The Wild, the Crude, and the Barbarians - Uncivil Words in British History

Presented at the Historical Association

Authors:
Marc Alexander, University of Glasgow
Andrew Struan, University of Glasgow

Transcript

1. The Wild, the Crude,
 and the Barbarians
 Uncivil words in British History M A R C A L E X A N D E R A N D A N D R E W S T R U A N , U N I V E R S I T Y O F G L A S G O W
2. “a magnificent achievement of quite extraordinary value. It is perhaps the single most significant tool ever devised for investigating semantic, social, and intellectual history” Randolph Quirk
12. !"# $%&#'()* | !"#!$% &'()*')+ !"#!$#!.#!/ !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,2)*+3)4')<,3*)'4 !, 2%X%C)< lexemic !%$)' !"#!$#!.#!/#!, !(!&%!)! % =-&1 clipung .12. · dæl .12. · word< word .12.' · vocable !$#*'!+#(/.!"(+' · diction !$)&'!+%" · whid !$+"'!(+!...,+,<(*',,,.. · vowel !$"('!+)( · accent !$%$' · phrase !$%"'!+%% · quatch .".!+#$/.!"(#'...,+,1)(2I,,,.. · mot .!.!+)$ · verb .".!"!+ · verbalism !"("' · monolog !%&%'!%)" · dicky-bird !%#&'...,+,42(*+,,,.. · dicky !%)#...,+,42(*+,,,.. · word-type !%+!' · lexical item !%+)' · lexon !%+)' !, 9&)''%* word< word .12.' !" 4$-D%* ideophone !((!'!%*% !- $&-$%&#($$&-$&)('%, 9-&1 the word !$%+' !. +6-4',9-&1 ghost word !((+' · ghost name !(%+ · ghost form !%## !/ 9-&1,9)'6,-*2?, -*%,&%<-&1%1,-<<3&&%*<% hapax legomenon !((&' · hapax !%+& !0 9-&1,%X$&%44)*+,$6&(4%#4%*'%*<% sentence- word !()(' · holophrasm !(+&'!%** · holophrase !(%%' · phrase-word !%##' · monorheme !%#"' !0#!, 34%,-" holophrasis !(+% !1 *-*4%*4%,9-&1 nonsense-name !()& · nonsense word !%!%' !$ -'6%&,4$%<)! ,<,'?$%4, -",9-&1 cyneword .12. · froforword .12. · grandame words !$%( · household word !$%%' · wordy/wordie !"!('...,+,;<-'4,,,.. · my whole .!.!"(%' · foundling !(&"0#( · Mesopotamia !(&"' · book-word !($! · thought-word .".!(++' · pillow-word !(""' · nonce-word !(() · word- symbol !%*)' · blessed word !%!*' · object word !%!)' · bogy-word !%!% · key-word !%&+' · fossil !%#!' · nursery word !%##' · four-letter word !%#)' · pseudo-word !%$!' · plus word !%$%' · non-word !%+!' !2 %U3)G(2%*', -",(,9-&1,)*,(*-'6%&,2(*+3(+% synonym !$%)/.!(*) ,! 9-&14,<-22%<')G%2?#G-<(B32(&? wordhord .12. · wordloca .12. · vocabulary !"(&' · wordage !(&%' · word- hoard !(+%' · wordlore !%*) · word-stock !%!!' · lexicon !%##' · lexis !%+*' · vocab !%"!' ,!#!, -",(,4$6%&%,-", (<')G)'? lexicon !+)"'!(#% ,!#!" -",(,U3(2)'?#"%%2)*+ vocabulary !""*' ,!#!- -",(,&%+)-*#4$%(D%& lexicon !%$)' ,!#!. C)*)C3C minimum vocabulary !%))'!%)" ,!#!/ 7(4)<,>*+2)46 Basic English !%&%' ,, 4)C)2(&# <-*"34(B2%,9-&14 homoeoteleft !+$& · word-pair !%#+' · confusables/confusibles !%"%' ,,#!, 4)C)2(&)'?, <(34)*+,C)4'(D%4,)*,<-$?)*+ homoeoteleuton !(+!' · homoeoarchy !((# · homoeotel !((# · homoeotopy !((# · homoe(o)archon !(%+' ," -'6%&,4$%<)! ,<, +&-3$4#4%'4,-",9-&14 doublet !("%' · word square !(%* ,- 2%''%&#4-3*1,(',B%+)**)*+#%*1,-",9-&1 word-fi nal !%!(' · word-initial !%!(' ,. 4?CB-2,&%$&%4%*')*+,9-&1 word-symbol !%## · lexigram !%"#' ,/ 4'31?,-",9-&14 lexicology !(&(0#&...,+,H)<'I,,,../.!%)%' · lexis !%+*' ,/#!, -*%, 96- wordster !%+$'...,+,*-*<%,9-&1,,,.. ,0 2-G%,-",9-&14 logolatry !(!*' · epeolatry !(+*'!%+( · verbomania !%&#' · logophilia !%(*' ,0#!, -*%,96- logophile !%$%' ,1 -*%,96-,+4D)2"322?,,34%4,9-&14 verbalist !"%)' · wordmonger !%!+' · wordster !%"!'...,+,*-*<%, 9-&1,,,.. ,$ "%(&,-",9-&14 logophobia !%&#' ,2 <-*<%&*, C%&%2?,9)'6,9-&14 verbality !+)$'!("" ,2#!, -*%, 96- verbalist .!.!+*%' "! *3CB%&#"&%U3%*<?,-",9-&14 word-frequency !%&(' · word-count !%#*' · wordage !%"$' ", (B3*1(*<%,-",9-&14 copiousness !(&"'!($* "" <6(*+%,-","-&C,-",9-&1,'-,+)G%,4)+*)! ,<(*<% parasynesis !("" · popular etymology !((*' · folk etymology !((#' "- %X$&%44)-*,B?,C%(*4,-",2%X)<-* lexicalization !%)%' !"#!$#!.#!/#!, !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,(,9-&1 verbal !+*$'!"*! · lexonic !%++ !, )*,&%4$%<',-", %(<6,4)*+2%,9-&1 verbal !"%*' !" $%&'()*)*+,'-, 9-&14 vocabular !+*(' · verbatical !+!& · vocabulary !+!+' · verbarian !(#* · lexical !(#+' · lexicalic !(+* · morpholexical !%#%' !- <-*4)4')*+,-"#%X$&%44%1, )*,9-&14 verbal !$#*' · wordy !+&"' !-#!, )*, C%&%,9-&14 wordish .".!$(+'!+%" · wording !+*! · verbal !+*$' · syllabical !+*+ · wordly !+##,&-/. !%&"' !-#!,#!, <-*4)4')*+,C%&%2?,)*,9-&14#4$%%<6 verbal !+!('!+$# !-#!" 9)'6-3',C(*)"%4'(')-*,)*,(<')-* verbal !+&&' !-#!- *-' non-verbal !%&"' · textless !%$"' !. 6(G)*+#&%2(')*+,'-,4$%<)! ,<,*3CB%&,-",9-&14 triverbal !(!" · diverbal !(&$ · many-worded .".!(#&' · monepic .".!(#&' !/ 4D)22%1,)*,'6%,34%,-",9-&14 wordy !+*#'!+(* !/#!, *-' non-verbal !%"& !0 6(G)*+, 2(&+%,G-<(B32(&? copious !$)%...,+,;<-'4,,,../.!+$!'!""&0" · worded !"#) !1 (1-&*%1,9)'6,9-&14 word-painted !("*' !$ 1%4<&)B%1,)*,9-&14 word-painted !%#"' !2 9)'6)*,(,9-&1 intraverbal !%*%...,+,H)<'I,,,../.!%$#' !2#!, )*, 4$%<)! ,<,$-4)')-* word-fi nal !%)%' · word-initial !%)%' · word-medial !%)%' ,! $%&'()*)*+,'-,4'31?,-",9-&14 lexicological !(+"' ,, &%"%&&)*+,'-,"&%U3%*<?,-",9-&14 word frequency !%")' ," -",9-&14a,6(G)*+,4)C)2(&, %*1)*+4 homoteleutic !(&! · homoeoteleutic !(%* ,"#!, &%432')*+,(4,(*,%&&-&,13%,'- homoeoteleutic !((* ,- $%&'()*)*+,'-,-'6%&,4$%<)! ,<,'?$%4,-",9-&1 gefeged .12. · manidel .12. · teart .12. · long-tailed !$)%...,+,;<-'4,,,../.!"+% · communicable .".!++! · unanalogical !"$$...,+,H)<'I,,,.. · learned !(+%,&- · parasynetic !(($ · monorrhemic !%#% ,. 9-&1/"-&/9-&1 word-for-word .!.!+!!/.!($(0% · verbatim !(#)' · word-by-word !(+$' ,/ %X$&%44)*+,96-2%,$6&(4%, B?,-*%,9-&1 holophrastic !(+*' ,0 %X$&%44%1,B?,C%(*4, -",2%X)<-* lexicalised !%)%' ,1 $(44)G%,G-<(B32(&? passive !%#$' ,$ 2)C)'%1,G-<(B32(&? basic !%&%' !"#!$#!.#!/#!, !(!"#'%!)! % 7?,C%(*4,-"#)*,&%4$%<',-",9-&14 verbally !+)+' · lexically !($('!(++ !, B?,C%&%,9-&14 verbally !($$0+' !,#!, 9)'6-3',(<<-C$(*?)*+,&%(2)'? verbally !+!*'!+"( !" )*,4$%<)! ,<,$-4)')-*,)*,9-&1 word- internally !%+)' · word fi nally !%+$' · word-medially !%+(' · word-initially !%"#' !- )*,4-,C(*?,9-&14 in so many words !"&*' !. 9-&1,"-&,9-&1 word after word .!.!&** · word by word !#"%' · word for word .".!)**' · after the word .!.!)** · fro word unto word .!.!)"$ · verbatim !)(!' · word in word !)%# · verbally !$((' · verbatimly !$%" · syllabically !+$)'.".!""( · totidem verbis !+$%'!%*& · verbatim et literatim !")&' !"#!$#!.#!/#!, !(!')%!)! % 53&*)46,9)'6,9-&14 vocabularize !($! !, (<<%$',)*'-,2%X)<-* lexicalise !%#"' !"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!&%!)! % J6&(4% cwide .12. · foresettedness .12. · forsetnes .12. · word .12. · wordcwide .12. · locution !)#&0$*' · saying !$#* · phrase !$#*' · comma !$(+'!"!# · word !$%#/.!"(*/. !%*#...,+,(&<6I,,,.. · speech !$%+'!+"$ · stand !+!+ · gramm !+)" · diction .".!++*'!"*% · road .".!+%* · slip-slop !(&# · construct !("!' · group-word !%$# !, <-22%<')G%2? speakings .".!#&$'!+$# · saying .!.!$"* · verbalism !(** · verbalities !()*' !" 4%&)%4,-" routine !(&& !- 34%,-" phrasing !+!!' · phraseology !+"*'!+"(...,+,H)<'I,,,.. !. <-*'&(<')-*, -",(,$6&(4% short !%&* !/ '%&C#%X$&%44)-* word< word .12.' · term .!.!)""' · conveyance !$(+ · termination !$%% · epithet !$%%'!+*) · notion !+$$'!+$" !/#!, 34%, -" terming .!.!)!*'!$%! !/#!" ($'#! ,'')*+ a word on its/upon the wheels !+$$'.!.!+$" · mot juste !%!&' !/#!- 9)'6,-*2?,-*%,9-&1 mononym !(()' · monomial !(($ !/#!-#!, 4?4'%C,-" mononymy !(($ !/#!-#!" <-*G%&4)-*,)*'- mononymization !((% !0 <('<6/$6&(4%#4'-<D,$6&(4% byword !$+#0("'!"!* · phrase !$"%' · cant !+(!'.!.!(!$ · cant phrase !"!&'!(+( · cant word !"$#'!"%* · cant term !"") · catch-phrase .".!($*' · wheeze !(%*'...,+,42(*+,M,<-22-UI,,,.. !1 <2)<6c glittering generality !()%'...,+,-&)+I,R;,,,.. · cliché !(%&'...,+,! ,+I,,,.. · thought- saver !%#!' !$ "-&C32( formala .12. · hiw .12. · formula .".!+#(' · cant !+(!'!"!& !2 )1)-C wise .12. · idiom !+&(' ,! $&-G%&B proverb .!.!#"$' · ditton !$"&'!+$# ,!#!, <-22%<' folksay/folk-say !%&%'...,+,R;,,,.. ,, -'6%&,4$%<)! ,<,'?$%4,-",$6&(4% et cetera !$%"' · chr(e)ia !+!&'!+$$0+* · hob-nob !"+!'!""* · phraseograph !()$' · continentalism !($) · snapper !($"'...,+,R;,,,.. · humilifi c !%*$ · binomial !%$%'!%+) ," 34%,-",! ,*%/4-3*1)*+, $6&(4%4 phrase-making !(+"'!%&% ,"#!, -*%,96- sententiolist !++* · phrase-maker !(&&' ,"#!" -*%,96-, %X$2()*4 phraseologist !"&" !"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,$6&(4%4 phrasical !+!$ · phrasal !("!,&- · construct !("!' !, 34)*+,$6&(4%4 phraseological !++)' · phrasing !((( !" (B-3*1)*+,)*,$6&(4%4 phrasy !()%' !- %X$&%44%1, )*,$6&(4%4 phrased !$$"' · worded !()(' !. 1%(2)*+, 9)'6,$6&(4%4 phraseological !++)' !/ -",$6&(4%4a, "&%U3%*'2?,34%1#6%(&1 rife !$!#'!+"!/.!("( !0 %X$&%44)*+, )*,'%&C4 terming !+)# !1 <-*4)4')*+,-",-*%/9-&1,'%&C mononymic !("& · monomial !(() !"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!"#'%!)! % @4#9)'6,(,$6&(4% phraseologically !(+"' !, )*,'6%,C(**%&,-",(,"-&C32( formulaically !%$"' !"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!'(%!)! % R4%,(,$6&(4%#$6&(4%4 phrase .".!$$*/.!((( · phrasify !+##'!+") !, 34%,(,<2)<6c coin a phrase !%)*' !"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!')%!)! % >X$&%44,)*,$6&(4%4 have .!.!))%' · phrase !$$+' · speak !$"% !, )*,1)""%&%*', $6&(4%4 reword !((&' · rephrase !(%$' · retune !%$% !" <-*G%&',)*'-,-*%/9-&1,'%&C mononymize !((% !"#!$#!.#!/#!- !(!&%!)! % R4%#"-&C(')-*,-",*%9,9-&14# $6&(4%4 coining .".!+(*'!"!& · coinage !+%#' · neology !"%"' · neologism !(**' · minting !()! · neologization !()+ · neonism !()+ · neoterism !("# !, -*%,96- logodaedalus !+!!'!++) · mint-master !+)!'!+%* · logodaedalist !"&"'!(*+ · neologist !"($' · neoterist !("# · verbarian !("# !" *%9,9-&1#$6&(4% mint phrase !+&+ · mintage !+#(' · neologism !(*#' · neology !()+' · neoterism !("# · coinage !("#' !- 9-&1# $6&(4%,B-&&-9%1,"&-C,-'6%&,2(*+3(+% loan-word !(")' · foreignism !(""' · lending !(() · loan-form !%*&' !-#!, *('3&(2)T%1 denizened word !$$+ · denizen .".!+&+/. !%##'!%#) · hobson-jobsonism !%#) · replica !%$+' !-#!,#!, $&-<%44,-" nativization !%"* !-#!,#!" *-' alien !(()' · translation loan(-word) !%**' · loan- translation !%##' · calque !%#"' !-#!" &%B-&&-9%1,9-&1 reborrowing !%$#' !-#!"#!, (<')-*,-" reborrowing !%##' !"#!$#!.#!/#!- !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,34%,-",*%9, 9-&14#$6&(4%4 new-fashion !"&% · neological !"$)'!"") · neologous !(!& · neologismal !(#+ · neoteristic !("# · neologistic !%#$ !, <-)*%1 new-minted !$%('!"!# · new-coined !$%(' · made !+*"'!+(" · coined !((!' !,#!, (B2%,'-, B% coinable !(#% !" -",(,2-(*/9-&1a,(1($'%1,'-,*(')G%, 2(*+3(+% nativized !%## !"#!$#!.#!/#!- !(!'(%!)! % R4%#<-)*,*%9,9-&14#$6&(4%4 neologize !()+' · neoterize !("# !, <(2U3% calque !%$(' !"#!$#!.#!/#!- !(!')%!)! % A-)*,*%9,9-&1#$6&(4% coin !$(%' · feign !+*" · mint !+$%' · new-coin !"**'!(*) !, B-&&-9,"&-C,(*-'6%&,2(*+3(+% usurp !$#!'!+%*/. !($% · borrow !"*+' !,#!, *('3&(2)T% enfranchise !++('.".!")(...,+,! ,+I,,,.. · nativize !%"* !"#!$#!.#!/#!. !(!&%!)! % K%X)<-+&($6? dictionary-making !++(' · lexicography !+(*' · lexigraphy !(&(0#&'...,+,H)<'I,,,.. · dictionary-work !(("' !, 2%X)<-+&($6%& dictionarist !+!" · lexicographer !+$(' · dictionary-maker !"&"'!((& · word-catcher !"#$' · dictionary-writer !")& · lexicographist !(#)0)#' !" 2%X)<-+&($6)<(2,9&)')*+4 lexicographics !"!+ !- 1)<')-*(&? dictionary !$&+' · calepin !$+('!++& · world of words !$%('!+%+ · lexicon !+*#'!()( · thesaurus !"#+'!(+& !-#!, 4$%<)! ,<,1)<')-*(&)%4 alveary !$(* · gradus .".!"+)' · Webster !()#' · the/an unabridged !(+*'!(%) · O.E.D. !(%(' !-#!" 4$%<)! ,<, '?$%4,-",1)<')-*(&? interpreter !+*"'!+"& · etymologicon !+)$'!(+& · pronouncing dictionary !"+)'!($" · rhyming dictionary !""$' · idioticon !()&'!((# · collegiate !(%(...,+,.I,@C%&IW,(24-,H)<'I,,,.. · collegiate dictionary !(%('...,+,-&)+I, H)<'I,,,.. · desk dictionary !%)(' · learner’s dictionary !%)(' · reverse dictionary !%$)' !-#!- $(&'4,-",(, 1)<')-*(&?,%*'&? !-#!-#!, 6%(1/9-&1#/"-&C main word !((( · head-form !%+& · entry form !%+&' · head-word !%++' !-#!-#!" 2%CC( lemma !%$!' !-#!-#!"#!, (<', -",4-&')*+,)*'- lemmatisation !%+"' !-#!-#!- 2(B%2 label !%!!' !. G-<(B32(&?#<-22%<')-*,-",9-&14 vocabular !$#* · vocabulist !$#*,&- · vocabuler !$#*'!"*+ · vocabulary !$#&' · nomenclator !$($'!"*" · word- book !$%(' · verbal !$%%'!+&# · lexicon !+$+'!(&# · nomenclature !+$%'!")$ · vocabula !+%( · vocab !%** !.#!, -*%,96-,<-C$)2%4 vocabulist !$)$/.!(** · nomenclator !+*%'!+&& !/ G-<(B32(&?,-",$&-$%&,*(C%4 onomasticon !"!*' !/#!, -*%,96-,<-C$)2%4 onomastic !+*%'!"!+ !0 +2-44(&? glossary !)(#' !0#!, 4$%<)! ,< microglossary !%$$' !0#!" -*%,96-,<-C$)2%4 glossarist !"(&' !1 1)<')-*(&?,-",4?*-*?C4#(*'-*?C4 sylva !+"$ · synonymicon !(!# · thesaurus !(%('...,+,R;,,,.. !$ '6%4(3&34 thesaurus !($&' !$#!, 4$%<)! ,< Roget !%)*' !2 2)4',-",D%?/9-&14 word-index !%#"' · thesaurus !%$"' !2#!, <-*<-&1(*<% concordance !#("'!(+% · concordant !+&$ !2#!,#!, -*%,96-,9&)'%4 concordist !(!! · concordancer !((( ,! $6&(4%/B--D phrase-book !$%)' · phraseology !""+ !"#!$#!.#!/#!. !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,2%X)<-+&($6? lexicographal !+($ · dictionarial !"$* · lexicographical !"%!' · lexicographian !(!$ · lexicographic !(!+'!()# · lexical !("#' · lexigraphical !(%$ !, $%&'()*)*+,'-, 4$%<)! ,<,1)<')-*(&? Websterian !(")' !" $%&'()*)*+,'-, (,2%CC( lemmatic !%$$' !- $%&'()*)*+,'-,(,+2-44(&? glossarial !(&!' !. $%&'()*)*+,'-,(,<-*<-&1(*<% concordantial !++*'.".!(*& !.#!, 4$%<)! ,< key-word-in- context !%$%' !"#!$#!*#!( !"#$"%!&%'(")*%!&%*'$$+,% n. adj. adv. v. vi. v. pass. vt. v. refl. v. impers. phr. int. conj. prep. !&%$
13. .".!(++' · pillow-word !(""' · nonce-word !(() · word- symbol !%*)' · blessed word !%!*' · object word !%!)' · bogy-word !%!% · key-word !%&+' · fossil !%#!' · nursery word !%##' · four-letter word !%#)' · pseudo-word !%$!' · plus word !%$%' · non-word !%+!' !2 %U3)G(2%*', -",(,9-&1,)*,(*-'6%&,2(*+3(+% synonym !$%)/.!(*) ,! 9-&14,<-22%<')G%2?#G-<(B32(&? wordhord .12. · wordloca .12. · vocabulary !"(&' · wordage !(&%' · word- hoard !(+%' · wordlore !%*) · word-stock !%!!' · lexicon !%##' · lexis !%+*' · vocab !%"!' ,!#!, -",(,4$6%&%,-", (<')G)'? lexicon !+)"'!(#% ,!#!" -",(,U3(2)'?#"%%2)*+ vocabulary !""*' ,!#!- -",(,&%+)-*#4$%(D%& lexicon !%$)' ,!#!. C)*)C3C minimum vocabulary !%))'!%)" ,!#!/ 7(4)<,>*+2)46 Basic English !%&%' ,, 4)C)2(&# <-*"34(B2%,9-&14 homoeoteleft !+$& · word-pair !%#+' · confusables/confusibles !%"%' ,,#!, 4)C)2(&)'?, <(34)*+,C)4'(D%4,)*,<-$?)*+ homoeoteleuton !(+!' · homoeoarchy !((# · homoeotel !((# · homoeotopy ! ! !"#!$#!.#!/ !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,2)*+3)4')<,3*)'4 !, 2%X%C)< lexemic !%$)' !"#!$#!.#!/#!, !(!&%!)! % =-&1 clipung .12. · dæl .12. · word< word .12.' · vocable !$#*'!+#(/.!"(+' · diction !$)&'!+%" · whid !$+"'!(+!...,+,<(*',,,.. · vowel !$"('!+)( · accent !$%$' · phrase !$%"'!+%% · quatch .".!+#$/.!"(#'...,+,1)(2I,,,.. · mot .!.!+)$ · verb .".!"!+ · verbalism !"("' · monolog !%&%'!%)" · dicky-bird !%#&'...,+,42(*+,,,.. · dicky !%)#...,+,42(*+,,,.. · word-type !%+!' · lexical item !%+)' · lexon !%+)' !, 9&)''%* word< word .12.' !" 4$-D%* ideophone !((!'!%*% !- $&-$%&#($$&-$&)('%, 9-&1 the word !$%+' !. +6-4',9-&1 ghost word !((+' · ghost name !(%+ · ghost form !%## !/ 9-&1,9)'6,-*2?, -*%,&%<-&1%1,-<<3&&%*<% hapax legomenon !((&' · hapax !%+& !0 9-&1,%X$&%44)*+,$6&(4%#4%*'%*<% sentence- word !()(' · holophrasm !(+&'!%** · holophrase !(%%' · phrase-word !%##' · monorheme !%#"' !0#!, 34%,-" holophrasis !(+% !1 *-*4%*4%,9-&1 nonsense-name % , , m c l , ! B - p !"# v v v i !
16. ‣ 793,742 words ‣ 225,131 categories (= meanings) ‣ Approximately 3.5 words for each concept, on average ‣ Largest categories: ‣ 01.05.06.08.02 av (264 synonyms) “Immediately” ‣ 02.01.09.03 aj (248 synonyms) ”Dull, stupid” ‣ 02.06.01.06 (224 synonyms) ”Excellent” ‣ 01.02.03 (213 synonyms) ”Die” ‣ 02.01.09.06.01 (203 synonyms) ”Stupid person, dolt, blockhead”
17. Level 1 I The External World II The Mental World III The Social World
    Level 2 37 major categories
    Level 3 377 categories
18. I: The External World 01. The world 01.01 The earth 01.02 Life 01.03 Health and Disease 01.04 People 01.05 Animals 01.06 Plants 01.07 Food and drink 01.08 Textiles and clothing 01.09 Physical sensation 01.10 Matter 01.10.01. Alchemy 01.10.02. Chemistry 01.10.03. Properties of materials 01.10.04. Constitution of matter 01.10.05. Liquid 01.10.06. Gas 01.10.07. Physics 01.10.08. Light 01.10.09. Colour 01.04.09.07. Named colours
19. 80,000 160,000 240,000 320,000 400,000 1050 1150 1250 1350 1450 1550 1650 1750 1850 1950 15,343 15,343 15,405 18,257 21,841 30,857 37,408 67,229 75,396 85,249 106,314 152,212 184,602 199,224 205,892 220,539 248,448 278,415 334,064 363,039 Middle English Early Modern English Later Modern English Old English
20. Middle English Early Modern English Later Modern English Old English 0 100 200 300 400 1050 1150 1250 1350 1450 1550 1650 1750 1850 1950
21. .".!(++' · pillow-word !(""' · nonce-word !(() · word- symbol !%*)' · blessed word !%!*' · object word !%!)' · bogy-word !%!% · key-word !%&+' · fossil !%#!' · nursery word !%##' · four-letter word !%#)' · pseudo-word !%$!' · plus word !%$%' · non-word !%+!' !2 %U3)G(2%*', -",(,9-&1,)*,(*-'6%&,2(*+3(+% synonym !$%)/.!(*) ,! 9-&14,<-22%<')G%2?#G-<(B32(&? wordhord .12. · wordloca .12. · vocabulary !"(&' · wordage !(&%' · word- hoard !(+%' · wordlore !%*) · word-stock !%!!' · lexicon !%##' · lexis !%+*' · vocab !%"!' ,!#!, -",(,4$6%&%,-", (<')G)'? lexicon !+)"'!(#% ,!#!" -",(,U3(2)'?#"%%2)*+ vocabulary !""*' ,!#!- -",(,&%+)-*#4$%(D%& lexicon !%$)' ,!#!. C)*)C3C minimum vocabulary !%))'!%)" ,!#!/ 7(4)<,>*+2)46 Basic English !%&%' ,, 4)C)2(&# <-*"34(B2%,9-&14 homoeoteleft !+$& · word-pair !%#+' · confusables/confusibles !%"%' ,,#!, 4)C)2(&)'?, <(34)*+,C)4'(D%4,)*,<-$?)*+ homoeoteleuton !(+!' · homoeoarchy !((# · homoeotel !((# · homoeotopy ! ! !"#!$#!.#!/ !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,2)*+3)4')<,3*)'4 !, 2%X%C)< lexemic !%$)' !"#!$#!.#!/#!, !(!&%!)! % =-&1 clipung .12. · dæl .12. · word< word .12.' · vocable !$#*'!+#(/.!"(+' · diction !$)&'!+%" · whid !$+"'!(+!...,+,<(*',,,.. · vowel !$"('!+)( · accent !$%$' · phrase !$%"'!+%% · quatch .".!+#$/.!"(#'...,+,1)(2I,,,.. · mot .!.!+)$ · verb .".!"!+ · verbalism !"("' · monolog !%&%'!%)" · dicky-bird !%#&'...,+,42(*+,,,.. · dicky !%)#...,+,42(*+,,,.. · word-type !%+!' · lexical item !%+)' · lexon !%+)' !, 9&)''%* word< word .12.' !" 4$-D%* ideophone !((!'!%*% !- $&-$%&#($$&-$&)('%, 9-&1 the word !$%+' !. +6-4',9-&1 ghost word !((+' · ghost name !(%+ · ghost form !%## !/ 9-&1,9)'6,-*2?, -*%,&%<-&1%1,-<<3&&%*<% hapax legomenon !((&' · hapax !%+& !0 9-&1,%X$&%44)*+,$6&(4%#4%*'%*<% sentence- word !()(' · holophrasm !(+&'!%** · holophrase !(%%' · phrase-word !%##' · monorheme !%#"' !0#!, 34%,-" holophrasis !(+% !1 *-*4%*4%,9-&1 nonsense-name % , , m c l , ! B - p !"# v v v i !
22. wordhord
 OE wordloca 
 OE vocabulary 
 1782– wordage 
 1829– wordhoard 
 1869– wordlore 
 1904 word-stock 
 1911– lexicon 
 1933– lexis
 1960– vocab
 1971–
23. wordhord
 OE wordloca 
 OE vocabulary 
 1782– wordage 
 1829– wordhoard 
 1869– wordlore 
 1904 word-stock 
 1911– lexicon 
 1933– lexis
 1960– vocab
 1971–
24. HT: 02.08.04.05 (Words and Phrases) 430 words
25. HT: 02.08.04.05 (Words and Phrases) 430 words
26. HT: 02.08.04 (Study of Language) 4,652 words
27. HT: 02.08.04 (Study of Language) 4,652 words
28. HT: 02.08.04 (Study of Language) 4,652 words
29. HT: 02.08.04 (Language) 18,582 words
30. HT: 02.08.04 (Language) 18,582 words
31. Modern English 469,470 words; those cited after 1860AD or marked as ‘current’
32. Food and Drink Health and Disease The Body Biology People Clothing Death Cleanliness Textiles (Other) Plants Action Space Physics Chemistry Movement Time The Earth Colour Properties of Materials The Supernatural Physical Sensibility Relative Properties Number Wholeness Quantity Mental Capacity Travel Leisure Work Authority Communication Armed Hostility Faith Society Dwelling Morality Education Emotion Language Possession Faculty of Will Philosophy Refusal and Denial Aesthetics Existence, Creation, Causation Constitution of Matter Animals Modern English 469,470 words; those cited after 1860AD or marked as ‘current’
33. Modern English 469,470 words; those cited after 1860AD or marked as ‘current’
34. The Age of Johnson 247,933 words; those first cited before 1784AD,
 and last cited after 1709AD
35. The Age of Shakespeare 207,930 words; those first cited before 1616AD,
 and last cited after 1564AD
36. The Age of Chaucer 73,432 words; those first cited before 1400AD,
 and last cited after 1340AD
39. H O W D O W O R D S C H A N G E M E A N I N G ? Words can: ‣ narrow their meaning ‣ broaden their meaning ‣ undergo semantic bleaching ‣ ameliorate ‣ pejorate
40. N A R R O W I N G A N D B R O A D E N I N G Narrowing: ‣ A non-specific meaning becomes specific ‣ desktop, icon, software, toggle, tools, window, virus ‣ actor (not until 1581 dramatic performer) ‣ ammunition (originally all military supplies) ‣ liquor (originally any liquid) Broadening: ‣ Guy (Guido) Fawkes > guy (grotesque effigy, 1806; person 1847) ‣ docile (teachable, 1483; manageable, 1795)
41. S E M A N T I C B L E A C H I N G A form of broadening when a strong meaning becomes a weak one ‣ awful (full of awe, c885; eventually monstrous 1809) ‣ very (true, c1250; intensifier after c1700) ‣ thing (meeting, 685; that which you bring to a meeting, c897, eventually any item or act) ‣ do (to put, c897; to go, a1225; eventually an auxiliary to denote a transitive action) ‣ nice (foolish, c1290; shy, 1400; dainty, 1551; agreeable, 1769) ‣ silly (pitiable, c1425; defenseless, 1587; feeble-minded, 1600s; then foolish)
42. A M E L I O R AT I O N A N D P E J O R AT I O N Amelioration ‣ A word whose meaning has risen in status ‣ knight (a boy, a lad, c893; a servant, c950; a military servant, a1100; a senior military servant and gentleman, 1399) ‣ dexterity (being right-handed; being skilful) ‣ sustainable (endurable, 1611; ecologically sound, 1980) Pejoration ‣ hussy (woman in charge of a household, 1530; low and improper woman, 1738) ‣ demagogue (popular leader > unprincipled agitator, 1648) ‣ brutal (animal, 1540; cruel and savage, 1641)
43. W H Y S T U D Y H I S T O RY I N T H I S WAY ? ‣ Comprehensive overview of the development of ideas ‣ Investigation of the full range of options available to any given speaker over time ‣ Limits misinterpretation of meaning, intention, or content ‣ Places the historian within the contemporary understanding of issues
44. ‘Civilisation is a movement, not a condition; it is a voyage, not a harbour.’ A.J. Toynbee, Reader’s Digest October 1958.
45. 3"1,..'0+76%1$"1 noble savage !'-()*!#!"$ !"#!$#!"#!2#!$ !(!$%&#!)! % :2#$4$.$=%) bærbære *01* · elreord *01* · elreordig *01* · hæþen *01* · ungerad *01* · wild< wilde *01*)**!*!&++$ · wildern *!*!&++ · fremd *"*!&-" · bestial *"*!"++$!,!' · savage *"*!"(+.&+$ · savagine *"*!"&+$!"&+."+ · rude !",&$ · barbaric !"#+$!%!&)* *!*!,&-$ · barbar !%&%$*!*!-(' · barbarous !%&,$ · Scythical !%%#$!'+( · barbarious !%-+$!-'( · raw !%--)*!,"-)* !,'% · incivil !%,' · barbarian !%#!$ · uncivilized !'+-$ · negerous !'+# · savaged !'!! · mountainous !'!&$!-+& · ruvid !'&(N(/ · ruvidous !'&( · incivilized !'"- · inhumane *!*!',+ · tramontane !-&#$!,&( · semi- barbarous !-#,$ · irreclaimed !,!" · semi-savage !,&&$ · semi-ferine !,%"$!,%,***0N01,1%0O0** · warrigal !,%%***0N0C7+&1,.90O0**$!,#+ · sloven !,%'***0N0:!0O0**$!,,(.& · semi-barbaric !,'" · wild and woolly !,,"$ · woolly !,#!$ · jungle !#+,$ · medieval !#!-$*N**00#".."@90O0** · jungli !#(+$ · pre-civilised !#%&$ !$ ,2)0
46. Wild Crude Barbar Civility The ‘Other’
47. W I L D wild a1300– wildern a1300 Blind Harry, The Acts and Deidis of Schir William Wallace, Knicht of Ellerslie (1475): Scotland… set throuch with our ennemys wilde Hansard (Commons), 21 August 1860: The duty of the bishops and ecclesiastics was to instruct the wild people of the colony [New Zealand] in Christian doctrines, and in the principles of morality. fremd c1374 Chaucer, Troylus & Crysede (c1374): Al this world is blynd In this matere, bothe fremed and tame.
48. W I L D savage c1420/30– John Dryden, The Conquest of Granada (1672): I am as free as Nature first made man, 'Ere the base Laws of Servitude began, When wild in woods the noble Savage ran. Charles Darwin, Journal and Remarks: The Voyage of the Beagle (1839): They passed the night here; and it was impossible to conceive anything more wild and savage than the scene of their bivouac. Some drank till they were intoxicated; others swallowed the steaming blood of the cattle slaughtered for their suppers, and then, being sick from drunkenness, they cast it up again, and were besmeared with filth and gore.
49. W I L D bestial c1400– Mandeville’s Voyages (c1400): Thei weren but bestyalle folk, and diden no thing but kepten Bestes. warrigal 1855–(1890) Australian Old Bush Songs (1855): I'm a warragle fellow that long hath dwelt In the wild interior, nor hath felt, Nor heard, nor seen the pleasures of town.
50. R O U G H / C R U D E rude 1483– raw 1577– Harrison, England, in Holinshead, Chronicles (1587): Men, being as then but raw and void of ciiuilitie. ruvid 1632 Lithgow, The totall discourse of the rare adventures and painefull peregrinations of long nineteen yeares travayles (1632): The ruvid Cittizens, being Turkes, Moores, Iewes,… and Nostranes.
51. B A R B A R barbaric 1490-1533; a1837 βάρβαρoς
 The sense-development in ancient times was (with the Greeks) ‘foreign, non-Hellenic,’ later ‘outlandish, rude, brutal’; (with the Romans) ‘not Latin nor Greek,’ then ‘pertaining to those outside the Roman empire’; hence ‘uncivilized, uncultured,’ and later ‘non-Christian,’ whence ‘Saracen, heathen’; and generally ‘savage, rude, savagely cruel, inhuman’.
 J.A.H. Murray, Etymology for barbarous, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, fa.3, 1887
52. B A R B A R barbaric 1490-1533; a1837 barbar 1535-a1726 barbarous 1538– barbarious 1570-1762 barbarian 1591– Sydney Smith to Francis Jeffrey (27 March 1814): When shall I see Scotland again? Never shall I forget the happy days I passed there amidst odious smells, barbarous sounds, bad suppers, excellent hearts, and most enlightened and cultivated understandings. Washington Post (16 July 1932) Americans are the only race which passed directly from barbarism to decadence without knowing civilisation. (Note that this quote has been variously and erroneously attributed to Wilde, Churchill, Georges Clemenceau, Bernard Shaw and others.)
53. B A R B A R semi-barbarous 1798– semi-barbaric 1864 A.F.M. Willich, Elements of the Critical Philosophy (1798): The ancient Britons were as little acquainted with the art of writing, as any of the rude and semi-barbarous nations of those times. Richard F. Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to 
 Al-Madinah & Meccah (1893): the land of the Pharaohs is becoming civilised, and unpleasantly so: nothing can be more uncomfortable than its present middle state, between barbarism and the reverse.
54. C I V I L I T Y incivil 1586 uncivilized 1607– incivilized 1647 Cowley, Welcome (The Mistress) (1647): Either by savages possest, 
 Or wild and uninhabited? 
 What joy couldst take, or what repose, 
 In countries so unciviliz'd as those? John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689): …and amongst those who are counted the civilised part of mankind, who have made and multiplied positive laws to determine property.
55. C I V I L I T Y inhumane a1680 Butler, Remains (a1680): There's nothing so absurd, or vain, Or barbarous, or inhumane, But if it lay the least Pretence To Piety and Godliness… Does sacred instantly commence. irreclaimed 1814 pre-civilized 1953–
56. C I V I L I T Y United States Department of the Interior, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Final Comprehensive Conservation Plan, Environmental Impact Statement, Wilderness Review, and Wild River Plans (1988): Here is an atmosphere of nature at its untamed, uncivilised best. The wilderness stands on its own: free, not propped by access roads, park rangers, interpretative centres, and regulation on use.
57. T H E O T H E R Scythical 1559-1602 Herring, Anatomyes of the true physition and counterfeit mounte-banke (1602): Such Schythicall… torturing and massacring of Men. negerous 1609
58. T H E O T H E R mountainous 1613-1851 Mainwaring and Oldmixton, in Ellis, Swift vs. Mainwaring (1711): England… bounded on the North by a poor mountainous People call'd Scots. Francis Bacon, The essayes or counsels, ciuill and morall (1625): are commonly Ignorant and Mountanous People, that can giue no Account, of the Time past. tramontane 1739-1832 Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 31 (1832): I beg...if these can be your real sentiments, that you will keep them as private as possible. They are totally tramontane in this part of the world.
59. T H E O T H E R jungle 1908– jungli 1920– Chambers’ Journal (Jan 1927): Already he ceases to be jungli*.
 Note: Wild and boorish, a clodhopper or uneducated peasant
60. Wild Crude Barbar Civility The ‘Other’
61. 3"1,..'0+76%1$"1 noble savage !'-()*!#!"$ !"#!$#!"#!2#!$ !(!$%&#!)! % :2#$4$.$=%) bærbære *01* · elreord *01* · elreordig *01* · hæþen *01* · ungerad *01* · wild< wilde *01*)**!*!&++$ · wildern *!*!&++ · fremd *"*!&-" · bestial *"*!"++$!,!' · savage *"*!"(+.&+$ · savagine *"*!"&+$!"&+."+ · rude !",&$ · barbaric !"#+$!%!&)* *!*!,&-$ · barbar !%&%$*!*!-(' · barbarous !%&,$ · Scythical !%%#$!'+( · barbarious !%-+$!-'( · raw !%--)*!,"-)* !,'% · incivil !%,' · barbarian !%#!$ · uncivilized !'+-$ · negerous !'+# · savaged !'!! · mountainous !'!&$!-+& · ruvid !'&(N(/ · ruvidous !'&( · incivilized !'"- · inhumane *!*!',+ · tramontane !-&#$!,&( · semi- barbarous !-#,$ · irreclaimed !,!" · semi-savage !,&&$ · semi-ferine !,%"$!,%,***0N01,1%0O0** · warrigal !,%%***0N0C7+&1,.90O0**$!,#+ · sloven !,%'***0N0:!0O0**$!,,(.& · semi-barbaric !,'" · wild and woolly !,,"$ · woolly !,#!$ · jungle !#+,$ · medieval !#!-$*N**00#".."@90O0** · jungli !#(+$ · pre-civilised !#%&$ !$ ,2)0
62. “a magnificent achievement of quite extraordinary value. It is perhaps the single most significant tool ever devised for investigating semantic, social, and intellectual history” Randolph Quirk
63. Thank you! marc.alexander@glasgow.ac.uk andrew.struan@glasgow.ac.uk www.glasgow.ac.uk/thesaurus