Irregular verbs: last to letters are the same

Transcript

1. Irregular verbs; introduction; final consonant double ARABIC GRAMMAR
2. Introduction Irregular verbs: A verb is considered to be irregular when one or more of the root letters is either a waw, ya or Hamza (a waw or ya in a verb is sometimes written as an alif). Irregular verbs take the same prefixes and suffixes as regular verbs to indicate past or present tense. ◦ Last two letters double ◦ Assimilated verbs (first letter waw or ya) ◦ Hollow verbs (second letter waw or ya) ◦ Defective verbs (third letter waw or ya) ◦ Verbs with a hamza
3. Last two letters are the same In the 80% and 90% of the Quran courses several verbs occur that end with a double consonant. There are a few types ◦ a/u : past tense is characterized by the a (radadta). The present tense is characterized by the vowel u (yaruddu) ◦ Verbs of this type in the 80% Quran course: َّ د َر, َّ دَم, َّ دَع, َّ نَظ, َّ رَض, َّ دَص,َّ رَغ, َّ لَح ◦ Verbs of this type in the 90% Quran course: َّ صَق, َّ نَم ◦ i/a : past tense is characterized by the i (masista). The present tense is characterized by the vowel a(yamassu) ◦ Verbs of this type in the 80% Quran course: َّ سَم ◦ a/i type: past tense is characterized by the a. The present tense is characterized by the vowel i ◦ Verbs of this type in the 80% Quran course: َّ لَض ◦ Verbs of this type in the 90% Quran course: َّ قَح ◦ a/a : past tense is characterized by the a. The present tense is characterized by the vowel a. ◦ Verbs of tis type in the 80% Quran course: َّ د َو ◦ َّ يَح: like a i/a verb, but with some differences since the last two letters are both a ya
4. Conjucation of the a/u type Perfect Imperfect radda َّ د َر He returned yaruddu َّ دُرَي He returns raddat َّ ت د َر She returned taruddu َّ دُرَت She returns radadta ََّت دَدَر You (male singular) returned taruddu َّ دُرَت You (male singular) return radadti َّ ت دَد َر You (female singular) returned taruddīna َّ ي دُرَت ََّن You (female singular) return radadtu َُّت دَد َر I returned ʾaruddu َّ دُرَأ I return raddū ا و دَر They (male plural) returned yaruddūn a َّ و دُرَي ََّن They (male plural) return radadna ََّن دَد َر They (female plural) returned yardudna ََّن دُد رَي They (female plural) return radadtum َّ مُت دَدَر You (male plural) returned taruddūn a َّ و دُرَت ََّن You (male plural) return radadtunna َّ نُت دَد َر You (female plural) returned tardudna ََّن دُد رَت You (female plural) return radadnā اَن دَد َر We returned naruddu َّ دُرَن We return raddā ا دَر They (male dual) returned yaruddāni َّ نا دُرَي They (male dual) return raddatā اَت د َر They (female dual) returned taruddāni َّ نا دُرَت They (female dual) return radadtumā اَمُت دَد َر You (dual) returned taruddāni َّ نا دُرَت You (dual) return
5. Conjucation i/a type (only the blue ones occur in the Quran) Perfect Imperfect massa َّ سَم He touched yamassu َّ سَمَي He touches massat َّ ت سَم She touched tamassu َّ سَمَت She touches masista ََّت س سَم You (male singular) touched tamassu َّ سَمَت You (male singular) touch masisti َّ ت س سَم You (female singular) touched tamassīna ََّن ي سَمَت You (female singular) touch masistu َُّت س سَم I touched ʾamassu َّ سَمَأ I touch massū ا و سَم They (male plural) touched yamassūna ََّن و سَمَي They (male plural) touch masisna ََّن س سَم They (female plural) touched yamsasna ََّن سَس مَي They (female plural) touch masistum َّ مُت س سَم You (male plural) touched tamassūna ََّن و سَمَت You (male plural) touch masistunna َّ نُت س سَم You (female plural) touched tamsasna ََّن سَس مَت You (female plural) touch masisnā اَن س سَم We touched namassu َّ سَمَن We touch massā ا سَم They (male dual) touched yamassāni َّ نا سَمَي They (male dual) touch massatā اَت سَم They (female dual) touched tamassāni َّ نا سَمَت They (female dual) touch masistumā َّ َمُت س سَم ا You (dual ) touched tamassāni َّ نا سَمَت You (dual ) touch
6. Conjucation a/i type (only the blue ones occur in the Quran) Perfect Imperfect ḍalla َّ لَض He went astray yaḍillu َّ ل ضَي He goes astray ḍallat َّ ت لَض She went astray taḍillu َّ ل ضَت She goes astray ḍalalta ََّت لَلَض You (male singular) went astray taḍillu َّ ل ضَت You (male singular) go astray ḍalalti َّ ت لَلَض You (female singular) went astray taḍillīna ََّني ل ضَت You (female singular) go astray ḍalaltu َُّت لَلَض I went astray ʾaḍillu َّ ل ضَأ I go astray ḍallū او لَض They (male plural) went astray yaḍillūna ََّنو ل ضَي They (male plural) go astray ḍalalna ََّن لَلَض They (female plural) went astray yaḍlilna ََّن ل ل ضَي They (female plural) go astray ḍalaltum َّ مُت لَلَض You (male plural) went astray taḍillūna ََّنو ل ضَت You (male plural) go astray ḍalaltunna َّ نُت لَلَض You (female plural) went astray taḍlilna ََّن ل ل ضَت You (female plural) go astray ḍalalnā اَن لَلَض We went astray naḍillu َّ ل ضَن We go astray ḍallā َّ لَض They (male dual) went astray yaḍillāni َّ ن ل ضَي They (male dual) go astray ḍallatā اَت لَض They (female dual) went astray taḍillāni َّ ن ل ضَت They (female dual) go astray ḍalaltumā اَمُت لَلَض You (dual ) went astray taḍillāni َّ ن ل ضَت You (dual ) go astray
7. Conjucation type a/a (only the blue ones occur in the Quran) Perfect Imperfect wadda َّ د َو He loved yawaddu َّ د َوَي He loves waddat َّ ت د َو She loved tawaddu َّ د َوَت She loves wadadta ََّت دَد َو You (male singular) loved tawaddu َّ د َوَت You (male singular) love wadadti َّ ت دَد َو You (female singular) loved tawaddīna ََّني د َوَت You (female singular) love wadadtu َُّت دَد َو I loved ʾawaddu َّ د َوَأ I love waddū او د َو They (male plural) loved yawaddūna ََّنو د َوَي They (male plural) love wadadna ََّن دَد َو They (female plural) loved yawdadna ََّن دَد وَي They (female plural) love wadadtum َّ مُت دَد َو You (male plural) loved tawaddūna ََّنو د َوَت You (male plural) love wadadtunna َّ نُت دَد َو You (female plural) loved tawdadna ََّن دَد وَت You (female plural) love wadadnā اَن دَد َو We loved nawaddu َّ د َوَن We love waddā ا د َو They (male dual) loved yawaddāni َّ نا د َوَي They (male dual) love waddatā اَت د َو They (female dual) loved tawaddāni َّ نا د َوَت They (female dual) love wadadtumā اَمُت دَد َو You (dual ) loved tawaddāni َّ نا د َوَت You (dual ) love
8. َّ يَح: double weak letter (ya) at the end (i/a type) Perfect Imperfect ḥayya َّ يَح / َّ َي يَح He lived yahyā اَي حَي / ٰىح يْح يَ He lives ḥayiyat َّ تَي يَح She lived taḥyā اَي حَت She lives ḥayiyta ََّت ي يَح You (male singular) lived taḥyā اَي حَت You (male singular) live ḥayiyti َّ ت ي يَح You (female singular) lived taḥyayna ََّن يَي حَت You (female singular) live ḥayiytu َُّت ي يَح I lived ʾaḥyā اَي حَأ I live ḥayyū او يَح They (male plural) lived yaḥyawna ََّنو يَحَي They (male plural) live ḥayiyna ََّن ي يَح They (female plural) lived yaḥyayna ََّن يَي حَي They (female plural) live ḥayiytum َّ مُت ي يَح You (male plural) lived taḥyawna ََّن وَي حَت You (male plural) live ḥayiytunna َّ نُت ي يَح You (female plural) lived taḥyayna ََّن يَي حَت You (female plural) live ḥayiynā اَن ي يَح We lived naḥyā اَي حَن We live ḥayiyā اَي يَح They (male dual) lived yaḥyayāni َّ ناَيَي حَي They (male dual) live ḥayiyatā اَتَي يَح They (female dual) lived taḥyayāni َّ ناَيَي حَت They (female dual) live ḥayiytumā اَمُت ي يَح You (dual ) lived taḥyayāni َّ ناَيَي حَت You (dual ) live