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Discovery. ( ) Langley PW, Simon HA, Bradshaw G, Zytkow JM, Scienti c Discovery: Computational Explorations of the Creative Process ( ). , . (1996) , . (2001)
Discovery. ( ) Langley PW, Simon HA, Bradshaw G, Zytkow JM, Scienti c Discovery: Computational Explorations of the Creative Process ( ). , . (1996) , . (2001)
Modeling: The Two Cultures. (with comments and a rejoinder by the author), Statistical Science, 16(3): 199-231 (August 2001) https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1009213726
Breiman, Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures. (with comments and a rejoinder by the author), Statistical Science, 16(3): 199-231 (August 2001) https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1009213726
Leo Breiman, Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures. (with comments and a rejoinder by the author), Statistical Science, 16(3): 199-231 (August 2001) https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1009213726
2001 20 Leo Breiman, Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures. (with comments and a rejoinder by the author), Statistical Science, 16(3): 199-231 (August 2001) https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1009213726
2001 20 Cox Efron ( ) Leo Breiman, Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures. (with comments and a rejoinder by the author), Statistical Science, 16(3): 199-231 (August 2001) https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1009213726
2001 20 Cox Efron ( ) 20話 2021 Observational Studies Leo Breiman, Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures. (with comments and a rejoinder by the author), Statistical Science, 16(3): 199-231 (August 2001) https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1009213726
do prediction for its own sake and forget about the illusion of representing nature. (Judea Pearl) https://doi.org/10.1353/obs.2021.0008 Three Lessons There have been particularly exciting developments in the last five years. What has been learned? The three lessons that seem most important to one: Rashomon: the multiplicity of good models; Occam: the conflict between simplicity and accuracy; Bellman: dimensionality—curse or blessing.
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0.5 p d <latexit sha1_base64="eWTwm+uSU1d/PxikW7VncIaHMRY=">AAAChHichVHLSsNAFD2Nr/ps1Y3gRiwVF1JutD5wIUU3LltrVdAiSZzW0DQJSVqoxR/QreLClYIL8QP8ADf+gAs/QVxWcOPC2zQgWtQbJnPmzD13zsxVbUN3PaLnkNTR2dXdE+7t6x8YHIpEh0e2XKviaCKnWYbl7KiKKwzdFDlP9wyxYztCKauG2FZLa8397apwXN0yN72aLfJlpWjqBV1TPKYy8n40RgnyY6IdyAGIIYi0Fb3HHg5gQUMFZQiY8BgbUODytwsZBJu5POrMOYx0f1/gGH2srXCW4AyF2RL/i7zaDViT182arq/W+BSDh8PKCcTpiW6pQY90Ry/08Wutul+j6aXGs9rSCns/cjKWff9XVebZw+GX6k/PHgpY8r3q7N32meYttJa+enTRyC5vxOtTdE2v7P+KnumBb2BW37SbjNi4/MOPyl74xbhB8s92tIOt2YS8kEhmkrHUatCqMMYxiWnuxyJSWEcaOa4vcIoznEvd0ow0J823UqVQoBnFt5BWPgE/Y4+x</latexit> 1 <latexit sha1_base64="eWTwm+uSU1d/PxikW7VncIaHMRY=">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</latexit> 1 ) 1 1 ( d ) <latexit sha1_base64="Nn/M5/H5iD9Z/hOTHxuHUqAZH+I=">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</latexit> d = 2 <latexit sha1_base64="nHSiJ7YlA7Y9nChVeD/tJhyz2yo=">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</latexit> 0.5 p 2
0.5 p d <latexit sha1_base64="eWTwm+uSU1d/PxikW7VncIaHMRY=">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</latexit> 1 <latexit sha1_base64="eWTwm+uSU1d/PxikW7VncIaHMRY=">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</latexit> 1 ) 1 1 ( d ) <latexit sha1_base64="Nn/M5/H5iD9Z/hOTHxuHUqAZH+I=">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</latexit> d = 2 <latexit sha1_base64="nHSiJ7YlA7Y9nChVeD/tJhyz2yo=">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</latexit> 0.5 p 2 <latexit sha1_base64="LVcqe4i4MA2A5XBAmTvFXnqLayw=">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</latexit> d = 4 <latexit sha1_base64="eWTwm+uSU1d/PxikW7VncIaHMRY=">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</latexit> 1 <latexit sha1_base64="UR9ymFZxc/Q/TCzOORzighhjAlM=">AAAChnichVHLTsJAFD3UF+ID1I2JGyLBuCKDQTEuDNGNSx7ySJCQtgzYUNqmLSRI/AETt7JwpYkL4wf4AW78ARd8gnGJiRsXXkoTo0S8zXTOnLnnzpm5kqEqls1YzyNMTE5Nz3hnfXPzC4v+wNJyztKbpsyzsq7qZkESLa4qGs/aiq3ygmFysSGpPC/VDwf7+RY3LUXXju22wUsNsaYpVUUWbaIylf1YORBiEeZEcBREXRCCG0k98IgTVKBDRhMNcGiwCasQYdFXRBQMBnEldIgzCSnOPsc5fKRtUhanDJHYOv1rtCq6rEbrQU3LUct0ikrDJGUQYfbC7lmfPbMH9so+/6zVcWoMvLRploZabpT9F6uZj39VDZptnH6rxnq2UcWu41Uh74bDDG4hD/Wts24/s5cOdzbYLXsj/zesx57oBlrrXb5L8fT1GD8SeaEXowZFf7djFOS2ItGdSCwVCyUO3FZ5sYZ1bFI/4kjgCElkqX4Nl7hCV/AKEWFbiA9TBY+rWcGPEBJf6hqQag==</latexit> d > 4 <latexit sha1_base64="z3Ba/qsiF6tEgbjc9DFSGYR9udI=">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</latexit> 0.5 p d
data-driven models cannot be wrong or right. Data-driven are not trying to describe an underlying reality.” David Hand, KDD2018 (Keynote Talk) http://videolectures.net/kdd2018_hand_data_science/
data-driven models cannot be wrong or right. Data-driven are not trying to describe an underlying reality.” David Hand, KDD2018 (Keynote Talk) http://videolectures.net/kdd2018_hand_data_science/ ⾒ ( )
and shogi by planning with a learned model. (“MuZero”, Nature, 2020) Davies et al. Advancing mathematics by guiding human intuition with AI. (Nature, 2021) Fawzi et al. Discovering faster matrix multiplication algorithms with reinforcement learning. (“AlphaTensor”, Nature, 2022) × closed /