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A Deeper Deep Dive into Swift Literal

A Deeper Deep Dive into Swift Literal

Spoken at try! Swift NYC 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0iZH2iu7Lw

freddi(Yuki Aki)

September 09, 2019
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  1. A Deeper Deep dive into Swift Literals freddi from LINE

    Fukuoka at try! Swift NYC 2019 (9th. Sep)
  2. About Me freddi (Yuki Aki) from Developing LINE Creators Studio

    at LINE Fukuoka Organizer of HAKATA.swift
  3. - What is a Literal in Computer Programming? - Why

    I want you to deep dive into Swift Literals? - Literals in Swift - Object of Literals - Architecture of Type from Literals - Conclusion Agenda High-Level Low-Level
  4. What is a Literal in Computer Programming? What is a

    Literal in Computer Programming? Notations for representing a fixed value in source code. Values we write in a conventional form whose is obvious
  5. // Integer Literal let assigningIntegerLiteral = 42 // String Literal

    let assigningStringLiteral = "try! Swift" What is a Literal in Computer Programming?
  6. Literal is a minimal way to represent the actual data

    for Programmer What is a Literal in Computer Programming?
  7. Why I want you to deep-dive into Swift Literals? We

    have more chances to touch low level Swift compared to Other Languages
  8. But, it is not easy to learn Why I want

    you to deep-dive into Swift Literals?
  9. Compiler Code looks too difficult and is too long for

    reading Why I want you to deep-dive into Swift Literals?
  10. Why I talk about Literals? Why I want you to

    deep-dive into Swift Literals?
  11. Why I talk about Literals? I learned Swift Compiler things

    through understanding deep side of Swift Literals Why I want you to deep-dive into Swift Literals?
  12. Literals in Swift (Basic Literals) // Integer Literal let assigningIntegerLiteral

    = 42 // Float Literal let assigningFloatLiteral = 10.0 // String Literal let assigningStringLiteral = "try! Swift" // Boolean Literal let assigningBooleanLiteral = true
  13. Representing basic data - Integer Literal → integer numeric -

    Float Literal → floating numeric - String Literal → sentence - Boolean Literal → true/false Literals in Swift (Basic Literals)
  14. Literals in Swift (Basic Literals with nested Type) // Optional

    from Nil Literal let assigningNilLiteral: Int? = nil // Array Literal let assigningArrayLiteralWithInt: [Int] = [42] // Dictionary Literal let assigningDictLiteral: [String: Int] = [:]
  15. Context of Nested Values is necessary - Nil Literal →

    null value - Array Literal → sequencial value - Dictionary Literal → value with key Literals in Swift (Basic Literals with nested Type)
  16. Literals in Swift (Basic Literals with nested Type) // Not

    declared what type you want to make optional ❌ let assigningNilLiteral = nil // Not declared what element type ❌ let assigningArrayLiteral = []
  17. Literals in Swift (Special Literals) // Color Literal let color

    = #colorLiteral(red: 1, green: 0, blue: 0, alpha: 1) // Image Literal let image = #imageLiteral(resourceName: “cat”) // File Reference Literal let file = #fileLiteral(resourceName: “cat.txt”)
  18. Swift also provides Special Literals for resources - Color Literal

    → color - Image Literal → image - File Reference Literal → file location Literals in Swift (Special Literals)
  19. Literals in Swift (Special Literals) Color/Image/File Reference Literal are -

    rendered as Actual Data in Xcode - File → select from file manager - Color → adjusting color code
  20. // Color Literal let color = #colorLiteral(red: 1, green: 0,

    blue: 0, alpha: 1) Literals in Swift (Special Literals)
  21. Literals are a minimal way to represent value by programmer

    There are many Literals in Swift, not only usual Literal! - Integer, Array, Nil, Color etc… Literals in Swift
  22. Object of Literals The Ways of determining Type of value

    are … - Type Annotation - Type Inference with Default Type of Literal
  23. // Integer Literal // assigningIntegerLiteral is Int let assigningIntegerLiteral: Int

    = 42 Literals get Type from annotation after colon(:) Object of Literals(Type Annotation)
  24. // Integer Literal // assigningIntegerLiteral is Float let assigningIntegerLiteral: Float

    = 42 Literals get Type from annotation after colon(:) Object of Literals(Type Annotation)
  25. Object of Literals The Ways of determining Type of value

    are … - Type Annotation - Type Inference with Default Type of Literal
  26. Object of Literals (Type Inference) // Integer Literal // assigningIntegerLiteral

    is Int let assigningIntegerLiteral = 42 Each Literal has Default Type, can be inferenced
  27. Object of Literals (Special Literals) // Image Literal let image

    = #imageLiteral(resourceName: “cat”) type(of: image) // UIImage at UIKit, NSImage at AppKit AppKit UIKit Image Literal NSImage UIImage Color Literal NSColor UIColor
  28. Swift’s Compiling Flow 42 SIL(Swift Intermediate Language) Abstract Syntax Tree(AST)

    AST With Type information Front-End of Compiler Back-End of Compiler
  29. SIL (Swift Intermediate Language) Intermediate Language between Swift and LLVM

    IR - Swift code will be converted SIL after AST - Some of optimization are operated at SIL
  30. Format of SIL SIL is conforming Static Single Assignment format

    %a = some value 1 ⭕ %b = some value 2 ⭕ %a = some value 3 ❌ Value - Object is assigned to value at each line - Assigning to one value is allowed only once
  31. SIL (Swift Intermediate Language) Why do we need SIL when

    deep dive into Literals? We can find how Swift Code is treated by Compiler
  32. SIL (Swift Intermediate Language) Why do we need SIL when

    deep dive into Literals? We can find how Swift Code is treated by Compiler More easy to read SIL than reading compiler code
  33. let assigningLiteral: Int = 42 %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp :

    $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int Let’s read SIL
  34. %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64,

    42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int let assigningLiteral: Int = 42 Let’s read SIL
  35. let assigningLiteral: Int = 42 Allocation of memory to %3

    %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int Let’s read SIL
  36. $Builtin.Int64 object is assigned %4 %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp :

    $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int let assigningLiteral: Int = 42 Let’s read SIL
  37. At first, Some Literals are … %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64,

    42 Literal Object - treated as “Literal Object” starts with $Builtin.*** - $Builtin.*** will be used in Actual Type Initializer
  38. %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 Literal Object At first, Some

    Literals are … - treated as “Literal Object” starts with $Builtin.*** - $Builtin.*** will be used in Actual Type Initializer Un-official name!;(
  39. $Builtin.Int64 object is assigned %4 %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp :

    $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int let assigningLiteral: Int = 42 Let’s read SIL
  40. let assigningLiteral: Int = 42 %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp :

    $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int Let’s read SIL $Builtin.Int64 object is assigned %4
  41. %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64,

    42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int Literal Object (%4) is passed to Int Initializer Let’s read SIL let assigningLiteral: Int = 42
  42. Some Type which can be generated from Literal Let’s read

    SIL - has initializer which receives Literal Object - Initializer of default Type is used, if type not annotated
  43. %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64,

    42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int Literal Object (%4) is passed to Int Initializer Let’s read SIL let assigningLiteral: Int = 42
  44. %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64,

    42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int The generated Int Object is assigned to allocated place let assigningLiteral: Int = 42 Let’s read SIL
  45. "try! Swift" %2 = string_literal utf8 "try! Swift" // user:

    %7 %3 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 10 // user: %7 %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %7 %5 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %7 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %6 = function_ref ... %7 = apply %6(%2, %3, %4, %5) ... Let’s read SIL(from string literal to String)
  46. %2 = string_literal utf8 "try! Swift" // user: %7 %3

    = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 10 // user: %7 %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %7 %5 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %7 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %6 = function_ref ... %7 = apply %6(%2, %3, %4, %5) ... Let’s read SIL(from string literal to String)
  47. Let’s read SIL(from string literal to String) %2 = string_literal

    utf8 "try! Swift" // user: %7 %3 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 10 // user: %7 %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %7 %2: $Builtin.RawPointer // pointer of string %4: $Builtin.Int1 // flag string is Ascii or not %3: $Builtin.Word // length of data on memory
  48. %2 = string_literal utf8 "try! Swift" // user: %7 %3

    = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 10 // user: %7 %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %7 %5 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %7 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %6 = function_ref ... %7 = apply %6(%2, %3, %4, %5) ... Let’s read SIL(from string literal to String)
  49. Swift Literals are treated as Literal Object at first -

    Literal Object will be used for Initializers of actual Swift Type Object of Literals %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64)
  50. Literal Object At first, Some Literals are treated as “Literal

    Object” 42 $Builtin.Int64 4.2 $Builtin.FPIEEE64 “42” $Builtin.RawPointer $Builtin.Word Integer Float String
  51. %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64,

    42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int Literal Object is passed to Int Initializer Initializer which receives Literal Object
  52. Implementation of this initializer is required by _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal protocol %5

    = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) Initializer which receives Literal Object
  53. What is _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal protocol? _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal public protocol _ExpressibleByBuiltinIntegerLiteral { init(_builtinIntegerLiteral

    value: Builtin.IntLiteral) } init(:Builtin.IntLiteral) is called on assigning Literal by = - Type which conforming with this protocol is convertible by Literal Object
  54. _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal init(:Builtin.IntLiteral) is called on assigning Literal by = %5

    = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) What is _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal protocol? - Type which conforming with this protocol is convertible by Literal Object
  55. ExpressibleBy***Literal You may know ExpressibleBy***Literal protocol - makes Type be

    convertible by each Literal, using = - ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral - ExpressibleByFloatLiteral - ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral …
  56. struct OriginalIntegerType: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral { typealias IntegerLiteralType = Int init(integerLiteral value:

    IntegerLiteralType) {} } let value: OriginalIntegerType = 10 ExpressibleBy***Literal How to make Original Type convertible from Literal?
  57. struct OriginalIntegerType: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral { typealias IntegerLiteralType = Int init(integerLiteral value:

    IntegerLiteralType) {} } let value: OriginalIntegerType = 10 1. Set typealias to IntegerLiteralType the type should be converted from Integer Literal ExpressibleBy***Literal How to make Original Type convertible from Literal?
  58. struct OriginalIntegerType: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral { typealias IntegerLiteralType = Int init(integerLiteral value:

    IntegerLiteralType) {} } let value: OriginalIntegerType = 10 2. Implement Initializer which receives IntegerLiteralType value ExpressibleBy***Literal How to make Original Type convertible from Literal?
  59. struct OriginalIntegerType: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral { typealias IntegerLiteralType = Int init(integerLiteral value:

    IntegerLiteralType) {} } let value: OriginalIntegerType = 10 You can initialize your type by Literal! ExpressibleBy***Literal How to make Original Type convertible from Literal?
  60. ExpressibleBy***Literal public struct CGFloat { #if arch(i386) || arch(arm) public

    typealias NativeType = Float #elseif arch(x86_64) || arch(arm64) || … public typealias NativeType = Double ... typealias FloatLiteralType = NativeType CGFloat is using ExpressibleByFloatLiteral
  61. struct OriginalIntegerType: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral { typealias IntegerLiteralType = Int init(integerLiteral value:

    IntegerLiteralType) {} } let value: OriginalIntegerType = 10 ExpressibleBy***Literal How to make Original Type convertible from Literal? 1. Set typealias to IntegerLiteralType the type should be converted from Integer Literal
  62. Associated Type in ExpressibleBy***Literal should conform with _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal protocol public

    protocol ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral { associatedtype IntegerLiteralType: _ExpressibleByBuiltinIntegerLiteral ExpressibleBy***Literal
  63. Swift Type Literal Object ( = Builtin.***) Swift Type: _ExpressibleByBuiltin***

    Swift Type: ExpressibleBy*** Literal Optional → Flow of Converting Literal
  64. Where will passed Literal Object go? %5 = struct $Int

    (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) Literal Object
  65. public struct Int : …… { public var _value: Builtin.Int64

    Literal Object will be stored in Some Swift Types from Literal Literal Object
  66. // static Int.== infix(_:_:) sil public_external ... (Int, Int, @thin

    Int.Type) -> Bool { ... %3 = struct_extract %0 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %4 = struct_extract %1 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %5 = builtin "cmp_eq_Int64"(%3 : $Builtin.Int64, %4 : $Builtin.Int64) ... %6 = struct $Bool (%5 : $Builtin.Int1) // user: %7 public var _value: Builtin.Int64 == operator on Int Literal Object
  67. // static Int.== infix(_:_:) sil public_external ... (Int, Int, @thin

    Int.Type) -> Bool { ... %3 = struct_extract %0 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %4 = struct_extract %1 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %5 = builtin "cmp_eq_Int64"(%3 : $Builtin.Int64, %4 : $Builtin.Int64) ... %6 = struct $Bool (%5 : $Builtin.Int1) // user: %7 public var _value: Builtin.Int64 1. Getting _value from left value and right value Literal Object == operator on Int
  68. // static Int.== infix(_:_:) sil public_external ... (Int, Int, @thin

    Int.Type) -> Bool { ... %3 = struct_extract %0 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %4 = struct_extract %1 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %5 = builtin "cmp_eq_Int64"(%3 : $Builtin.Int64, %4 : $Builtin.Int64) ... %6 = struct $Bool (%5 : $Builtin.Int1) // user: %7 public var _value: Builtin.Int64 2. Passing each _value to Back-End function Literal Object == operator on Int
  69. Swift Type from Literal Swift’s Compiling Flow Front-End of Compiler

    Back-End of Compiler $Builtin.*** Back-End Object
  70. // static Int.== infix(_:_:) sil public_external ... (Int, Int, @thin

    Int.Type) -> Bool { ... %3 = struct_extract %0 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %4 = struct_extract %1 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %5 = builtin "cmp_eq_Int64"(%3 : $Builtin.Int64, %4 : $Builtin.Int64) ... %6 = struct $Bool (%5 : $Builtin.Int1) // user: %7 public var _value: Builtin.Int64 3. Return result as Bool in Swift Literal Object == operator on Int
  71. Swift Type Literal Object ( = Builtin.***) Swift Type: _ExpressibleByBuiltin***

    Swift Type: ExpressibleBy*** Literal Flow of Converting Literal
  72. Literal Swift Type: ExpressibleBy*** Swift Type: _ExpressibleByBuiltin*** Literal Object (

    = Builtin.***) Architecture of Type from Literals Int, String … CGFloat …
  73. Operators(+, -, *, /, == …) Operators(+, -, *, /,

    == …) Architecture of Type from Literals Back-End Function ift Type: ExpressibleBy*** ype: _ExpressibleByBuiltin*** eral Object ( = Builtin.***) Swift Ty Swift Type: Literal O
  74. Some Types generated from Literals are wrappers of Literal Object

    Literal Object represents object in Back-End Architecture of Type from Literals
  75. $Builtin.Int64 Int UInt Architecture of Type from Literals Some Types

    generated from Literals are wrappers of Literal Object Literal Object represents object in Back-End
  76. Some Types generated from Literals are wrappers of Literal Object

    Literal Object represents object in Back-End Architecture of Type from Literals
  77. Some Types generated from Literals are wrappers of Literal Object

    Literal Object represents object in Back-End Architecture of Type from Literals Swift Type from Literal $Builtin.*** Back-End Object
  78. Literals in Swift Literals are a minimal way to represent

    value by programmer There are many Literals in Swift, not only usual Literal! - Integer, Array, Nil, Color etc…
  79. Literal Object At first, Some Literals are treated as “Literal

    Object” 42 $Builtin.Int64 4.2 $Builtin.FPIEEE64 “42” $Builtin.RawPointer $Builtin.Word Integer Float String
  80. %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64,

    42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int Literal Object is passed to Int Initializer Initializer which receives Literal Object
  81. Architecture of Type from Literals Literal Swift Type: ExpressibleBy*** Swift

    Type: _ExpressibleByBuiltin*** Literal Object ( = Builtin.***) Int, String … CGFloat …