Encouraging Girls in IT: A How To Guide

The U.S. Department of Labor estimates that between 2010–2020 there will be more than 1.4 million computing-related job openings available in the United States. At current graduation rates, we can only fill about 30% of those jobs with U.S. computing graduates.
(Ashcraft & Blithe, 2010; Simard, et al., 2008; Voyles et al., 2007)

So, how do we get more women in IT? There are so many job openings, yet there are fewer and fewer women CS graduates.

In this session we will cover:

* Reasons why girls lag behind in Computer Science.
* Four specific things you can do to encourage girls in programming.
* Our story of teaching Jane, age 7, programming and electronics projects, and making it fun.
* Practical ideas on teaching and mentoring girls in your life how to love programming.

Our session is ideally suited for parents, caregivers, or anyone who has an interest in mentoring girls and young women to consider an engineering career in IT.

Transcript

1. Encouraging Girls in IT A How-To Guide Who here is excited about teaching girls to program?
2. Doug Ireton Nordstrom IT @dougireton Jane Ireton age 7 I’m Doug Ireton, Infrastructure Engineer at Nordstrom. ! JANE: I’m Jane Ireton, I’m 7 years old, and I love to program with my dad.
3. Agenda • Current landscape for Women in IT • Why girls are missing out • Jane’s journey • What you can do About six months ago, we started a journey together, learning programming and electronics. We’re going to talk about our journey together, but first I’m going to talk about the current landscape for women in IT, and I’ll show some research as to why girls and women are missing out.
4. Agenda • Current landscape for Women in IT • Why girls are missing out • Jane’s journey • What you can do Then Jane will talk about learning programming and electronics and some of the projects we did together. ! Finally, I’ll wrap up our time together with six concrete things you can do as parents and mentors to start your own journey.
5. Current Landscape
6. U.S. Tech Industry The technology industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the U.S.
7. Tech jobs up 22% over the next decade ! - U.S. Dept. of Labor Technology jobs are predicted to grow at a faster rate than all other jobs in the professional sector, or up to 22 percent over the next decade. - US Dept of Labor
8. By 2018 companies will only fill 50% of available IT jobs. - NCWIT “Women in IT: The Facts” By 2018 the IT industry will only be able to fill half of its available jobs. Companies are crying out for qualified candidates.
9. Anyone here hiring? Anyone here hiring?
10. Women only hold 25% of IT jobs, down from 36% in 1991. ! - NCWIT, By the Numbers 2009 Yet, “women hold only 25 percent of all professional IT-related jobs — down from 36 percent in 1991” - ©NCWIT. Source: Bureau of Labor, Current Population Survey 2008.
11. 41% of women leave technology after 10 years. ! - Hewlett et al, The Athena Factor “Forty-one percent of women leave technology companies after 10 years of experience, compared to only 17 percent of men.”
12. Only 18% of Computer Science degrees ! - U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Women earn 52% of Math and Science undergrad degrees but only 18% of Computer Science degrees
13. Women are missing out on opportunities men take for granted.
14. Why?
15. Girls perceive IT careers as having little or no interaction with other people and that IT workers are obsessed with computers. - Girls in IT, The Facts report.
16. Another study of 320 junior girls in top-level math classes found that a lack of knowledge about computer science and IT careers were top reasons for not choosing a CS major (Olivieri, 2005).
17. A Boys’ Club Girls (and boys) still perceive computing to be a largely masculine field ! “In a study where 6th and 8th graders were asked to imagine someone who “really knows a lot about computers and likes to use them,” the majority of representations from both boys and girls were of males, often with stereotypically geeky features, like glasses. (Mercier et al., 2006).”
18. Only 37% of women have early exposure to computers ! - Varma (2009) In a 2009 study researchers conducted in-depth interviews with 150 undergraduates about their pre-college computer usage and found that 63% of men had early exposure to computers at home vs. only 37% of women. !
19. Programming achievement is predicted by programming experience. ! - (Barron et al., 2010; Bruckman et al., 2001) This lack of experience is a problem because achievement is predicted by programming experience rather than gender. ! When looking at students with equal levels of programming experience, gender differences in achievement disappeared. (Barron et al., 2010; Bruckman et al., 2001)
20. Programming achievement is predicted by programming experience. ! - (Barron et al., 2010; Bruckman et al., 2001) Girls miss out on early exposure to programming and creating with computers that gives boys a leg up later in life.
21. Girls are less confident Girls express less confidence and rate their ability lower than boys, even when actual achievement levels are similar. This continues to be one of the most consistent findings when it comes to the relationship between gender, confidence, and computing. ! In one study, Beyer and colleagues (2002) found that women Computer Science majors had less computer confidence than men, even men who were not CS majors.
22. Girls believe boys are born with a knack for computers Girls and adults around them believe that intelligence and technical ability are innate - that boys are born with knack for computers, and girls are not. ! “A good deal of research has found that teachers and other adults can confuse [boys’] prior experience with innate ability, failing to realize that [girls] may seem less able simply because they’ve had less experience.” Girls in IT: The Facts, pg 21.
23. It seems so bleak… It seems so bleak…
24. But there is hope. There are concrete things you can do to make a profound difference in the lives of the girls you love. We’ll cover six specific things you can do, but first Jane and I are going to share our story.
25. “I didn’t want to learn programming” ! - Jane DOUG: Before we started, Jane really had no idea what I did at work and why I found it so engaging. ! JANE: I didn’t want to learn programming. It was daunting because there was so much to learn.
26. Make it real JANE: Once I got into it, I loved it and wanted to be a programmer. My dad helped me to understand programming. Here is a picture from his lesson on arrays.
27. Robot Turtles Robot Turtles JANE: We started out with Robot Turtles, a fun board game that teaches you how to program. It's great for young beginners and doesn’t require a computer. ! Robot Turtles, was really helpful because it was a gentle introduction to programming without a computer.
28. Robot Turtles Robot Turtles JANE: I liked it because it's a game you can play together as a family. It’s hard if you don't know your lefts and rights. ! Overall, I really enjoy Robot Turtles and recommend it for young beginners.
29. Snap Circuits DOUG: Then we tried Snap Circuits, an electronics kit for kids. ! JANE: I learned how batteries powered LEDs, lights, and music. I liked it because you got to see LEDs blink, listen to music, and feel like you've accomplished something.
30. Snap Circuits JANE: It taught you how to fix problems and bugs in the circuits. ! The bad part was that you couldn't understand without a parent. ! I would recommend SnapCircuits for beginners, but you need a parent who can explain what the circuits are doing.
31. code.org I started programming with code.org. Code.org is a series of lessons which teach you how to program using Blockly, a drag-drop programming language. It's great for beginners and it was how I started programming. ! I love Blockly because you can accomplish a lot with a little code.
32. code.org code.org lessons start out very easy and get a little bit harder with each lesson. Here is lesson one. There are 111 lessons in all.
33. code.org JANE: The lessons were hard because you had to figure out how to solve each problem without help. ! It was helpful because each lesson was just a little bit more challenging than the last one. This was a great way to learn programming.
34. code.org JANE: One frustrating thing was that if you wanted to go back or experiment or show your mom, it didn't save your work and you had to do that lesson all over again. ! Overall, I liked it a lot because it let you solve each problem on your own. It gave you hints without telling you exactly what to do. I completed all 111 lessons in a few weeks.
35. JANE: Next we tried Scratch. It’s like Blockly, but unlike the code.org lessons, it doesn't lead you through step by step. ! Scratch was unhelpful for me because it was too open ended. It just "ditched you on your own".
36. MIT AppInventor DOUG: Next we tried MIT’s AppInventor, which lets you make Android apps with Blockly, the drag-drop programming language used in Code.org. ! JANE: AppInventor was helpful because it showed you how to make your phone talk, a kitty purr, and a Magic 8-ball which told your future. !
37. JANE: I liked that the video tutorials were made by women programmers. ! I would highly recommend AppInventor for beginners, especially if your mom or dad have an Android phone.
38. DOUG: Then we tried “Try Ruby”: an introduction to Ruby programming. ! JANE: Unfortunately, Try Ruby assumed you already knew how to program. It wasn't a gentle start. ! It required too much typing, which is very hard if you didn't know how to type or program. ! I wouldn’t recommend it for beginners.
39. DOUG: Programming can be very abstract for kids. It is very helpful for kids to see the link between programming and something happening in real life. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform which lets kids see LEDs blink, motors turn, and you can collect data like ambient light levels, temperature readings, and GPS co-ordinates.
40. JANE: Arduino is helpful for beginners because soldering not required. The LED blink program was a great start. You got a feeling you accomplished something without it being very hard. You can quickly see results. ! The downside is that it requires lots of typing. ! Overall, I liked it very much.
41. Cat Tracker JANE: We wanted to come up with a cool project to do with Arduino that didn’t require lots of programming, i.e. typing. We came up with Cat Tracker, a GPS-enabled cat collar so we could map out where our cat roams during the day. ! Here’s the Cat Tracker strapped to our cat Caspian.
42. Flora Arduino board Flora GPS LiPo battery Assembled! DOUG: We needed a small Arduino board, a GPS unit, and a battery. The GPS unit we picked can log position every 15 seconds to an internal flash chip for up to 16 hours, which was perfect for what we needed. ! The last picture shows the assembled Cat Tracker.
43. Jane learns to solder DOUG: And once we’d tested our connections with alligator clips, we needed to learn how to solder the wires from Arduino board to the GPS chip. For soldering training we turned to our friend Wayne Wooten, who has a lot of experience with soldering. ! JANE: Wayne was very *encouraging*. He was patient. He taught me how to solder and he taught me how to use a multimeter. We couldn’t have made our cat collar without Wayne.
44. Jane’s hypothesis JANE: Once we finished building the Cat Tracker, we needed to come up with a hypothesis of where our cat roamed. Here’s my hypothesis of our cat’s territory.
45. Cat Tracker JANE: Then we strapped it to our cat in a waterproof bag and sent him outside.
46. Cat Tracker Results DOUG: And here’s the actual data. You can see his territory is a bit bigger than Jane’s hypothesis. He mostly sticks close to home but he does travel 2 blocks south and up to the elementary school. ! JANE: From the Cat Tracker I learned how to solder, how to work with electronics, and how to use computers to solve a problem.
47. What can you do? Now we’re going to talk about six concrete things you can do to encourage girls in IT.
48. Talk about your work To counter the solitary “hacker” image, talk with girls you mentor about what it's really like to work in IT and why you enjoy it. ! Emphasize collaboration, give concrete examples of problems you solve, and explain how your work helps others.
49. Find female role models To counter the perception that IT is only for guys, introduce your daughter to female role models. ! Take her to technical meet-ups in your city and help her meet women programmers. Introduce her to women programmers at your company.
50. Find female role models Talk to your daughter about the many developer academies for women, like Ada Developers Academy, Girl Develop It, or Black Girls Code. ! Find out if there are programming camps for girls in your area.
51. Job Shadow DOUG: Job shadows are another excellent way for girls to learn what programmers really do. After meeting Aja Hammerly, who runs the monthly Seattle Ruby meet-up, Jane recently had the chance to do an afternoon job shadow with her at Substantial, a web and app development firm in Seattle. ! JANE: I met two other woman developers who were making a new Substantial website. I also learned about their iPad games. It was interesting learning what developers do.
52. Build Confidence To build confidence, start teaching girls early. Confidence and experience are important because they strongly correlate with choosing computer science as a major in college. ! Barron's study in 2004 found that girls with more experience reported higher levels of confidence, boys reported being confident regardless of experience.
53. Build Confidence Don't mistake a lack of confidence with a lack of ability. Understand that girls may not seem confident even though they are highly capable. On the flip side, don't believe every guy who says he knows Node.js. ! Girls gain confidence through experience so the best thing to do is to teach girls how to program early. Encourage them to persist through difficult problems and let them solve them on their own.
54. Build Confidence Nothing kills confidence like too much help. When Jane was going through the lessons on code.org, I sometimes had to sit on my hands so I wouldn’t help her too much… ! JANE: …but when I solved a hard problem I felt really great.
55. Deliberate Practice To counter the belief that girls aren’t born with technical ability, say “You’re right, they aren’t, but neither are boys.” Intelligence and ability are muscles which can be developed with deliberate practice.
56. The most important thing you can do… ! encourage. Encouragement is one of the most important things you can do. ! A recent study of 1,434 undergraduate students found that encouragement to persist was the driving factor behind female students’ likelihood to choose a computing major or career — more so than their confidence in their ability.
57. The most important thing you can do… ! encourage. A study by Denner in 2009, showed that girls consider their parents and other family members as the greatest influence on their career interests. ! If there’s one take-away from this talk, it’s this: encourage the girls you mentor to keep at it.
58. Eager to learn As we have seen with Jane, kids are eager to learn when you give them age-appropriate tools, and some gentle guidance. Teaching your daughter to program can be an incredibly bonding experience for both of you. Jane loves our programming time together and pesters me to program with her more than I already do. ! Getting started is easy with games like Robot Turtles, or websites like code.org.
59. Courtney Nash Lara Swanson Jennifer Kimberlee Conway Ireton Jen Myers Ashleigh Baumgardner Aja Hammerly Suzanne Axtell Before we wrap things up we’d like to specifically call out women who have encouraged or helped us to create this talk. Thank you to each of these women engineers. And now a word on the future from Jane.
60. Jane’s future JANE: I want to keep programming. This summer, I want to learn to type so I learn Ruby. I also want to learn Git and Vim. The whole reason I want to learn to program is to help people and have fun. ! I have learned so much over the last 6 months. I hope you teach your daughters to program so there can more girl programmers when I grow up.
61. Thank You! Doug Ireton Nordstrom IT @dougireton Jane Ireton age 7 Thanks so much for listening to our talk. Go forth and teach! ! We’re happy to answer questions and we also have a copy of Robot Turtles to give away. We’ll give it to whomever asks a question and has a daughter with the birthday closest to Jane’s.
62. Photo Credits Slide Link Rocket Launch https://www.flickr.com/photos/zoramite/3993280685/in/photolist-75SBdZ-hFZzw8-aoA2hH-j2aiC2-mrQV5-kwW6fT-9MP2Ju-7qoadZ-4DBk6p-edaJM7-dBeVvk-6eTpSw-M3WWJ-53SYBE- ec4KJp-kmUfnB-dxxRza-jVYMRR-eLiYHE-Cjb4u-4YSS4-8JpmiE-4yjdpB-6iPfEN-bbibXF-5LtHCV-btu7MA-bGoWje-iZpc5V-kTaXqi-jJpjHn-ec4KQg-ec4KLi-5RV54-4rMctW-kEgYmn- ec4KN4-5Qa6qW-bGoWnD-ecFBPp-2oswwp-9Yf9KD-8oVHWj-rJ5Lw-9XsGPA-LVDt-aRcVjM-5xgexk-9S6d4F-aEusUw/ Glass half full https://www.flickr.com/photos/31064702@N05/3820777133/in/photolist-4qyPpg-7xEiLp-bnFHq7-9pNigG-bPp1Lg-6PCtVP-9XH3Dy-4qyPfv-4qCTM1-LS79- oUGe-5kFi78-4FUzaT-7v8P2-5UhCrs-bEzbF-9jkkW5-85xo1L-7B3xYL-Ebgve-271VX-4qAiuE-4rj4vQ-6jhDUX-31Y4Ma-4q8Akq-4qeE6L-5G8pZb- dwyWPx-4vktXk-9qPDks-9qPCXb-9qPCBo-9qPDEY-4qhW25-5Ym8gk-nueGx5-hDEqb-a1SuwD-xKnwG-97x4hM-272db-nv8SSi-7WbPDw-7F6UdX-2724z-2oA3GC- Help Wanted 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