From cgo back to Go - GopherCon 2016

As soon as you import "C", a lot of the things we love about Go are gone.

This talk helps you walk your way back up from the bottom of that pit.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhMhApWQp2E

Transcript

1. From cgo back to Go
   Filippo Valsorda
   

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2. “cgo is not Go”
   —Dave Cheney
   http://dave.cheney.net/2016/01/18/cgo-is-not-go
   

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3. • Effortless memory management
   • Runtime speed
   • Awesome tooling
   • Fast builds
   • Static binaries
   • Reproducible builds
   • go get
   • Super-easy cross compiling
   

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4. Then you import “C”
   

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5. • Effortless memory management
   • Awesome tooling
   • Runtime speed
   • Quick compilation
   • Reproducible builds
   • Static binaries
   • go get
   • Super-easy cross compiling
   

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6. • Effortless memory management
   • Awesome tooling
   • Runtime speed
   • Quick compilation
   • Reproducible builds
   • Static binaries
   • go get
   • Super-easy cross compiling
   

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7. Go memory C memory
   GC
   

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8. Go memory C memory
   GC
   make([]byte, 1024)
   &MyStruct{}
   

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9. Go memory C memory
   GC
   []byte
   *MyStruct
   

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10. Go memory C memory
    GC
    []byte
    

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11. Go memory C memory
    GC
    []byte
    

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12. Go memory C memory
    GC
    []byte
    *uint8_t
    C.some_func()
    

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13. Go memory C memory
    GC
    []byte
    

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15. Go memory C memory
    GC
    []byte
    *uint8_t
    C.some_func()
    

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16. Go memory C memory
    GC
    []byte
    *uint8_t
    

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17. Go memory C memory
    GC
    *uint8_t
    

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18. Go memory C memory
    GC
    *uint8_t
    

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21. // typedef struct {
    // int a, b, c;
    // } someStruct;
    //
    // someStruct *someReference;
    // void storeReference(someStruct *s) {
    // someReference = s;
    // }
    // int retrieveReference() {
    // return someReference->a;
    // }
    import "C"
    import "runtime"
    func main() {
    passSomeMemory()
    runtime.GC()
    println(getSomeMemory())
    }
    func passSomeMemory() {
    someGoMemory := &C.someStruct{
    a: 1, b: 2, c: 3,
    }
    C.storeReference(someGoMemory)
    }
    func getSomeMemory() int {
    return int(C.retrieveReference())
    }
    Output: 1
    

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22. Output: 1
    // typedef struct {
    // int a, b, c;
    // } someStruct;
    //
    // someStruct *someReference;
    // void storeReference(someStruct *s) {
    // someReference = s;
    // }
    // int retrieveReference() {
    // return someReference->a;
    // }
    import "C"
    import "runtime"
    func main() {
    passSomeMemory()
    runtime.GC()
    println(getSomeMemory())
    }
    func passSomeMemory() {
    someGoMemory := &C.someStruct{
    a: 1, b: 2, c: 3,
    }
    C.storeReference(someGoMemory)
    }
    func getSomeMemory() int {
    return int(C.retrieveReference())
    }
    537247792
    

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23. The cgo rules
    You may pass a Go pointer
    … if it doesn’t point to other pointers
    … and C can’t keep a reference to it
    

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24. The GC must see all the Go pointers.
    

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27. // #include
    //
    // typedef struct {
    // int a, b, c;
    // } someStruct;
    //
    // void processStruct(someStruct *s) {}
    import "C"
    func ProcessStruct() {
    someCMemory := C.calloc(1, C.sizeof_someStruct)
    defer C.free(someCMemory)
    s := (*C.someStruct)(someCMemory)
    C.processStruct(s)
    }
    

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28. // #include
    //
    // typedef struct {
    // int a, b, c;
    // } someStruct;
    //
    // void processStruct(someStruct *s) {}
    import "C"
    func ProcessStruct() {
    someCMemory := C.calloc(1, C.sizeof_someStruct)
    defer C.free(someCMemory)
    s := (*C.someStruct)(someCMemory)
    C.processStruct(s)
    }
    

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29. Copy. Copy. Copy.
    

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30. // #include
    //
    // typedef struct {
    // int a, b, c;
    // char *str;
    // } someStruct;
    //
    // void processStruct(someStruct *s) {}
    import "C"
    import "unsafe"
    func ProcessStruct(str string) {
    s := (*C.someStruct)(C.calloc(1, C.sizeof_someStruct))
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(s))
    s.str = C.CString(str)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(s.str))
    C.processStruct(s)
    }
    

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31. // #include
    // #include
    // #include
    // typedef struct { uint8_t *data; size_t data_len; } someStruct;
    // void processStruct(someStruct *s) {}
    import "C"
    import "unsafe"
    func ProcessStruct(data []byte) {
    s := (*C.someStruct)(C.calloc(1, C.sizeof_someStruct))
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(s))
    cMem := C.calloc(1, C.size_t(len(data)))
    defer C.free(cMem)
    s.data = (*C.uint8_t)(C.memmove(
    cMem, unsafe.Pointer(&data[0]), C.size_t(len(data))))
    s.data_len = C.size_t(len(data))
    C.processStruct(s)
    }
    

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32. // #include
    // #include
    // #include
    //
    // typedef struct {
    // uint8_t *data;
    // size_t data_len;
    // } someStruct;
    //
    // void processStruct(someStruct *s) {}
    import "C"
    import "unsafe"
    type SomeStruct struct {
    Data []byte
    }
    func ProcessStruct(s *SomeStruct) {
    [...]
    }
    

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33. // #cgo pkg-config: sqlite3
    // #include
    import "C"
    import "errors"
    type DB struct {
    db *C.sqlite3
    }
    func Open(filename string) (d *DB, err error) {
    d = &DB{}
    if C.sqlite3_open(C.CString(filename), &d.db) != C.SQLITE_OK {
    err = errors.New(C.GoString(C.sqlite3_errmsg(d.db)))
    C.sqlite3_close(d.db)
    }
    return
    }
    func (d *DB) Close() {
    C.sqlite3_close(d.db)
    }
    Wrapper types
    

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34. The arena pattern
    

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35. type arena []unsafe.Pointer
    func (a *arena) calloc(count, size int) unsafe.Pointer {
    ptr := C.calloc(C.size_t(count), C.size_t(size))
    *a = append(*a, ptr)
    return ptr
    }
    func (a *arena) free() {
    for _, ptr := range *a {
    C.free(ptr)
    }
    }
    

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36. func ProcessStruct(s *SomeStruct) {
    ar := &arena{}
    defer ar.free()
    cs := (*C.someStruct)(ar.calloc(C.sizeof_someStruct, 1))
    cMem := ar.calloc(1, len(s.Data))
    cs.data = (*C.uint8_t)(C.memmove(cMem,
    unsafe.Pointer(&s.Data[0]), C.size_t(len(s.Data))))
    cs.data_len = C.size_t(len(s.Data))
    C.processStruct(cs)
    }
    

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37. type arena []unsafe.Pointer
    func (a *arena) calloc(count, size int) unsafe.Pointer {
    ptr := C.calloc(C.size_t(count), C.size_t(size))
    *a = append(*a, ptr)
    return ptr
    }
    func (a *arena) copy(data []byte) unsafe.Pointer {
    ptr := a.calloc(1, len(data))
    C.memmove(ptr, unsafe.Pointer(&data[0]), C.size_t(len(data)))
    return ptr
    }
    func (a *arena) free() {
    for _, ptr := range *a {
    C.free(ptr)
    }
    }
    

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38. func ProcessStruct(s *SomeStruct) {
    ar := &arena{}
    defer ar.free()
    cs := (*C.someStruct)(ar.calloc(C.sizeof_someStruct, 1))
    cs.data = (*C.uint8_t)(ar.copy(s.Data))
    cs.data_len = C.size_t(len(s.Data))
    C.processStruct(cs)
    }
    

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39. If you really have to…
    

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40. // #include
    // #include
    //
    // void processBigData(uint8_t *data, size_t data_len) {}
    import "C"
    func ProcessBigData(bigData []byte) {
    cBigData = (*C.uint8_t)(&bigData[0])
    cBigDataLen = C.size_t(len(bigData))
    C.processBigData(cBigData, cBigDataLen)
    }
    

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41. Go memory C memory
    GC
    []byte
    

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42. Go memory C memory
    GC
    []byte
    *uint8_t
    C.some_func()
    

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43. Go memory C memory
    GC
    []byte
    

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45. // typedef struct {
    // int a, b, c;
    // } someStruct;
    //
    // typedef struct {
    // someStruct *x, *y;
    // } complexStruct;
    //
    // void processStruct(complexStruct *s) {}
    import "C"
    func main() {
    someGoMemory := &C.someStruct{
    a: 1, b: 2, c: 3,
    }
    C.processStruct(&C.complexStruct{
    x: someGoMemory, y: nil,
    })
    }
    

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48. panic: runtime error: cgo argument
    has Go pointer to Go pointer
    

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49. GODEBUG=cgocheck=2
    

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50. go doc cmd/cgo
    

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51. Callbacks
    

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52. int sqlite3_exec(
    sqlite3*, /* An open database */
    const char *sql, /* SQL to be evaluated */
    int (*callback)(void*,int,char**,char**), /* Callback function */
    void *, /* 1st argument to callback */
    char **errmsg /* Error msg written here */
    );
    

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53. var zErrMsg *C.char
    rc = C.sqlite3_exec(d.db, sqlStatement, ???, ???, &zErrMsg)
    if rc != C.SQLITE_OK {
    log.Printf("SQL error: %s\n", C.GoString(zErrMsg))
    C.sqlite3_free(unsafe.Pointer(zErrMsg))
    }
    

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54. package main
    import "C"
    import "unsafe"
    //export callback
    func callback(userData uintptr, _ C.int, _ **C.char, _ **C.char) C.int {
    return 0
    }
    

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55. // #cgo pkg-config: sqlite3
    // #include
    // int callback(void*, int, char**, char**);
    import "C"
    [...]
    var zErrMsg *C.char
    rc = C.sqlite3_exec(d.db, sqlStatement, (*[0]byte)(C.callback),
    unsafe.Pointer(nil), &zErrMsg)
    if rc != C.SQLITE_OK {
    log.Printf("SQL error: %s\n", C.GoString(zErrMsg))
    C.sqlite3_free(unsafe.Pointer(zErrMsg))
    }
    

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56. // NOTE: it’s up to you to manage concurrency (i.e. with a RWMutex)
    var handles = make(map[uintptr]interface{})
    // NOTE: use low numbers not to overlap with Go memory
    handles[uintptr(42)] = "some Go memory"
    rc = C.sqlite3_exec(d.db, sqlStatement, (*[0]byte)(C.callback),
    unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(42)), &zErrMsg)
    //export callback
    func callback(userData uintptr, _ C.int, _ **C.char, _ **C.char) C.int {
    goData := handles[userData]
    [...]
    }
    Example: https://github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3/blob/
    76e335f60bbcee20755df9864f0153af1a80ad2d/callback.go#L52
    

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57. • Effortless memory management
    • Awesome tooling
    • Runtime speed
    • Quick compilation
    • Reproducible builds
    • Static binaries
    • go get
    • Super-easy cross compiling
    

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58. package main
    // #cgo LDFLAGS: -lm
    // #include
    // void slow_func() {
    // double a; int i;
    // for (i = 1; i < 1e8; i++) {
    // a = pow(a, 3);
    // }
    // }
    import "C"
    import "os"
    import "runtime/pprof"
    func main() {
    f, _ := os.Create("cgo.pprof")
    pprof.StartCPUProfile(f)
    C.slow_func()
    pprof.StopCPUProfile()
    }
    

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60. $ apt-get install linux-tools-generic
    $ go version
    go version go1.7rc1 linux/amd64
    $ perf record ./slow
    $ perf report
    

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61. View Slide

62. • Effortless memory management
    • Awesome tooling
    • Runtime speed
    • Quick compilation
    • Reproducible builds
    • Static binaries
    • go get
    • Super-easy cross compiling
    

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63. package main
    // #cgo LDFLAGS: -lm
    // #include
    import "C"
    func main() {
    var a C.double
    for i := 1; i < 1e8; i++ {
    a = C.pow(a, 3)
    }
    }
    

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64. package main
    // #cgo LDFLAGS: -lm
    // #include
    // void powloop() {
    // double a; int i;
    // for (i = 1; i < 1e8; i++) {
    // a = pow(a, 3);
    // }
    // }
    import "C"
    func main() {
    C.powloop()
    }
    

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65. • Effortless memory management
    • Awesome tooling
    • Runtime speed
    • Quick compilation
    • Reproducible builds
    • Static binaries
    • go get
    • Super-easy cross compiling
    

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66. $ cat $GOPATH/src/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/main.go
    package main
    // #cgo pkg-config: libsodium
    // #include
    import "C"
    func main() {
    C.sodium_init()
    println(hashPass("Correct Horse Battery Staple"))
    }
    func hashPass(pass string) string {
    cMem := C.calloc(1, C.crypto_pwhash_STRBYTES)
    defer C.free(cMem)
    res := (*C.char)(cMem)
    C.crypto_pwhash_str(res, C.CString(pass), (C.ulonglong)(len(pass)),
    C.crypto_pwhash_OPSLIMIT_SENSITIVE, C.crypto_pwhash_MEMLIMIT_SENSITIVE)
    return C.GoStringN(res, C.crypto_pwhash_STRBYTES)
    }
    

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67. $ (cd libsodium-1.0.10 && ./configure && make install)
    $ go build github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass
    $ ./hashpass
    $argon2i$v=19$m=524288,t=8,p=1$ISqzZv/SaISgeOJTsWIc4Q
    $w5PTypPasNCkQhm6mnfMhYqpkoGXn0UCO42J6Qjrnko
    $ file hashpass
    hashpass: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked,
    interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, for GNU/Linux 2.6.32,
    BuildID[sha1]=dbae930638bb69e5c461a33d1823906928bb3706, not stripped
    

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68. $ go build -v -x github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass
    WORK=/tmp/go-build285911135
    github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass
    mkdir -p $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/
    mkdir -p $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/exe/
    cd /Users/filippo/go/src/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass
    pkg-config --cflags libsodium
    pkg-config --libs libsodium
    CGO_LDFLAGS="-g" "-O2" "-L/usr/local/lib" "-lsodium" /usr/local/go/pkg/tool/linux_amd64/cgo -objdir $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/
    _obj/ -importpath github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass -- -I/usr/local/include -I $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/ main.go
    gcc -I . -fPIC -m64 -pthread -fmessage-length=0 -I/usr/local/include -I $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/ -g -O2 -o $WORK/
    github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/_cgo_main.o -c $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/_cgo_main.c
    gcc -I . -fPIC -m64 -pthread -fmessage-length=0 -I/usr/local/include -I $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/ -g -O2 -o $WORK/
    github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/_cgo_export.o -c $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/_cgo_export.c
    gcc -I . -fPIC -m64 -pthread -fmessage-length=0 -I/usr/local/include -I $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/ -g -O2 -o $WORK/
    github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/main.cgo2.o -c $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/main.cgo2.c
    gcc -I . -fPIC -m64 -pthread -fmessage-length=0 -o $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/_cgo_.o $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/
    hashpass/_obj/_cgo_main.o $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/_cgo_export.o $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/main.cgo2.o
    -g -O2 -L/usr/local/lib -lsodium
    /usr/local/go/pkg/tool/linux_amd64/cgo -objdir $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/ -dynpackage main -dynimport $WORK/github.com/
    FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/_cgo_.o -dynout $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/_cgo_import.go
    cd $WORK
    gcc -I . -fPIC -m64 -pthread -fmessage-length=0 -no-pie -c trivial.c
    cd /Users/filippo/go/src/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass
    gcc -I . -fPIC -m64 -pthread -fmessage-length=0 -o $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/_all.o $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/
    hashpass/_obj/_cgo_export.o $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/main.cgo2.o -g -O2 -L/usr/local/lib -Wl,-r -nostdlib -Wl,--build-
    id=none
    /usr/local/go/pkg/tool/linux_amd64/compile -o $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass.a -trimpath $WORK -p main -buildid
    ce5e1a0eab9fd96772b6a135be9ae6179cae3208 -D _/Users/filippo/go/src/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass -I $WORK -pack $WORK/github.com/
    FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/_cgo_gotypes.go $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/main.cgo1.go $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/
    _obj/_cgo_import.go
    pack r $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass.a $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/_all.o # internal
    cd .
    /usr/local/go/pkg/tool/linux_amd64/link -o $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/exe/a.out -L $WORK -extld=gcc -buildmode=exe -
    buildid=ce5e1a0eab9fd96772b6a135be9ae6179cae3208 $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass.a
    cp $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/exe/a.out hashpass
    

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69. $ cat $GOPATH/src/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/sodium/hash.go
    package sodium
    // #cgo pkg-config: libsodium
    // #include
    import "C"
    func init() {
    C.sodium_init()
    }
    func HashPass(pass string) string {
    cMem := C.calloc(1, C.crypto_pwhash_STRBYTES)
    defer C.free(cMem)
    res := (*C.char)(cMem)
    C.crypto_pwhash_str(res, C.CString(pass), (C.ulonglong)(len(pass)),
    C.crypto_pwhash_OPSLIMIT_SENSITIVE, C.crypto_pwhash_MEMLIMIT_SENSITIVE)
    return C.GoStringN(res, C.crypto_pwhash_STRBYTES)
    }
    

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70. $ go build -v —i github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass
    github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/sodium
    github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass
    $ go build -v -x github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass
    WORK=/tmp/go-build607855468
    github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass
    mkdir -p $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/
    mkdir -p $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/exe/
    cd /Users/filippo/go/src/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass
    /usr/local/go/pkg/tool/linux_amd64/compile -o $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/
    hashpass.a -trimpath $WORK -p main -complete -buildid
    099121d2abae4b427870cba7785d01725b6dca64 -D _/Users/filippo/go/src/github.com/
    FiloSottile/hashpass -I $WORK -I /Users/filippo/go/pkg/linux_amd64 -pack ./main.go
    cd .
    /usr/local/go/pkg/tool/linux_amd64/link -o $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/
    _obj/exe/a.out -L $WORK -L /Users/filippo/go/pkg/linux_amd64 -extld=gcc -
    buildmode=exe -buildid=099121d2abae4b427870cba7785d01725b6dca64 $WORK/github.com/
    FiloSottile/hashpass.a
    cp $WORK/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/_obj/exe/a.out hashpass
    

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71. • Effortless memory management
    • Awesome tooling
    • Runtime speed
    • Quick compilation
    • Reproducible builds
    • Static binaries
    • go get
    • Super-easy cross compiling
    

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72. $ mv libsodium-1.0.10 \
    $GOPATH/src/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/sodium/_libsodium-1.0.10
    $ head $GOPATH/src/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/sodium/hash.go
    package sodium
    // #cgo CFLAGS: -I${SRCDIR}/_libsodium-1.0.10/src/libsodium/include/
    // #cgo LDFLAGS: -L${SRCDIR}/_libsodium-1.0.10/src/libsodium/.libs/ -lsodium
    // #include
    import "C"
    $ (cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/sodium/_libsodium-1.0.10 && \
    ./configure && make)
    $ go build github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass
    

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73. • Effortless memory management
    • Awesome tooling
    • Runtime speed
    • Quick compilation
    • Reproducible builds
    • Static binaries
    • go get
    • Super-easy cross compiling
    

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74. $ go build -ldflags="-extldflags -static" github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass
    $ file hashpass
    hashpass: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (GNU/Linux), statically
    linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.32,
    BuildID[sha1]=b0b0ccdbb3860c12c49e8034ce8fd854b9943eb3, not stripped
    

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75. $ apt-get install musl-tools
    $ export CC=musl-gcc
    $ (cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/sodium/_libsodium-1.0.10 && \
    make clean && ./configure && make)
    $ go install -installsuffix musl github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/sodium
    $ go build -installsuffix musl -ldflags="-extldflags -static" github.com/
    FiloSottile/hashpass
    $ file hashpass
    hashpass: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), statically linked,
    not stripped
    

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76. os/user
    net
    crypto/x509
    

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77. • Effortless memory management
    • Awesome tooling
    • Runtime speed
    • Quick compilation
    • Reproducible builds
    • Static binaries
    • go get
    • Super-easy cross compiling
    

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78. $ cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/sodium
    $ (cd _libsodium-1.0.10 && ./configure && make)
    $ mkdir _linux_amd64
    $ cp _libsodium-1.0.10/src/libsodium/include/sodium{,.h} _linux_amd64
    $ cp _libsodium-1.0.10/src/libsodium/.libs/*.a _linux_amd64
    $ head $GOPATH/src/github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass/sodium/hash.go
    package sodium
    // #cgo linux,amd64 CFLAGS: -I${SRCDIR}/_linux_amd64/
    // #cgo linux,amd64 LDFLAGS: -L${SRCDIR}/_linux_amd64/
    // #cgo !linux !amd64 CFLAGS: -I${SRCDIR}/_libsodium-1.0.10/src/libsodium/include/
    // #cgo !linux !amd64 LDFLAGS: -L${SRCDIR}/_libsodium-1.0.10/src/libsodium/.libs/
    // #cgo LDFLAGS: -lsodium
    // #include
    import “C"
    $ go get github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass
    

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79. • Effortless memory management
    • Awesome tooling
    • Runtime speed
    • Quick compilation
    • Reproducible builds
    • Static binaries
    • go get
    • Super-easy cross compiling
    

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80. musl based OS X → Linux cross-compilers
    brew install https://gist.github.com/FiloSottile/
    01d2bbfaf63ae1b6e373e6bc874fefc6/raw/
    f74e34dbf2823e953af28c6b77b7a5139a4f2876/musl-cross.rb
    $ CC=x86_64-linux-musl-cc CGO_ENABLED=1 GOOS=linux go build -i \
    -ldflags '-extldflags -static' github.com/FiloSottile/hashpass
    

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81. • Effortless memory management
    • Runtime speed
    • Awesome tooling
    • Fast builds
    • Static binaries
    • Reproducible builds
    • go get
    • Super-easy cross compiling
    

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82. Questions?
    Filippo Valsorda
    @FiloSottile
    filippo@cloudflare.com
    Olga Shalakhina artwork under CC 3.0 license
    based on Renee French under Creative Commons 3.0 Attributions.
    

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