Arabic grammar the ten forms (perfect, imperf. imperat. act. part. pass. art. masdar

Transcript

1. ARABIC GRAMMAR The ten forms and the perfect, imperfect, imperative, active participle, passive participle and masdar
2. INTRODUCTION  Commonly a table with the different forms of verbs, gives an overview how these forms look in the  perfect tense  imperfect tense  Imperative  Active participle  Passive participle  Masdar (verbal noun)
3. AN OVERVIEW LIKE THAT CAN LOOK LIKE THIS: (STOETZER, 1991, 221)
4. THE PERFECT AND IMPERFECT (SEE EARLIER LEVELS)  Perfect / past tense: used to indicate something that occured in the past (he studied)  Imperfect / present tense: in Arabic it is used to indicate something that occurs in the present  When you have memorized the third person male singular form of the perfect and imperfect in the different stem forms, you should be able to make the other forms (person, gender and number) using the pre- and/or suffixed of the perfect or imperfect from the previous levels of this course.
5. THE IMPERATIVE ِرْمًألا  The imperative is used for an order or an other kind of instruction.  The imperative is formulated in the second person(you form), since it is directed towards someone.  How the imperative is formed:  Take the jussive form (this is a form of the present tense) of the verb  Remove the prefix (ta)
6. THE IMPERATIVE ِرْمًألا.  ْْبُتْكُا second person – male – singular  ْ بُتْكُا ي second person – female –singular  ْ بُتْكُا ا second person – dual  ْ ُبُتْكُا او second person – male – plural  ْ ْبُتْكُا ْ ن second person – female - plural
7. THE IMPERATIVE ِرْمًألا  When the verb starts with an waw ya or alif that was already absent in the jussive form, the imperative starts with the second letter of the verb  Example: the verb َعَضَو ْعَضَت (jussive 2-m-s) -> ْعَض (imperative 2-m-s)  An alif is added at the beginning of the imperative because two consonants cannot follow oneanother without a vowel.  When you have memorized the second person male singular form of the imperative in the different stem forms, you should be able to make the other forms (gender and number) using the suffixes of the previous slide
8. ACTIVE PARTICIPLE AND PASSIVE PARTICIPLE ْلعافلاْمسا ْلوعفملاْمسا  English knows participles (for example ‘eating’ or ‘written’). Arabic knows participles too, in two forms: active participles and passive participles  Active participle: used for the state of the subject as a result of the action the verb denotes (بتاك = writing)  Passive participle: used for the state of the object after completement of what the verb denotes (بوتكم = written)
9. ACTIVE PARTICIPLE AND PASSIVE PARTICIPLE ْلعافلاْمسا ْلوعفملاْمسا  All verbs of form II until X start with ‘mu’.  The short vowel, just before the last letter is:  i (for active participle)  a (for passive participle)
10. VERBAL NOUN: ردصملا  The masdar is a sort of infinitive (in English: to meet, to interview) but it has characteristics of a noun (in English: a meeting, an interview). Like a noun it can be  Male or female  It can have a singular, dual or plural form  The masdar can be formed according to different patterns. Form I verbs can differ a lot when it comes to the masdar. The other forms are more consistent.
11. MASDAR PATTERN FORM II – X  ليِعْفَت II  لاَعِف / ةلَعاَفُم III  لاَعْفِإ IV  لُّعَفَت V  لُعاَفَت VI  لاَعِفْنِا VII  لاَعِتْفِا VIII  ل َ لَِعْفِا IX  لاَعْفِتسِا X
12. SOURCES  Talloen, H., & Alsulaiman, A. (2007). Ayyuha t-talib...! handboek voor het modern standaard Arabisch. Garant.  Holes, C. (2004). Modern Arabic. Georgetown University Press.  Stoetzer, W. F. G. J. (1991). Arabische grammatica in schema's en regels. Coutinho.