Arabic grammar: voice

Transcript

1. ARABIC GRAMMAR Voice: active and passive
2. OVERVIEW  Grammar when it comes to verbs:  Person (first, second and third person)  Gender (male or female)  Number (one, two or more)  Tense (past, present)  Voice (active and passive)  Mood (for the present tense: indicative, subjunctive, imperative, jussive, energetic)  Forms (patterns for the root of a verb)  We have dealt with person, gender, number, tense and forms. This part of the course is about the voice: active (like we have already seen) and passive
3. USAGE OF THE PASSIVE VOICE  The active voice is commonly used.  Most of the time the passive voice is used in situations where the subject of the action is unknown.  ‘The book is written’ in stead of ‘the book is written by him’  Not all verbs can be used in the passive voice, since some of the forms (I-X) already have a passive meaning.  Example: form VII ََحَتَفنِا does not need a passive voice باَبلاََحَتَفنِا : the door opened. ََحَتَفنِا : it opened
4. THE PASSIVE VOICE  The passive voice is formed by a change of vowels  Example:  Active: ََباَبلاَُتْحَتَف : I opened the door. َ ُهُت ْحَتَف : I opened it.  Passive: ََحِتُف َُباَبلا : The door was opened. ََحِتُف : it opened  The past tense (all forms I-X): the vowels become u, i (ََحَتَف -> ََحِتُف )  The present tense: the vowels become u, a (َُسُرْدَي -> َُسَرْدُي)  In all these cases the object becomes the subject of the verb. So the object determines the number, gender and person of the passive verb. (The book is written -> book is normally the object, but in a passive sentense it is the subject)
5. THE PASSIVE VOICE & THE PAST TENSE Singular Plural 3 m ََسِرُد اوُسِرُد 3 v َْتَسِرُد ََنْس ِرُد 2 m ََتْسِرُد مُتْس ِرُد 2 v َ ِتْسِرُد َ نُتْس ِرُد 1 َُتْسِرُد انْس ِرُد Dual 3 m اَسِرُد 3 f اَتَسِرُد 2 امُتْسِرُد
6. THE PASSIVE VOICE & THE PRESENT TENSE Singular Plural 3 m َُسَرْدُي ََنوُسَرْدُي 3 f َُسَرْدُت ََنْسَرْدُي 2 m َُسَرْدُت ََنوُسَرْدُت 2 f ََنيِسَرْدُت ََنْسَرْدُت 1 َُسَرْدُأ َُسَرْدُن Dual 3 m َِناَسَرْدُي 3 f َِناَسَرْدُت 2 َِناَسَرْدُت
7. SOURCES  Alhawary, M. T. (2011). Modern Standard Arabic Grammar: A Learner's Guide. John Wiley & Sons.  Ryding, K. C. (2005). A reference grammar of modern standard Arabic. Cambridge University Press.  Stoetzer, W. F. G. J. (1991). Arabische grammatica in schema's en regels. Coutinho.