ُرْدَي او Third person – male - plural ُْسُرْدَت Third person – female - singular َُنْ ُرْدَي Third person – female - plural ُْسُرْدَت Second person – male - singular ُرْدَت او Second person – male – plural ُِ ُرْدَت ي Second person – female - singular َُنْ ُرْدت Second person – female - plural ُْسُرْدَأ First person – singular ُْ سُرْدَن First person – plural Dual Forms: َُ ُرْدَي ا Third person – male – dual َُ ُرْدَت ا Third person – female – dual َُ ُرْدَت ا Second person – dual
14. EXAMPLES OF THE JUSSIVE  ُ َ لَ َ و َُّنُهوُبَرۡقَت (part of 2:222) “and go not in unto them” 2-m-p, present tense (form I). Particle َُ لَ and shortened suffix -> jussive  ُ ٍ۬ ةَياَ ـِبُمِهِتۡأَتُ ۡمَلُاَذِإ َ و (part of 7:203) “And when thou bringest not a verse for them” 2-m-s, present tense (form I). Particle ُۡمَل -> jussive  ُۡمَل ُۡ رِذنُت ُۡمُه (part of 2:6) “thou warn them not” 2-m-s, present tense (form IV). Particle ُۡمَل and no ‘u’ or ‘a’ vowel on the ra -> jussive  َُ لَ ُ ُلَّدَبَتَت ُ ْاو (part of 4:2) “Exchange not” 2-m-p, present tense (form V). Particle َُ لَ and shortened suffix -> jussive
15. MOODS AND NEGATION  The indicative, subjunctive and jussive can all be used for negations. The indicative is commonly negated by ُاَم, de subjunctive byُ ُْنَل and the jussive by ُ ْمَل  ُاَم ُُبُتْكَأ I do not write  ُْنَل َُبُتْكَأ I will not write  ُ ْمَل ُْبُتْكَأ I did not write
16. OTHER FORMS  In all foms (I-X) you can see the characteristics of the moods in the present tense. The indicative is the normal form, already discussed.  The subjunctive: short a vowel at the end (in stead of ‘u’) (example form VI: ُ َلَعاَفَتَي )/ nun dissapears from the long suffixes (example form IV: اوُلِعْفُي)  The jussive: a sukun (and no vowel) at the end (example form VI:ُْلَعاَفَتَي) / nun dissapears from the long suffixes (example form IV: اوُلِعْفُي)
17. THE ENERGETIC  Classic Arabic knows another mood: the energetic. This was part of the 80% Qur’an course (nouns and verbs) as:  ُ َل + لعف + َُّن = will surely  The energetic consists of the prefix ُ َل and the suffix َُّن, with the verb in the middle.  َُّنَنَج ۡ ُيَل (part of 12:32) “surely he will be”
18. SOURCES  Ryding, K. C. (2005). A reference grammar of modern standard Arabic. Cambridge University Press.  Ziadeh, F. J., & Winder, R. B. (2003). An introduction to modern Arabic. DoverPublications. com.  Ingham, B. (1994). Najdi Arabic: Central Arabian (Vol. 1). John Benjamins Publishing.  Stoetzer, W. F. G. J. (1991). Arabische grammatica in schema's en regels. Coutinho.