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Neuroscience of Emotion

Neuroscience of Emotion

Affective neuroscience as described in Purves 5e, Chapter 29.

Morteza Ansarinia

December 22, 2016
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  1. Outline ✦ Theories of Emotion ✦ Anatomy of Medial Temporal

    Lobe ✦ Limbic System ✦ Cortical Lateralization 2
  2. Characteristics of Emotion ✦ An emotion is a state associated

    with stimuli that are rewarding or punishing. These stimuli often have inherent survival value. ✦ Emotions are transient in nature (unlike a mood, which is where an emotional state becomes extended over time), although the emotional status of stimuli is stored in long-term memory. ✦ An emotional stimulus directs attention to itself, to enable more detailed evaluation or to prompt a response. ✦ Emotions have a hedonic value, that is, they are subjectively liked or disliked. ✦ Emotions have a particular “feeling state” in terms of an internal bodily response (e.g. sweating, heart rate, hormone secretion). ✦ Emotions elicit particular external motor outcomes in the face and body, which include emotional expressions.
  3. Emotion James-Lange Theory of Emotion 4 ✦ Emotion is the

    product of changes in body state 1. Emotion-provoking stimuli activate somatic and visceral sensory receptors. 2. Peripheral autonomic and skeleto-muscular activities are engaged. 3. Peripheral responses are detected. 4. Emotion elicited by peripheral feedback. ✦ “We are afraid because we tremble”.
  4. Emotion as Associative Learning 6 ✦ Emotions are produced by

    the
 association of sensory stimuli
 (interoceptive and exteroceptive
 secondary reinforcers) with
 primary reinforcers (rewards
 and punishers). ✦ Attach a new meaning to neutral
 stimulus using LTP.
  5. Limbic Forebrain Papez Circuit ✦ Papez: specific brain circuits are

    devoted to emotional experience and expression, guided by two hypotheses: - Hypothalamus influences the expression of emotion. - Emotions reach consciousness and that higher cognitive
 functions affect emotional behavior. Hypothalamus Posterior Hypothalamus Mammillary Bodies Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus Cingulate Gyrus Hippocampus Subiculum Fornix
  6. Limbic Forebrain Broca 8 ✦ Broca: part of the cerebral

    cortex that forms a rim around the corpus callosum and diencephalon on the medial face of the hemispheres (limbic lobe). ✦ Cingulate gyrus above the corpus callosum. ✦ Parahippocampal gyrus in the medial temporal lobe. ✦ Olfactory bulbs as principal input to the limbic lobe.
  7. 10 ✦ Bard: the subjective experience of emotion might depend

    on an intact cerebral cortex, but the expression of coordinated emotional behaviors does not necessarily entail cortical processes. ✦ Hess: electrical stimulation of discrete sites in hypothalamus of cats could also lead to rage response. ✦ The basic circuits of organized behaviors accompanied by emotion are in the diencephalon and the brainstem structures connected to it. ✦ Hypothalamus ⟶ Reticular Formation ⟶ Brainstem and Spinal Cord ⟶ Widespread Visceral and Somatic Motors Responses. Hypothalamus & Emotion Early Works on Cats
  8. 13 ✦ Olfactory divison: special sensory (smell and flavor). ✦

    Parahippocampal division: explicits processing (episodic memory, spatial mapping). ✦ Amygdala/Orbitofrontal division: implicit processing (visceral motor control, emotional experience and expression, appetitive drive, and social behavior). Limbic Forebrain Functional Division
  9. 17

  10. 24 ✦ RH is especially important for the expression and

    comprehension of the affective aspects of speech. Aprosody (or Aprosodia) refers to the loss of emotional expression and speech patterns. ✦ LH is more importantly involved with what can be thought of as positive emotions (versus RH which involved with negative emotions). ✦ RH is superior in detecting emotional nuances in speech. ✦ Facial emotions are more readily and accurately identified (or expressed) from the information in the LH. Cortical Lateralization