Flowering into Well-Being

"Flowering Into Well-Being," aims to explore the pharmacology of floral terpenes and their applications in enhancing well-being. Targeted at healthcare professionals, wellness practitioners, and interested individuals, the seminar will cover topics such as the chemical structures of terpenes, their pharmacological effects, and practical applications in fields like aromatherapy and stress reduction. The program is divided into four sessions, including an introduction to floral terpenes, a discussion on their pharmacological effects, practical applications, and a group discussion with Q&A. The seminar proposal outlines a comprehensive plan for organizing an informative and engaging event to promote well-being through knowledge of floral terpenes and their therapeutic potential.

Transcript

1. Flowering into Well-Being Fragrance as the Basis of Health and Wholeness Andrew S. Bonci Private Practice Life-Long Learner Part One: Terpenes and Neuroimmune Responses www.drbonci.com 1
2. Disclosures I’m not shilling for any person or company. The research presented here is largely preclinical. For this discussion “floral” will include any product directly derived or associated with flowers such as petals, seeds, fruits and their oils. The page references relate to the Kindle version of “Flowering into Well-Being” (2024) . Cover Photo Credit 234504048 | Child Flowers © Katsiaryna Shut | Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 2
3. www.smellosopher.com 3 Get the Slides Get the Slides www.smellosopher.com
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5. “Watching gardeners label their plants I vow with all beings to practice the old horticulture and let plants identify me.” Robert Aitken The Dragon Who Never Sleeps www.smellosopher.com 5
6. ID 102810875 | Cannabis © Oleksandr Bondarenko | Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 6 Dr. Glen Nagel, ND Dr. Glen Nagel, ND Cannabinoids are the Accelerator. Terpenes are the Guidance System.
7. ID 32146835 | Boutonniere © Andrei Zveaghintev | Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 7
8. ID 346971318 | Boutonniere © Paperrose19 | Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 8
9. ID 320813487 © Liliia Kanunnikova | Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 9
10. “Bees sip honey from flowers and hum their thanks when they leave.” ~ Rabindranath Tagore ~ www.drbonci.com 10
11. ID 309657991 © Nebasin | Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 11
12. Preface My exploration seeks to unravel how aromatic compounds, which have intertwined with human evolution and culture for millennia, can continue to shape our health, well-being, and even our identity (p. 13) .  This narrative is not just about terpenes' biological or therapeutic impacts but about rekindling a lost connection with the natural essences that have historically enriched human life (p. 13). www.smellosopher.com 12
13. Floral Folklore In the opening lines of her book “Floral Folklore,” Allison Davies (2024) writes, “Your connection with the natural world is inherent to who you are” (p. 17) .  “It drives you to evolve and flourish within your environment, to form lifelong connections, and to create a sense of place and purpose.” www.smellosopher.com 13
14. Multisensory Impact Flowers engage us on multiple sensory levels— through their vibrant colors, unique textures, and, most notably, their fragrances (p. 18) .  This multisensory experience is more than an encounter with beauty; it's an immersive dialogue with nature that informs and shapes our perception of the world. www.smellosopher.com 14
15. ID 329667728 © Anastasiya Vaitulevich | Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 15
16. ID 340933760 | Carnation © Multipedia2014 | Dreamstime.com Dianthus caryophyllus “flower of the gods” “nut leaf” www.smellosopher.com 16
17. The Role of Floral Fragrances Floral fragrances, composed of a complex array of molecules, have the unique ability to penetrate our psychological barriers and evoke deep-seated memories and emotions (p. 19) .  Like the ebb and flow of tides, our internal states are in constant flux, influenced by external factors such as floral fragrances. www.smellosopher.com 17
18. Reframing the Relationship In “The Botany of Desire,” Michael Pollan (2001) presents a thought-provoking perspective on the relationship between humans and plants (pp. 24-25)  He challenges the conventional view of humans as the primary cultivation agents and suggests a mutual evolutionary influence instead. www.smellosopher.com 18
19. Evolutionary Seduction Pollan (2001) introduces the concept of "evolutionary seduction," where plants have developed traits that appeal to humans, ensuring their cultivation and widespread distribution (p. 25) .  This idea is exemplified in the apple's sweetness, the tulip's bright colors, and the psychoactive effects of marijuana. www.smellosopher.com 19
20. ID 332025184 | African Woman Flowers © Lightfieldstudiosprod | Dreamstime.com 20 www.smellosopher.com
21. “Without flowers, we would not be.” ~ Michael Pollan ~ www.smellosopher.com 21
22. ID 42722334 © Andrey Shumakov | Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 22
23. Therapeutic Effects of Floral Terpenes The most intriguing aspect of the impact of flowers on humans is the therapeutic potential of floral terpenes (p. 26) .  Once absorbed, terpenes interact with various physiological pathways, influencing the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems (p. 27).  Of interest are the anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, and enhanced cognitive effects. www.drbonci.com 23
24. “The greed for fruit misses the flower.” ~ Rabindranath Tagore ~ www.smellosopher.com 24
25. Terpene Chemistry Central to these captivating aromas are terpenes, a class of hydrocarbons renowned for their diverse scents and potential health benefits (p. 34) .  Derived from isoprene units (C5H8), terpenes are categorized based on the number of these units, leading to various structures with unique properties and effects. www.smellosopher.com 25
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27. Monoterpenes (C10H16) Monoterpenes are composed of two isoprene units, resulting in the formula C10H16. They represent some of the floral essential oils' most common and aromatic terpenes (pp. 34-35) .  Limonene  Linalool  α-Pinene  Eugenol www.smellosopher.com 27
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29. Fun Fact Each year, plants pump roughly 100 million tons of monoterpenes into the atmosphere, where they play a significant role in the formation of clouds. https://news.arizona.edu/news/how-forests-smell-could-help-scientists-sniff-out-drought- tress#:~:text=Ever%20wonder%20what%20gives%20a,in%20the%20formation%20of%20clouds. www.smellosopher.com 29
30. Sesquiterpenes (C15H24) Sesquiterpenes, consisting of three isoprene units, exhibit more complex structures and diverse aromas than monoterpenes (p. 35) .    β-Caryophyllene: found in cloves, black pepper, and hops, is notable for its spicy, woody fragrance.    Myrcene: offers an earthy, musky aroma in lemongrass, hops, and mangoes. It is known for its sedative effects and is believed to contribute to the "couch-lock" phenomenon associated with certain cannabis strains. www.smellosopher.com 30
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32. ADME of Terpenes The pharmacokinetics of floral terpenes— encompassing their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes—play a crucial role in their therapeutic efficacy and safety (p. 42) .  Many monoterpenes tend to be amphoteric while sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, and tetraterpenes are decidedly lipophilic. www.smellosopher.com 32
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34. Absorption The absorption percentage through inhalation can vary significantly, ranging from 30-60%, depending on the specific terpene (p. 44) . The bioavailability of terpenes through ingestion is generally lower compared to inhalation, potentially ranging from 5- 20% (p. 45) . Despite the limited systemic absorption, topically applied terpenes can still offer significant local therapeutic effects, such as anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions (p. 47) . www.smellosopher.com 34
35. Half-Life Preliminary estimates suggest that the half-lives of terpenes can vary significantly, potentially falling between 1 to 6 hours depending on the terpene in question (p. 48) .  This range reflects the influence of various factors, including the terpene's chemical structure, the route of administration, the body's metabolic rate, and individual differences in enzyme activity. www.smellosopher.com 35
36. Distribution of Terpenes Terpenes are often bound to and transported by certain carriers in the blood, including albumin, lipoproteins, and red blood cells (p. 49) . ID 346172720 © Kateryna Kon | Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 36
37. Crossing the BBB Terpenes, due to their lipophilic nature, have the unique ability to cross the BBB more quickly than many other compounds (pp. 52-53) .  Their small size and lipid solubility allow them to penetrate the endothelial cell membranes, either by passive diffusion or possibly through active transport mechanisms. www.smellosopher.com 37
38. Metabolism The liver, a central hub of metabolic activity, plays a crucial role in detoxifying substances that enter the body, including the aromatic floral terpenes found in essential oils (p. 54) .    Phase I detoxification, the functionalization phase, involves a series of chemical reactions that introduce or expose functional groups on the terpenes, making them more polar and slightly more water-soluble.    Phase II detoxification, or the conjugation phase, further increases the water solubility of the metabolites. www.smellosopher.com 38
39. Routes of Excretion The body eliminates terpenes and their metabolites primarily through urine and feces, each pathway catering to the nature and solubility of the metabolites produced during metabolism (p. 56) .  Unmetabolized terpenes and their metabolites can be excreted from the body through the gas exchange process in the lungs. www.smellosopher.com 39
40. Terpene Toxicology CYP450 Enzyme Competition (p. 61) . Some terpenes can induce the activity of CYP450 enzymes, accelerating the metabolism of certain medications and potentially reducing their effectiveness (p. 61) .  The terpene beta-caryophyllene in black pepper and cloves has been suggested to induce certain CYP450 enzyme. Competition for Protein Binding (p. 61) . www.smellosopher.com 40
41. An Important Reference Work "Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals," by Robert Tisserand and Rodney Young (2014) , is now in its second edition and is a pivotal and comprehensive resource in aromatherapy and essential oil research.  This seminal work meticulously details the biochemistry, toxicology, and safety profiles of a wide array of essential oils, focusing on the properties and implications of a variety of floral terpenes (p. 64). www.smellosopher.com 41
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43. Neuromodulating Strategies of Floral Terpenes www.smellosopher.com 43
44. “To plant a garden is to believe in tomorrow.” ~ Audrey Hepburn ~ www.smellosopher.com 44
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46. Floral Terpene Endocannabinology Floral terpenes have shown potential in modulating the endocannabinoid system (ECS) , a complex network of receptors, endocannabinoids (body-produced cannabinoids) , and enzymes that regulate various physiological processes, including mood, pain sensation, appetite, and memory (pp. 72-73) . www.smellosopher.com 46
47. ID 161279171 © Designsuchawat | Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 47
48. Linalool-ECS Signaling In lavender and other flowers, linalool might inhibit the FAAH (fatty acid amide hydroxylase) and MAGL (monoacylglycerol lipase) enzymes, which degrade the endocannabinoids AEA and 2-AG (p. 75) .  While the exact mechanism and effects require further investigation, it suggests potential for modulating ECS activity. www.smellosopher.com 48
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50. Limonene-ECS Signaling Found in citrus peels, limonene might inhibit the enzyme responsible for breaking down the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) , potentially leading to its increased levels and enhanced ECS signaling (p. 75) .  This could contribute to its potential mood-boosting and anxiolytic effects. www.smellosopher.com 50
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52. Myrcene-ECS Signaling Myrcene, found in mangoes and hops, may enhance cannabinoid signaling by activating receptors, modulating allosteric processes, increasing endocannabinoids synthesis, or inhibiting their metabolism (p. 75) . www.smellosopher.com 52
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54. ID 70913960 © Alain Lacroix | Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 54
55. Terpene-Dopaminergic Axis Floral terpenes have the potential to influence the dopamine system in the brain, which plays a crucial role in regulating mood, reward, and motor control, among other functions (p. 76) .  Their interaction with the dopamine system can occur through various mechanisms, including influencing the dopamine transporter and directly modulating dopamine receptor activity. www.smellosopher.com 55
56. Linalool-Dopamine Axis Linalool, known for its calming effects, may influence dopamine release (decrease) and reuptake (increase) , possibly by directly interacting with the dopamine transporter or modulating receptor activity (p. 78) .  This interaction could lead to anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, highlighting linalool's potential in mood regulation. www.smellosopher.com 56
57. Limonene-Dopamine Axis Found in citrus peels, limonene has increased dopamine levels in the striatum, a brain region involved in reward and movement (p. 78) .  This effect might be due to its ability to inhibit dopamine reuptake or interact with dopamine receptors. www.smellosopher.com 57
58. ID 57913823© Colourdream| Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 58
59. α-Pinene-Dopamine Axis Present in pine needles and hemp flowers, α-pinene may modulate dopamine signaling in the enteric nervous system (ENS) , potentially impacting gut motility and mood (p. 79) .  The mechanism could involve interaction with gut- brain axis pathways. www.smellosopher.com 59
60. Terpene-Serotonergic Axis Floral terpenes can significantly impact the serotonin system, which is crucial in mood regulation, sleep, appetite, and cognition (p. 80) .  Like their interaction with the dopamine system, terpenes can affect serotonin levels and activity through two primary mechanisms: influencing the serotonin transporter (SERT) and modulating serotonin receptor activity. www.smellosopher.com 60
61. Limonene-Serotonin Axis Limonene is particularly noted for its mood- enhancing and stress-relieving properties (p. 82) .  It may influence serotonin levels by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, a mechanism similar to that of conventional antidepressants, thereby increasing the availability of serotonin in the synaptic cleft.  This makes limonene a compound of interest for psychiatric research. www.smellosopher.com 61
62. ID 38593285© Lin Gang| Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 62
63. Geraniol-Serotonin Axis Present in roses and citronella, geraniol shows promise in reducing anxiety and improving mood in animal studies (p. 82) .  It is believed to interact directly with serotonin receptors, acting as an agonist.  This interaction could modulate the receptor's response to serotonin, influencing emotional regulation, anxiety levels, and sleep patterns.  Such receptor-based modulation suggests that geraniol could offer therapeutic benefits for mood disorders and insomnia, with possibly fewer side effects compared to traditional medications. www.smellosopher.com 63
64. ID 81243709 © Rawf88 | Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 64
65. Myrcene-Serotonin Axis Found in lemongrass and hops, myrcene shows complex interactions with the serotonergic system (p. 82) .  It might initially elevate serotonin levels in the gut, potentially impacting mood and sleep, but further breakdown can happen, requiring more research to understand its overall effect.  According to most research, around 90-95% of the body's serotonin is produced in the gut, while only 5- 10% is produced in the brain, meaning the vast majority of serotonin is located in the gut compared to the brain. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22572-serotonin www.smellosopher.com 65
66. ID 69678260© Krzysztof Fryc| Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 66
67. Terpene-GABAergic Axis The GABA system, characterized by its inhibitory action in the central nervous system, is critical in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the brain, promoting relaxation, reducing anxiety, and facilitating sleep (p. 83) .  GABAergic inhibition is essential for maintaining the balance of neural circuitry, and dysregulation can lead to anxiety disorders, insomnia, and epilepsy. www.smellosopher.com 67
68. Linalool-GABAergic Axis Found in lavender and other flowers, linalool is widely recognized for its calming and sleep- promoting properties (p. 85) .  It potentiates the effects of GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, leading to relaxation and reduced anxiety. www.smellosopher.com 68
69. Limonene-GABAergic Axis In animal studies, citrus peels containing limonene have shown the potential to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation (pp. 85-86) .  Its exact mechanism is not fully understood, but it might involve interaction with GABA receptors or modulation of GABAergic pathways. www.smellosopher.com 69
70. Geraniol-GABAergic Axis In preclinical studies, geraniol in roses and citronella exhibits calming and anxiolytic effects (pp. 85-86) .  While the precise mechanism remains unclear, it might involve influencing GABA reuptake or receptor interaction. www.smellosopher.com 70
71. α-Pinene-GABAergic Axis Found in pine needles and hemp flowers, α-pinene displays mixed effects on GABA depending on the dose and administration route (pp. 85-86) .  α-Pinene has been suggested to potentiate GABAergic inhibition by a similar modulation of GABA receptors or by altering the concentration of GABA in the synaptic cleft.  This potentiation helps in promoting calmness and reducing anxiety, making α-pinene a compound of interest for its anxiolytic effects. www.smellosopher.com 71
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73. Terpene-Glutamatergic Axis The glutamate system, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter system in the brain, is pivotal for cognitive functions, including memory formation and learning processes (p. 87) .  Glutamate's role extends to synaptic plasticity, where its balanced release and receptor activation are crucial for healthy brain function. www.smellosopher.com 73
74. Linalool-Glutamatergic Axis Found in lavender and other flowers, linalool exhibits diverse effects on the nervous system, including potential modulation of glutamatergic signaling (p. 90) .  Some studies suggest it might decrease glutamate release, contributing to its calming and anxiolytic properties.  However, more research is needed to understand its precise role and potential benefits. www.smellosopher.com 74
75. α-Pinene-Glutamatergic Axis α-Pinene has shown promise in influencing glutamate release and receptor activity (p. 90) .  Its potential mechanisms include modulating glutamate receptors, possibly through direct interaction or by affecting the synaptic release of glutamate.  This modulation can impact cognitive functions, enhancing memory retention and learning capabilities, making α-pinene a candidate for addressing cognitive decline. www.smellosopher.com 75
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77. β-Caryophyllene-Glutamatergic Axis β-Caryophyllene, known for its anti-inflammatory properties, may interact with the glutamate system by modulating NMDA receptors, a subtype of glutamate receptors critical for learning and memory (p. 90) .  By potentially reducing the overactivation of these receptors, β-caryophyllene could offer neuroprotective benefits, safeguarding against excitotoxicity—a condition linked to various neurodegenerative disorders. www.smellosopher.com 77
78. ID 18422038© Vladimir Voronin| Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 78
79. Antibacterial Strategies of Floral Terpenes www.smellosopher.com 79
80. Listerine Inspired by Louis Pasteur's ideas on microbial infection, the English doctor Joseph Lister demonstrated in 1865 that use of carbolic acid on surgical dressings would significantly reduce rates of post-surgical infection. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listerine  Lister's work in turn inspired St. Louis-based doctor Joseph Lawrence to develop an alcohol-based formula for a surgical antiseptic which included eucalyptol, mentol, methyl salicylate, and thymol.  Lawrence named his antiseptic "Listerine" in honor of Lister. www.smellosopher.com 80
81. By Britta Gustafson - Flickr: P1100238, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22615594 www.smellosopher.com 81
82. A Powerful Weapon Imagine a world where the gentle scent of flowers does more than just lift your spirits—it becomes a powerful weapon against bacterial infections.  Floral terpenes, the aromatic compounds responsible for the enchanting fragrances of flowers, are emerging as nature's own antibiotics, with the ability to disrupt bacterial growth and offer a natural alternative to combat the rising threat of antibiotic resistance. www.smellosopher.com 82
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84. The Biofilm Biofilm formation is a highly coordinated, complex process that allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces, proliferate, and establish protective communities (p. 116) .  This process is critical for their survival in various environments, including human tissues and medical devices, contributing to the persistence of infections. www.smellosopher.com 84
85. Steps in Biofilm Formation 1 Bacterial Adhesins: The initial step in biofilm formation involves the adhesion of bacteria to a surface (p. 116). 2 Extracellular Matrix Production: Following adhesion, bacteria produce an extracellular matrix that encases the community, providing structural integrity and protection against antimicrobial agents (pp. 116-117). This matrix consists of polysaccharides, proteins, extracellular DNA, and other molecules that provide structure and protection to the developing biofilm (Extracellular Polymeric Substance: EPS) 3 Quorum Sensing: A critical aspect of biofilm formation is the communication between bacterial cells, known as quorum sensing or “social microbiology” (p. 117). 4 Maturation and Dispersal: biofilms enter a dispersal phase, releasing individual bacteria or clusters from the biofilm to colonize new sites (p. 118). www.smellosopher.com 85
86. ID 73998615 © Legger | Dreamstime.com Biofilm Formation www.smellosopher.com 86
87. Quorum Quenching The term “quorum quenching” has recently appeared in the literature to refer to the process of quorum sensing inhibition (p. 119) .  Terpenes can interfere with AHL (N-acyl homoserine lactones) signaling, a key component of QS in many bacteria.  By disrupting these signals, terpenes prevent the coordinated behavior required for biofilm development. www.smellosopher.com 87
88. Eugenol-Quorum Quenching Predominantly found in cloves and other aromatic plants, eugenol has demonstrated the ability to interfere with quorum sensing in various bacterial species (p. 119) .  Its pharmacodynamic impact includes inhibiting the production of virulence factors and reducing biofilm formation. www.smellosopher.com 88
89. ID 6060604 © Igor Dutina | Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 89
90. Geraniol-Quorum Quenching Present in geraniums, roses, and other fragrant flowers, geraniol has been studied for its anti- quorum sensing activity (p. 120) .  It can inhibit the expression of quorum sensing- regulated genes, leading to a decrease in the synthesis of virulence factors in bacteria.  Geraniol's ability to interfere with bacterial communication without killing the bacteria directly offers a novel approach to managing bacterial infections by attenuating their ability to cause disease. www.smellosopher.com 90
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92. Limonene-Quorum Quenching Found in citrus flowers, limonene has shown a potential to disrupt bacterial quorum sensing systems (p. 120) .  It can inhibit the synthesis of signaling molecules involved in quorum sensing.  Limonene's action on quorum sensing pathways presents a promising avenue for developing antimicrobial agents that target pathogenic bacteria that may lower the likelihood of developing antimicrobial resistance. www.smellosopher.com 92
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95. Special Thanks to Sivakumar Reddy K and the Makers of the NetiStik® 95 www.smellosopher.com
96. Andrew S. Bonci Private Practice Life-Long Learner Part Two: Neuroaromatology Flowering into Well-Being Fragrance as the Basis of Health and Wholeness www.smellosopher.com 96
97. “A flower does not use words to announce its arrival to the world; it just blooms.” ~ Matshona Dhliwayo ~ www.smellosopher.com 97
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99. Olfactory Neurobiology The olfactory system's intricate connections with various brain regions create a complex interplay between scent, emotions, memory, and conscious perception (p. 156) .  The olfactory tract sends projections to both the primary and secondary olfactory cortices, where each projection plays a distinct role in the experience of olfaction and fragrance appreciation. www.smellosopher.com 99
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101. Primary Olfactory Cortex (POC) The primary olfactory cortex, critical for processing olfactory sense data, employs the piriform cortex, the entorhinal cortex, and the amygdala to create initial first-order maps of olfactory stimuli (pp. 159-160) .    POC processing occurs prior to thalamic relay (p. 165).  Each brain hemisphere creates and maintains its own set of olfactory cortical maps (p. 162). www.smellosopher.com 101
102. POC: Piriform Cortex The piriform cortex is the largest component of the primary olfactory cortex and is directly involved in identifying and discriminating between different odors (p. 160) .  It acts as a primary processing hub for olfactory signals received from the olfactory bulb, analyzing the chemical nature of odors and beginning to transform these sensory inputs into perceptual representations. www.smellosopher.com 102
103. POC: Entorhinal Cortex The entorhinal cortex of the medial temporal lobe is a critical interface between the olfactory system and the hippocampus, a region essential for memory and learning (p. 160) .  Through its connections, the entorhinal cortex supports the formation and retrieval of olfactory memories.  This connection explains why certain scents can evoke vivid memories or emotions. www.smellosopher.com 103
104. POC: Amygdala The amygdala is deeply involved in processing the emotional aspects of olfactory stimuli (pp. 160-161) .  It plays an important role in associating smells with emotional experiences, whether pleasant or unpleasant.  This emotional processing is fundamental to aromatherapy, where certain fragrances induce relaxation, alleviate stress, or improve mood. www.smellosopher.com 104
105. De Luca, P., Marra, P., La Mantia, I., Salzano, F. A., Camaioni, A., & Di Stadio, A. (2022). Entorhinal Cortex and Persistent Olfactory Loss in COVID-19 Patients: A Neuroanatomical Hypothesis. Comment on Fiorentino et al. Correlations between Persistent Olfactory and Semantic Memory Disorders after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 714. Brain Sciences, 12(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070850 Primary Olfactory Cortex www.smellosopher.com 105 Caudate Tail
106. Fun Fact The entorhinal cortex (EC) is the first area affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) ; the area is smaller in patients with AD than those affected by normal age- related cognitive impairment. (De Luca et al., 2022)  COVID related loss of smell appears to be linked to neuro-inflammatory damage to the EC. www.smellosopher.com 106
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108. Secondary Olfactory Cortex (SOC) The secondary olfactory cortex utilizes a network comprising the thalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, and hippocampus to create second-order maps of olfactory sense data (p. 163) . www.smellosopher.com 108
109. SOC: Thalamus The thalamus, traditionally seen as a relay station for sensory information to the cortex, has a nuanced role in olfactory processing (p. 163) .  The thalamus may contribute to the multisensory experiences associated with scents, enhancing the therapeutic effects by integrating olfactory stimuli with visual, auditory, and tactile cues. www.smellosopher.com 109
110. SOC: Orbitofrontal Cortex The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) receives olfactory information from the primary olfactory cortex and processes this data via the thalamus, a central hub for sensory integration (pp. 163-164) .  By evaluating the emotional and reward-based significance of olfactory stimuli, the OFC plays a vital role in regulating impulses, ensuring adherence to social norms, and predicting and assessing the rewards associated with specific actions or choices. www.smellosopher.com 110
111. SOC: Prefrontal Cortex By evaluating olfactory information, the prefrontal cortex contributes to nuanced social behaviors and judgments, such as identifying food quality, recognizing environmental dangers, or recalling emotionally charged memories associated with specific scents, highlighting its integral role in navigating and making sense of the world through our sense of smell (pp. 164-165) . www.smellosopher.com 111
112. SOC: Insular Cortex The insula transforms olfactory information from the primary olfactory cortex into a deeply embodied experience (p. 165) .  Consequently, fragrance transcends being just a smell to become something we connect with on a profound, corporeal level, deeply intertwining with our sense of self and interaction with the world around us. www.smellosopher.com 112
113. SOC: Hippocampus Though not technically part of the olfactory cortex, the hippocampus plays a pivotal role in various cognitive functions, notably memory formation and spatial navigation (pp. 165-166) . www.smellosopher.com 113
114. Frontiers | fNIRS a novel neuroimaging tool to investigate olfaction, olfactory imagery, and crossmodal interactions: A systematic review. (n.d.). Retrieved August 20, 2024, from https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2024.1266664/full Secondary Olfactory Cortex www.smellosopher.com 114
115. Fragrance and Emotional Well-Being Jennifer Peace Rhind's (2013) seminal work, "Fragrance and Wellbeing: Plant Aromatics and Their Influence on the Psyche," offers a profound and enlightening examination of the intricate ways in which plant- based scents interact with the human psyche, weaving together a narrative that bridges ancient practices with modern scientific understanding (p. 169) . www.smellosopher.com 115
116. Impact on Health and Well-Being 1 Stress Reduction (pp. 175-176) . 2 Social Bonding Certain floral scents (linalool) can enhance social bonding through the hypothalamic release of oxytocin, often called the "love hormone." (pp. 175-176) . 3 Post-operative and Hospice Care (pp. 175-176) . 4 Anxiety and Depression (pp. 175-176) . www.smellosopher.com 116
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118. Smellosophy In "Smellosophy: What the Nose Tells the Mind," Ann- Sophie Barwich (2022) advocates for a paradigm where olfaction is not a mere background player but a pivotal force in molding our understanding of the world, ourselves, and our memories (p. 181) .  By engaging with the world through our sense of smell, we continuously sculpt our sense of self, anchoring it in a richly emotional, evocative, personal, and universal landscape (p. 185). www.smellosopher.com 118
119. “Happiness held is the seed; Happiness shared is the flower.” ~ John Harrigan ~ www.smellosopher.com 119
120. Unconscious Goal Setting Unconscious goal setting refers to the brain's ability to pursue objectives without the individual's conscious awareness (p. 237) .  The olfactory system's connection to the brain's primitive centers suggests that scents could subtly influence these unconscious goals, steering emotions, preferences, and behaviors. www.smellosopher.com 120
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122. Addressing Unconscious Needs Scent wields an almost ethereal power capable of transcending the boundaries of conscious thought to touch the deepest parts of our being (p. 239) .  The unconscious mind sifts through our past experiences, hopes, fears, and desires to influence our behavior in ways that are sometimes mysterious to our conscious selves (p. 240).  Floral scents can subtly influence our behavior by aligning with our unconscious needs and desires (pp. 241- 242). www.smellosopher.com 122
123. Unconscious Scent-Seeking Many report craving the smell of certain foods, flowers, or other natural elements when ill, a behavior that could be rooted in an instinctive search for comfort or healing (p. 248) .  Similarly, people might seek out scents associated with positive memories during times of stress or sadness, unconsciously leveraging the power of scent to evoke a sense of safety or nostalgia.  The basal ganglia governs unconscious goal setting, orchestrating a complex interplay between motivation, emotion, and action (pp. 278-279). www.smellosopher.com 123
124. Olfaction-Basal Ganglia Axis Olfaction is believed to be conveyed through the olfactory tubercle and amygdala to the basal ganglia (BG) via the ventral striatum, nucleus accumbens, and the tail of the caudate nucleus.  At the heart of reward-based learning lies the dopamine system, intricately connected with the BG— a set of subcortical structures crucial for movement and decision-making (pp. 279-280). www.smellosopher.com 124
125. Loonen, A. J. M., Schellekens, A. F. A., Ivanova, S. A., Loonen, A. J. M., Schellekens, A. F. A., & Ivanova, S. A. (2016). Circuits Regulating Pleasure and Happiness: A Focus on Addiction, Beyond the Ventral Striatum. In Recent Advances in Drug Addiction Research and Clinical Applications. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/62707
126. De Luca, P., Marra, P., La Mantia, I., Salzano, F. A., Camaioni, A., & Di Stadio, A. (2022). Entorhinal Cortex and Persistent Olfactory Loss in COVID-19 Patients: A Neuroanatomical Hypothesis. Comment on Fiorentino et al. Correlations between Persistent Olfactory and Semantic Memory Disorders after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 714. Brain Sciences, 12(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070850 Primary Olfactory Cortex www.smellosopher.com 126 Caudate Tail
127. “My Mama says that alligators are ornery because they got all them teeth and no toothbrush.” ~ Bobby Boucher ~ www.smellosopher.com 127
128. Client Interview The journey begins with an in-depth consultation, where the aromatherapist invites the client to share their concerns and challenges (pp. 310-311) .  The act of voicing concerns aloud helps clarify the client's situation for the aromatherapist and allows clients to acknowledge and prioritize their issues, often bringing subconscious worries into the light.  As clients articulate their concerns, their subconscious priorities emerge, guiding the therapeutic process. www.smellosopher.com 128
129. Consider Your Terpenes Consider the therapeutic effects of the terpenes and how they are distributed in various floral essential oils.  You’ll realize that the terpenes repeat themselves in varying degrees and concentrations for a variety of oils.  Consider that the varying concentrations of terpenes in floral oils is what often gives each oil its distinct scent.    Client preference is what remains. www.smellosopher.com 129
130. Behold the Overlap What are the terpenes found in rose, geranium, carnation, jasmine, gardenia, and lavender that overlap? Linalool Geraniol Citronellol www.smellosopher.com 130
131. Avoid Information Overload With the vast array of essential oils available, each boasting different health benefits and aromatic profiles, the potential for information overload is significant (pp. 286-287) .    Unconscious goal setting acts as a protective filter, prioritizing scents that align with an individual's intrinsic needs and previous positive outcomes. www.smellosopher.com 131
132. Curated Selection Armed with insights from the client's history, the aromatherapist curates a selection of 3-5 floral essential oils that resonate with the client's emotional and physical state (p. 311) .  This personalized collection is thoughtfully presented on test strips, minimizing external distractions and focusing the client's attention on the olfactory experience.  As the client samples each fragrance, their subconscious reactions—mediated by their innate preferences and emotional responses—come to the fore. www.smellosopher.com 132
133. ID 322931465 © Juan Bautista Ruiz Páramo | Dreamstime.com www.smellosopher.com 133
134. Micro-Expressions "Emotions Revealed" by Paul Ekman (2003) is a groundbreaking book that delves into the complex world of human emotions and their expressions (p. 295) .  Micro-expressions are subtle, rapid, and involuntary facial expressions that occur as fleeting responses to emotional stimuli, lasting typically less than half a second (p. 297).    Happy, sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust, and contempt. www.smellosopher.com 134
135. Reading Emotional Responses Observing the client's immediate reactions to each fragrance is the key to identifying the optimal scent (p. 312) .  Positive micro-expressions, such as a subtle smile or a relaxed posture, signal a deep emotional resonance with a particular scent.  These involuntary cues offer invaluable insights into the client's subconscious preferences, highlighting the fragrances that align with their current emotional and physiological needs. www.smellosopher.com 135
136. Spectrum of Happiness As understood through Ekman's research, happiness is not a monolithic emotion but a spectrum that captures many positive emotional states (p. 300) .  Each point on this spectrum—from the serene satisfaction of contentment to the exhilarating heights of ecstasy— offers a unique blend of feelings, all contributing to the overarching experience of happiness.  This diversity acknowledges that happiness is experienced subjectively and can manifest in myriad ways depending on the individual, the context, and the intensity of the emotion. www.smellosopher.com 136
137. Happiness Procerus, Orbicularis Oculi Zygomaticus, Risorius, Levator Anguli Oris www.smellosopher.com 137
138. A Note on Surprise A client may experience a moment of surprise upon encountering a floral fragrance triggered by the unexpected beauty or intensity of the scent (pp. 306- 307) .  While short-lived, this initial surprise reaction opens the door to a more nuanced emotional response, quickly giving way to the relevant micro-expression that signifies the underlying emotional impact of the scent. www.smellosopher.com 138
139. Surprise Orbicularis Oris, Masseter, Temporalis Frontalis, Orbicularis Oculi, Levator Palpebrae www.smellosopher.com 139
140. The Final Selection The scent that elicits the most favorable response from the client, marked by positive micro- expressions and a sense of emotional affinity, is deemed the most suitable choice (p. 312) .  This fragrance, selected not just by the client's conscious preference but by their entire nervous system and emotional landscape, becomes the cornerstone of their aromatherapy journey.  It embodies the client's ideal pathway to enhanced well- being, encapsulating the therapeutic power of scent to harmonize mind, body, and spirit. www.smellosopher.com 140
141. ID 124352449 © Cynoclub | Dreamstime.com A Deep Thank You to MCPA DII Dr. Russ Matthias All of You www.smellosopher.com 141