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Connect.Tech 2017: Get Started with Redux

Connect.Tech 2017: Get Started with Redux

Jeremy Fairbank

September 21, 2017
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  1. Jeremy Fairbank
    @elpapapollo / jfairbank
    Get Started with
    Redux

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  2. Software is broken.
    We are here to fix it.
    Say [email protected]

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  3. The Wild West of State

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  4. ...

    var $el = $('[data-id="42"]');
    var currentName = $el.data('name');
    $el.data('name', currentName.toUpperCase());
    Data in the DOM

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  5. Controller
    View
    Model
    Model
    Model
    Model
    Model
    View
    View
    View
    View
    MVC

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  6. View
    Model
    Model
    Model
    Model
    Model
    View
    Model
    View
    Model
    View
    Model
    View
    Model
    Model
    Two-way Data Binding

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  7. The Wild West of State
    State is everywhere and
    anyone can change it!

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  8. Predictable
    State Container

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  9. All application
    state in one place
    State Container

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  10. Predictable
    Old
    State
    REDUCER
    New
    State

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  11. Predictable
    Old
    State
    REDUCER
    New
    State
    • State changes in one place

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  12. Predictable
    Old
    State
    REDUCER
    New
    State
    • State changes in one place
    • State changes in well-defined ways

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  13. Predictable
    Old
    State
    REDUCER
    New
    State
    • State changes in one place
    • State changes in well-defined ways
    • Changes are serialized

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  14. Reducer
    View
    State
    Actions

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  15. Reducer
    View
    State
    Actions

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  16. Reducer
    View
    React,
    Angular,
    Vanilla JS,
    etc.
    State
    Actions

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  17. Reducer
    View
    State
    Actions
    Dispatch

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  18. Reducer
    View
    State
    Actions

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  19. -
    0
    +

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  20. incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    counter.innerText = Number(counter.innerText) + 1;
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    counter.innerText = Number(counter.innerText) - 1;
    });

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  21. let state = 0;
    function render() {
    counter.innerText = state;
    }
    incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    state += 1;
    render();
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    state -= 1;
    render();
    });

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  22. let state = 0;
    function render() {
    counter.innerText = state;
    }
    incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    state += 1;
    render();
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    state -= 1;
    render();
    });

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  23. let state = 0;
    function render() {
    counter.innerText = state;
    }
    incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    state += 1;
    render();
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    state -= 1;
    render();
    });

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  24. let state = 0;
    function render() {
    counter.innerText = state;
    }
    incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    state += 1;
    render();
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    state -= 1;
    render();
    });

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  25. state += 1;
    state -= 1;
    Anyone can access and
    mutate state

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  26. state += 1
    state -= 1
    { type: 'INCREMENT' }
    { type: 'DECREMENT' }
    Tokens/descriptors that describe a type of change.
    Actions

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  27. function reducer(state = 0, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
    return state + 1;
    case 'DECREMENT':
    return state - 1;
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }
    Returns new state from current state and action.
    Reducer

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  28. function reducer(state = 0, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
    return state + 1;
    case 'DECREMENT':
    return state - 1;
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }
    Returns new state from current state and action.
    Reducer

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  29. function reducer(state = 0, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
    return state + 1;
    case 'DECREMENT':
    return state - 1;
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }
    Returns new state from current state and action.
    Reducer

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  30. function reducer(state = 0, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
    return state + 1;
    case 'DECREMENT':
    return state - 1;
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }
    Returns new state from current state and action.
    Reducer

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  31. function reducer(state = 0, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
    return state + 1;
    case 'DECREMENT':
    return state - 1;
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }
    Returns new state from current state and action.
    Reducer

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  32. function reducer(state = 0, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
    return state + 1;
    case 'DECREMENT':
    return state - 1;
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }
    Returns new state from current state and action.
    Reducer

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  33. function reducer(state = 0, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
    return state + 1;
    case 'DECREMENT':
    return state - 1;
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }
    Returns new state from current state and action.
    Reducer

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  34. Updating state is just a function call now
    let state = 0;
    state = reducer(state, { type: 'INCREMENT' }); // 1
    state = reducer(state, { type: 'INCREMENT' }); // 2
    state = reducer(state, { type: 'DECREMENT' }); // 1
    state = reducer(state, { type: 'ADD_2' }); // 1
    console.log(state); // 1

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  35. Updating state is just a function call now
    let state = 0;
    state = reducer(state, { type: 'INCREMENT' }); // 1
    state = reducer(state, { type: 'INCREMENT' }); // 2
    state = reducer(state, { type: 'DECREMENT' }); // 1
    state = reducer(state, { type: 'ADD_2' }); // 1
    console.log(state); // 1
    Unhandled types are ignored

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  36. function dispatch(action) {
    state = reducer(state, action);
    render();
    }
    incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    dispatch({ type: 'INCREMENT' });
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    dispatch({ type: 'DECREMENT' });
    });
    Decouple event from state change.

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  37. function dispatch(action) {
    state = reducer(state, action);
    render();
    }
    incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    dispatch({ type: 'INCREMENT' });
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    dispatch({ type: 'DECREMENT' });
    });
    Decouple event from state change.

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  38. function dispatch(action) {
    state = reducer(state, action);
    render();
    }
    incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    dispatch({ type: 'INCREMENT' });
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    dispatch({ type: 'DECREMENT' });
    });
    Decouple event from state change.

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  39. function dispatch(action) {
    state = reducer(state, action);
    render();
    }
    incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    dispatch({ type: 'INCREMENT' });
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    dispatch({ type: 'DECREMENT' });
    });
    Decouple event from state change.

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  40. function dispatch(action) {
    state = reducer(state, action);
    render();
    }
    incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    dispatch({ type: 'INCREMENT' });
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    dispatch({ type: 'DECREMENT' });
    });
    Decouple event from state change.

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  41. STORE

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  42. import { createStore } from 'redux';
    const store = createStore(reducer, 0);
    store.getState(); // 0

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  43. import { createStore } from 'redux';
    const store = createStore(reducer, 0);
    store.getState(); // 0

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  44. import { createStore } from 'redux';
    const store = createStore(reducer, 0);
    store.getState(); // 0

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  45. import { createStore } from 'redux';
    const store = createStore(reducer, 0);
    store.getState(); // 0

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  46. import { createStore } from 'redux';
    const store = createStore(reducer, 0);
    store.getState(); // 0

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  47. incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    store.dispatch({ type: 'INCREMENT' });
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    store.dispatch({ type: 'DECREMENT' });
    });
    store.subscribe(() => {
    counter.innerText = store.getState();
    });

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  48. incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    store.dispatch({ type: 'INCREMENT' });
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    store.dispatch({ type: 'DECREMENT' });
    });
    store.subscribe(() => {
    counter.innerText = store.getState();
    });

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  49. incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    store.dispatch({ type: 'INCREMENT' });
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    store.dispatch({ type: 'DECREMENT' });
    });
    store.subscribe(() => {
    counter.innerText = store.getState();
    });

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  50. Store
    Reducer
    State
    View
    0

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  51. Store
    Reducer
    State
    View
    0

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  52. Store
    Reducer
    State
    View
    0
    getState

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  53. Store
    Reducer
    View
    State
    0

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  54. Store
    Reducer
    View
    State
    0
    INCREMENT
    dispatch

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  55. Store
    Reducer
    View
    State
    0
    INCREMENT
    dispatch

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  56. Store
    Reducer
    View
    State
    0

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  57. Store
    Reducer
    View
    State
    1

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  58. Store
    Reducer
    View
    State
    1

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  59. Store
    Reducer
    View
    State
    1
    1
    subscribe
    getState

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  60. incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    store.dispatch({ type: 'INCREMENT' });
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    store.dispatch({ type: 'DECREMENT' });
    });
    Problems:
    • Creating actions are cumbersome
    • Requires direct access to store

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  61. const increment = () => ({
    type: 'INCREMENT',
    });
    const decrement = () => ({
    type: 'DECREMENT',
    });
    Reusable functions that create actions
    Action Creators

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  62. const increment = () => ({
    type: 'INCREMENT',
    });
    const decrement = () => ({
    type: 'DECREMENT',
    });
    Reusable functions that create actions
    Action Creators

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  63. const increment = () => ({
    type: 'INCREMENT',
    });
    const decrement = () => ({
    type: 'DECREMENT',
    });
    Reusable functions that create actions
    Action Creators

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  64. incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    store.dispatch(increment());
    });
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    store.dispatch(decrement());
    });
    Problems:
    • Creating actions are cumbersome
    • Requires direct access to store

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  65. const actions = {
    increment: () => store.dispatch(increment()),
    decrement: () => store.dispatch(decrement()),
    };
    Automatically dispatch when invoked
    Bound Action Creators

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  66. const actions = {
    increment: () => store.dispatch(increment()),
    decrement: () => store.dispatch(decrement()),
    };
    Automatically dispatch when invoked
    Bound Action Creators
    Manually created

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  67. const actions = {
    increment: () => store.dispatch(increment()),
    decrement: () => store.dispatch(decrement()),
    };
    Automatically dispatch when invoked
    Bound Action Creators

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  68. import { bindActionCreators } from 'redux';
    const actions = bindActionCreators(
    { increment, decrement },
    store.dispatch
    );
    Automatically dispatch when invoked
    Bound Action Creators

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  69. import { bindActionCreators } from 'redux';
    const actions = bindActionCreators(
    { increment, decrement },
    store.dispatch
    );
    Automatically dispatch when invoked
    Bound Action Creators

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  70. import { bindActionCreators } from 'redux';
    const actions = bindActionCreators(
    { increment, decrement },
    store.dispatch
    );
    Automatically dispatch when invoked
    Bound Action Creators
    Automatically
    created

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  71. Problems:
    • Creating actions are cumbersome
    • Requires direct access to store
    incrementBtn.addEventListener('click', actions.increment);
    decrementBtn.addEventListener('click', actions.decrement);

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  72. React
    +

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  73. github.com/reactjs/react-redux
    npm install --save react-redux
    Official React bindings for Redux
    React Redux Library

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  74. Reducer
    State
    Actions
    React
    Redux

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  75. React
    Redux
    React
    Application

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  76. React
    Redux
    React
    Application
    Provider

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  77. Component
    React
    Redux
    React
    Application
    Provider
    connect
    State
    Action
    Creators

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  78. Component
    Child
    React
    Redux
    React
    Application
    Provider
    connect
    State
    Child
    Action
    Creators

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  79. const MyApp = () => (

    -
    0
    +

    );

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  80. import React from 'react';
    import { render } from 'react-dom';
    import { Provider } from 'react-redux';
    render((



    ), document.getElementById('main'));

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  81. import React from 'react';
    import { render } from 'react-dom';
    import { Provider } from 'react-redux';
    render((



    ), document.getElementById('main'));

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  82. import React from 'react';
    import { render } from 'react-dom';
    import { Provider } from 'react-redux';
    render((



    ), document.getElementById('main'));

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  83. import { connect } from 'react-redux';
    const mapStateToProps = counter => ({ counter });
    function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {
    return bindActionCreators({
    onIncrement: increment,
    onDecrement: decrement,
    }, dispatch);
    }
    const MyAppContainer = connect(
    mapStateToProps,
    mapDispatchToProps
    )(MyApp);

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  84. import { connect } from 'react-redux';
    const mapStateToProps = counter => ({ counter });
    function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {
    return bindActionCreators({
    onIncrement: increment,
    onDecrement: decrement,
    }, dispatch);
    }
    const MyAppContainer = connect(
    mapStateToProps,
    mapDispatchToProps
    )(MyApp);

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  85. import { connect } from 'react-redux';
    const mapStateToProps = counter => ({ counter });
    function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {
    return bindActionCreators({
    onIncrement: increment,
    onDecrement: decrement,
    }, dispatch);
    }
    const MyAppContainer = connect(
    mapStateToProps,
    mapDispatchToProps
    )(MyApp);

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  86. import { connect } from 'react-redux';
    const mapStateToProps = counter => ({ counter });
    function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {
    return bindActionCreators({
    onIncrement: increment,
    onDecrement: decrement,
    }, dispatch);
    }
    const MyAppContainer = connect(
    mapStateToProps,
    mapDispatchToProps
    )(MyApp);

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  87. import { connect } from 'react-redux';
    const mapStateToProps = counter => ({ counter });
    function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {
    return bindActionCreators({
    onIncrement: increment,
    onDecrement: decrement,
    }, dispatch);
    }
    const MyAppContainer = connect(
    mapStateToProps,
    mapDispatchToProps
    )(MyApp);

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  88. const MyApp = (props) => (


    -

    {props.counter}

    +


    );

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  89. const MyApp = (props) => (


    -

    {props.counter}

    +


    );
    Store state
    mapStateToProps

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  90. const MyApp = (props) => (


    -

    {props.counter}

    +


    );
    Bound action creators
    mapDispatchToProps

    View Slide

  91. Immutable
    Object State

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  92. const initialState = {
    counter: 0,
    car: {
    color: 'red',
    },
    };

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  93. const initialState = {
    counter: 0,
    car: {
    color: 'red',
    },
    };

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  94. const initialState = {
    counter: 0,
    car: {
    color: 'red',
    },
    };

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  95. const increment = () => ({
    type: 'INCREMENT',
    });
    const decrement = () => ({
    type: 'DECREMENT',
    });
    const changeColor = color => ({
    type: 'CHANGE_COLOR',
    payload: color,
    });

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  96. const increment = () => ({
    type: 'INCREMENT',
    });
    const decrement = () => ({
    type: 'DECREMENT',
    });
    const changeColor = color => ({
    type: 'CHANGE_COLOR',
    payload: color,
    });

    View Slide

  97. const increment = () => ({
    type: 'INCREMENT',
    });
    const decrement = () => ({
    type: 'DECREMENT',
    });
    const changeColor = color => ({
    type: 'CHANGE_COLOR',
    payload: color,
    });

    View Slide

  98. function reducer(state = initialState, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
    return { ...state, counter: state.counter + 1 };
    case 'DECREMENT':
    return { ...state, counter: state.counter - 1 };
    case 'CHANGE_COLOR':
    return { ...state, car: { color: action.payload } };
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }

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  99. function reducer(state = initialState, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
    return { ...state, counter: state.counter + 1 };
    case 'DECREMENT':
    return { ...state, counter: state.counter - 1 };
    case 'CHANGE_COLOR':
    return { ...state, car: { color: action.payload } };
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }

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  100. function reducer(state = initialState, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
    return { ...state, counter: state.counter + 1 };
    case 'DECREMENT':
    return { ...state, counter: state.counter - 1 };
    case 'CHANGE_COLOR':
    return { ...state, car: { color: action.payload } };
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }

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  101. function reducer(state = initialState, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
    return { ...state, counter: state.counter + 1 };
    case 'DECREMENT':
    return { ...state, counter: state.counter - 1 };
    case 'CHANGE_COLOR':
    return { ...state, car: { color: action.payload } };
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }

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  102. function reducer(state = initialState, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
    return { ...state, counter: state.counter + 1 };
    case 'DECREMENT':
    return { ...state, counter: state.counter - 1 };
    case 'CHANGE_COLOR':
    return { ...state, car: { color: action.payload } };
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }

    View Slide

  103. function reducer(state = initialState, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
    return { ...state, counter: state.counter + 1 };
    case 'DECREMENT':
    return { ...state, counter: state.counter - 1 };
    case 'CHANGE_COLOR':
    return { ...state, car: { color: action.payload } };
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }

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  104. store.subscribe(() => {
    console.log('state =', store.getState());
    });
    store.dispatch(increment());
    store.dispatch(changeColor('green'));
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'red' } }
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'green' } }

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  105. store.subscribe(() => {
    console.log('state =', store.getState());
    });
    store.dispatch(increment());
    store.dispatch(changeColor('green'));
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'red' } }
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'green' } }

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  106. store.subscribe(() => {
    console.log('state =', store.getState());
    });
    store.dispatch(increment());
    store.dispatch(changeColor('green'));
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'red' } }
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'green' } }

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  107. function reducer(state = initialState, action) {
    }

    View Slide

  108. Reducer
    Composition
    Create modular reducers for
    better organization and
    readability

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  109. Root
    Reducer
    Counter
    Reducer
    Car
    Reducer

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  110. function counterReducer(state = 0, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
    return state + 1;
    case 'DECREMENT':
    return state - 1;
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }

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  111. const initialState = { color: 'red' };
    function carReducer(state = initialState, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'CHANGE_COLOR':
    return { ...state, color: action.payload };
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }

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  112. const initialState = { color: 'red' };
    function carReducer(state = initialState, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'CHANGE_COLOR':
    return { ...state, color: action.payload };
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }

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  113. const initialState = { color: 'red' };
    function carReducer(state = initialState, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'CHANGE_COLOR':
    return { ...state, color: action.payload };
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }

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  114. function reducer(state = {}, action) {
    return {
    counter: counterReducer(state.counter, action),
    car: carReducer(state.car, action),
    };
    }

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  115. function reducer(state = {}, action) {
    return {
    counter: counterReducer(state.counter, action),
    car: carReducer(state.car, action),
    };
    }

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  116. function reducer(state = {}, action) {
    return {
    counter: counterReducer(state.counter, action),
    car: carReducer(state.car, action),
    };
    }

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  117. function reducer(state = {}, action) {
    return {
    counter: counterReducer(state.counter, action),
    car: carReducer(state.car, action),
    };
    }

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  118. import { combineReducers } from 'redux';
    const reducer = combineReducers({
    counter: counterReducer,
    car: carReducer,
    });

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  119. import { combineReducers } from 'redux';
    const reducer = combineReducers({
    counter: counterReducer,
    car: carReducer,
    });

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  120. import { combineReducers } from 'redux';
    const reducer = combineReducers({
    counter: counterReducer,
    car: carReducer,
    });

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  121. Root
    Reducer
    Counter
    Reducer
    Car
    Reducer
    Engine
    Reducer
    Tire
    Reducer
    … …

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  122. Root
    Reducer
    Counter
    Reducer
    Car
    Reducer
    Engine
    Reducer
    Tire
    Reducer
    … …

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  123. Root
    Reducer
    Counter
    Reducer
    Car
    Reducer
    Engine
    Reducer
    Tire
    Reducer
    … …

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  124. Interact
    with APIs?

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  125. Middleware
    Enhance Redux applications

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  126. • Logging
    Middleware
    Enhance Redux applications

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  127. • Logging
    • Debugging
    Middleware
    Enhance Redux applications

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  128. • Logging
    • Debugging
    • API interaction
    Middleware
    Enhance Redux applications

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  129. • Logging
    • Debugging
    • API interaction
    • Custom actions
    Middleware
    Enhance Redux applications

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  130. Reducer
    View
    State
    Actions
    Middleware

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  131. Reducer
    View
    State
    Actions
    Middleware
    Intercept

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  132. const logMiddleware = api => next => action => {
    console.log('dispatch', action);
    const result = next(action);
    console.log('state =', api.getState());
    return result;
    };

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  133. const logMiddleware = api => next => action => {
    console.log('dispatch', action);
    const result = next(action);
    console.log('state =', api.getState());
    return result;
    };

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  134. const logMiddleware = api => next => action => {
    console.log('dispatch', action);
    const result = next(action);
    console.log('state =', api.getState());
    return result;
    };

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  135. const logMiddleware = api => next => action => {
    console.log('dispatch', action);
    const result = next(action);
    console.log('state =', api.getState());
    return result;
    };

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  136. const logMiddleware = api => next => action => {
    console.log('dispatch', action);
    const result = next(action);
    console.log('state =', api.getState());
    return result;
    };

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  137. const logMiddleware = api => next => action => {
    console.log('dispatch', action);
    const result = next(action);
    console.log('state =', api.getState());
    return result;
    };

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  138. const logMiddleware = api => next => action => {
    console.log('dispatch', action);
    const result = next(action);
    console.log('state =', api.getState());
    return result;
    };

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  139. const logMiddleware = api => next => action => {
    console.log('dispatch', action);
    const result = next(action);
    console.log('state =', api.getState());
    return result;
    };

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  140. const logMiddleware = api => next => action => {
    console.log('dispatch', action);
    const result = next(action);
    console.log('state =', api.getState());
    return result;
    };

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  141. import { applyMiddleware } from 'redux';
    const store = createStore(
    reducer,
    applyMiddleware(logMiddleware)
    );
    store.dispatch(increment());
    store.dispatch(changeColor('green'));
    // dispatch { type: 'INCREMENT' }
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'red' } }
    // dispatch { type: 'CHANGE_COLOR', payload: 'green' }
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'green' } }

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  142. import { applyMiddleware } from 'redux';
    const store = createStore(
    reducer,
    applyMiddleware(logMiddleware)
    );
    store.dispatch(increment());
    store.dispatch(changeColor('green'));
    // dispatch { type: 'INCREMENT' }
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'red' } }
    // dispatch { type: 'CHANGE_COLOR', payload: 'green' }
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'green' } }

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  143. import { applyMiddleware } from 'redux';
    const store = createStore(
    reducer,
    applyMiddleware(logMiddleware)
    );
    store.dispatch(increment());
    store.dispatch(changeColor('green'));
    // dispatch { type: 'INCREMENT' }
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'red' } }
    // dispatch { type: 'CHANGE_COLOR', payload: 'green' }
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'green' } }

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  144. import { applyMiddleware } from 'redux';
    const store = createStore(
    reducer,
    applyMiddleware(logMiddleware)
    );
    store.dispatch(increment());
    store.dispatch(changeColor('green'));
    // dispatch { type: 'INCREMENT' }
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'red' } }
    // dispatch { type: 'CHANGE_COLOR', payload: 'green' }
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'green' } }

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  145. import { applyMiddleware } from 'redux';
    const store = createStore(
    reducer,
    applyMiddleware(logMiddleware)
    );
    store.dispatch(increment());
    store.dispatch(changeColor('green'));
    // dispatch { type: 'INCREMENT' }
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'red' } }
    // dispatch { type: 'CHANGE_COLOR', payload: 'green' }
    // state = { counter: 1, car: { color: 'green' } }

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  146. const initialState = {
    status: 'READY',
    user: null,
    };

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  147. function reducer(state = initialState, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'REQUEST_USER':
    return { ...state, status: 'FETCHING' };
    case 'RECEIVE_USER':
    return {
    ...state,
    status: 'SUCCESS',
    user: action.payload,
    };
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }

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  148. function reducer(state = initialState, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'REQUEST_USER':
    return { ...state, status: 'FETCHING' };
    case 'RECEIVE_USER':
    return {
    ...state,
    status: 'SUCCESS',
    user: action.payload,
    };
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }

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  149. function reducer(state = initialState, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
    case 'REQUEST_USER':
    return { ...state, status: 'FETCHING' };
    case 'RECEIVE_USER':
    return {
    ...state,
    status: 'SUCCESS',
    user: action.payload,
    };
    default:
    return state;
    }
    }

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  150. const requestUser = id => ({
    type: 'REQUEST_USER',
    payload: id,
    });
    const receiveUser = user => ({
    type: 'RECEIVE_USER',
    payload: user,
    });

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  151. const store = createStore(reducer);
    function fetchUser(id) {
    store.dispatch(requestUser(id));
    axios.get(`/users/${id}`)
    .then(({ data: user }) => {
    store.dispatch(receiveUser(user));
    });
    }
    fetchUser(1);

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  152. const store = createStore(reducer);
    function fetchUser(id) {
    store.dispatch(requestUser(id));
    axios.get(`/users/${id}`)
    .then(({ data: user }) => {
    store.dispatch(receiveUser(user));
    });
    }
    fetchUser(1);

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  153. const store = createStore(reducer);
    function fetchUser(id) {
    store.dispatch(requestUser(id));
    axios.get(`/users/${id}`)
    .then(({ data: user }) => {
    store.dispatch(receiveUser(user));
    });
    }
    fetchUser(1);

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  154. const thunkMiddleware = api => next => action => {
    if (typeof action === 'function') {
    return action(api.dispatch);
    }
    return next(action);
    };
    const store = createStore(
    reducer,
    applyMiddleware(thunkMiddleware)
    );

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  155. const thunkMiddleware = api => next => action => {
    if (typeof action === 'function') {
    return action(api.dispatch);
    }
    return next(action);
    };
    const store = createStore(
    reducer,
    applyMiddleware(thunkMiddleware)
    );

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  156. const thunkMiddleware = api => next => action => {
    if (typeof action === 'function') {
    return action(api.dispatch);
    }
    return next(action);
    };
    const store = createStore(
    reducer,
    applyMiddleware(thunkMiddleware)
    );

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  157. const thunkMiddleware = api => next => action => {
    if (typeof action === 'function') {
    return action(api.dispatch);
    }
    return next(action);
    };
    const store = createStore(
    reducer,
    applyMiddleware(thunkMiddleware)
    );

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  158. function fetchUser(id) {
    return dispatch => {
    dispatch(requestUser(id));
    return axios.get(`/users/${id}`)
    .then(({ data: user }) => {
    dispatch(receiveUser(user));
    });
    };
    }
    store.dispatch(fetchUser(1));

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  159. function fetchUser(id) {
    return dispatch => {
    dispatch(requestUser(id));
    return axios.get(`/users/${id}`)
    .then(({ data: user }) => {
    dispatch(receiveUser(user));
    });
    };
    }
    store.dispatch(fetchUser(1));
    Action Creator

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  160. function fetchUser(id) {
    return dispatch => {
    dispatch(requestUser(id));
    return axios.get(`/users/${id}`)
    .then(({ data: user }) => {
    dispatch(receiveUser(user));
    });
    };
    }
    store.dispatch(fetchUser(1));
    Action

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  161. function fetchUser(id) {
    return dispatch => {
    dispatch(requestUser(id));
    return axios.get(`/users/${id}`)
    .then(({ data: user }) => {
    dispatch(receiveUser(user));
    });
    };
    }
    store.dispatch(fetchUser(1));

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  162. Alternative
    Async Middleware

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  163. redux-saga.js.org

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  164. • Uses ES6 generator functions
    redux-saga.js.org

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  165. • Uses ES6 generator functions
    • Write asynchronous code in synchronous manner
    redux-saga.js.org

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  166. • Uses ES6 generator functions
    • Write asynchronous code in synchronous manner
    • Great for coordinating multiple API calls
    redux-saga.js.org

    View Slide

  167. • Uses ES6 generator functions
    • Write asynchronous code in synchronous manner
    • Great for coordinating multiple API calls
    • Great for forking background tasks
    redux-saga.js.org

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  168. redux-observable.js.org

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  169. redux-observable.js.org
    • Uses RxJS observables

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  170. redux-observable.js.org
    • Uses RxJS observables
    • Write asynchronous code with declarative observable chains

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  171. redux-observable.js.org
    • Uses RxJS observables
    • Write asynchronous code with declarative observable chains
    • Great for composing asynchronous operations

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  172. redux-observable.js.org
    • Uses RxJS observables
    • Write asynchronous code with declarative observable chains
    • Great for composing asynchronous operations
    • Very concise code

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  173. And plenty more options…

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  174. • redux-logic
    And plenty more options…

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  175. • redux-logic
    • redux-ship
    And plenty more options…

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  176. • redux-logic
    • redux-ship
    • redux-promise
    And plenty more options…

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  177. • redux-logic
    • redux-ship
    • redux-promise
    • redux-api-middleware
    And plenty more options…

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  178. ×
    ✓ Testing

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  179. const state = {
    counter: 0,
    car: { color: 'red' },
    };
    it('returns initial state', () => {
    expect(reducer(undefined, {})).toEqual(state);
    });
    it('increments the number', () => {
    const subject = reducer(state, increment()).counter;
    expect(subject).toBe(1);
    });
    it('changes the car color', () => {
    const subject = reducer(state, changeColor('green')).car.color;
    expect(subject).toBe('green');
    });
    Easy reducer
    unit tests!

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  180. it('creates an INCREMENT action', () => {
    expect(increment()).toEqual({ type: 'INCREMENT' });
    });
    it('creates a CHANGE_COLOR action', () => {
    expect(changeColor('blue')).toEqual({
    type: 'CHANGE_COLOR',
    payload: 'blue',
    });
    });
    You can test action creators, but
    not really necessary.

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  181. However, you should test async
    action creators.
    function fetchUser(id) {
    return dispatch => {
    dispatch(requestUser(id));
    return axios.get(`/users/${id}`)
    .then(({ data: user }) => {
    dispatch(receiveUser(user));
    });
    };
    }

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  182. import td from 'testdouble';
    const axios = td.replace('axios');
    it('fetches a user', () => {
    // Arrange
    const dispatch = td.function();
    td.when(axios.get('/users/1')).thenResolve({ data: 'fake user' });
    // Act
    return fetchUser(1)(dispatch).then(() => {
    const subject = td.matchers.captor();
    td.verify(dispatch(subject.capture()));
    // Assert
    expect(subject.values[0]).toEqual(requestUser(1));
    expect(subject.values[1]).toEqual(receiveUser('fake user’));
    });
    });
    Unit test with
    test doubles

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  183. import td from 'testdouble';
    const axios = td.replace('axios');
    it('fetches a user', () => {
    // Arrange
    const dispatch = td.function();
    td.when(axios.get('/users/1')).thenResolve({ data: 'fake user' });
    // Act
    return fetchUser(1)(dispatch).then(() => {
    const subject = td.matchers.captor();
    td.verify(dispatch(subject.capture()));
    // Assert
    expect(subject.values[0]).toEqual(requestUser(1));
    expect(subject.values[1]).toEqual(receiveUser('fake user’));
    });
    });

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  184. import td from 'testdouble';
    const axios = td.replace('axios');
    it('fetches a user', () => {
    // Arrange
    const dispatch = td.function();
    td.when(axios.get('/users/1')).thenResolve({ data: 'fake user' });
    // Act
    return fetchUser(1)(dispatch).then(() => {
    const subject = td.matchers.captor();
    td.verify(dispatch(subject.capture()));
    // Assert
    expect(subject.values[0]).toEqual(requestUser(1));
    expect(subject.values[1]).toEqual(receiveUser('fake user’));
    });
    });

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  185. import td from 'testdouble';
    const axios = td.replace('axios');
    it('fetches a user', () => {
    // Arrange
    const dispatch = td.function();
    td.when(axios.get('/users/1')).thenResolve({ data: 'fake user' });
    // Act
    return fetchUser(1)(dispatch).then(() => {
    const subject = td.matchers.captor();
    td.verify(dispatch(subject.capture()));
    // Assert
    expect(subject.values[0]).toEqual(requestUser(1));
    expect(subject.values[1]).toEqual(receiveUser('fake user’));
    });
    });

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  186. import td from 'testdouble';
    const axios = td.replace('axios');
    it('fetches a user', () => {
    // Arrange
    const dispatch = td.function();
    td.when(axios.get('/users/1')).thenResolve({ data: 'fake user' });
    // Act
    return fetchUser(1)(dispatch).then(() => {
    const subject = td.matchers.captor();
    td.verify(dispatch(subject.capture()));
    // Assert
    expect(subject.values[0]).toEqual(requestUser(1));
    expect(subject.values[1]).toEqual(receiveUser('fake user’));
    });
    });

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  187. import td from 'testdouble';
    const axios = td.replace('axios');
    it('fetches a user', () => {
    // Arrange
    const dispatch = td.function();
    td.when(axios.get('/users/1')).thenResolve({ data: 'fake user' });
    // Act
    return fetchUser(1)(dispatch).then(() => {
    const subject = td.matchers.captor();
    td.verify(dispatch(subject.capture()));
    // Assert
    expect(subject.values[0]).toEqual(requestUser(1));
    expect(subject.values[1]).toEqual(receiveUser('fake user’));
    });
    });

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  188. import td from 'testdouble';
    const axios = td.replace('axios');
    it('fetches a user', () => {
    // Arrange
    const dispatch = td.function();
    td.when(axios.get('/users/1')).thenResolve({ data: 'fake user' });
    // Act
    return fetchUser(1)(dispatch).then(() => {
    const subject = td.matchers.captor();
    td.verify(dispatch(subject.capture()));
    // Assert
    expect(subject.values[0]).toEqual(requestUser(1));
    expect(subject.values[1]).toEqual(receiveUser('fake user’));
    });
    });

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  189. import td from 'testdouble';
    const axios = td.replace('axios');
    it('fetches a user', () => {
    // Arrange
    const dispatch = td.function();
    td.when(axios.get('/users/1')).thenResolve({ data: 'fake user' });
    // Act
    return fetchUser(1)(dispatch).then(() => {
    const subject = td.matchers.captor();
    td.verify(dispatch(subject.capture()));
    // Assert
    expect(subject.values[0]).toEqual(requestUser(1));
    expect(subject.values[1]).toEqual(receiveUser('fake user’));
    });
    });

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  190. Use integration tests to ensure all
    pieces work together.
    Allow store, reducer, and
    actions to all interact .

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  191. it('fetches a user', () => {
    // Arrange
    const store = createStore(reducer, applyMiddleware(thunkMiddleware));
    td.replace(axios, 'get');
    td.when(axios.get('/users/1')).thenResolve({ data: 'fake user' });
    // Act
    const promise = store.dispatch(fetchUser(1));
    const subject = store.getState;
    // Assert
    expect(subject()).toEqual({ status: 'FETCHING', user: null });
    return promise.then(() => {
    expect(subject()).toEqual({ status: 'SUCCESS', user: 'fake user' });
    });
    });

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  192. it('fetches a user', () => {
    // Arrange
    const store = createStore(reducer, applyMiddleware(thunkMiddleware));
    td.replace(axios, 'get');
    td.when(axios.get('/users/1')).thenResolve({ data: 'fake user' });
    // Act
    const promise = store.dispatch(fetchUser(1));
    const subject = store.getState;
    // Assert
    expect(subject()).toEqual({ status: 'FETCHING', user: null });
    return promise.then(() => {
    expect(subject()).toEqual({ status: 'SUCCESS', user: 'fake user' });
    });
    });

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  193. it('fetches a user', () => {
    // Arrange
    const store = createStore(reducer, applyMiddleware(thunkMiddleware));
    td.replace(axios, 'get');
    td.when(axios.get('/users/1')).thenResolve({ data: 'fake user' });
    // Act
    const promise = store.dispatch(fetchUser(1));
    const subject = store.getState;
    // Assert
    expect(subject()).toEqual({ status: 'FETCHING', user: null });
    return promise.then(() => {
    expect(subject()).toEqual({ status: 'SUCCESS', user: 'fake user' });
    });
    });

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  194. it('fetches a user', () => {
    // Arrange
    const store = createStore(reducer, applyMiddleware(thunkMiddleware));
    td.replace(axios, 'get');
    td.when(axios.get('/users/1')).thenResolve({ data: 'fake user' });
    // Act
    const promise = store.dispatch(fetchUser(1));
    const subject = store.getState;
    // Assert
    expect(subject()).toEqual({ status: 'FETCHING', user: null });
    return promise.then(() => {
    expect(subject()).toEqual({ status: 'SUCCESS', user: 'fake user' });
    });
    });

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  195. it('fetches a user', () => {
    // Arrange
    const store = createStore(reducer, applyMiddleware(thunkMiddleware));
    td.replace(axios, 'get');
    td.when(axios.get('/users/1')).thenResolve({ data: 'fake user' });
    // Act
    const promise = store.dispatch(fetchUser(1));
    const subject = store.getState;
    // Assert
    expect(subject()).toEqual({ status: 'FETCHING', user: null });
    return promise.then(() => {
    expect(subject()).toEqual({ status: 'SUCCESS', user: 'fake user' });
    });
    });

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  196. Resources
    • Redux
    • redux.js.org
    • egghead.io/courses/getting-started-with-
    redux
    • React
    • github.com/reactjs/react-redux

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  197. Thanks!
    Slides: bit.ly/redux-connect
    Jeremy Fairbank
    @elpapapollo / jfairbank

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