ソフトウェアの内部品質に生じる様々な問題は組織設計にその原因があることも多い / Internal Quality Issues Caused by Organizational Design

!NUYT ٕज़తෛ࠴ʹ޲͖߹͏0OMJOF$POGFSFODF'JOEZ ιϑτ΢ΣΞͷ಺෦඼࣭ʹੜ͡Δ༷ʑͳ໰୊͸ ૊৫ઃܭʹͦͷݪҼ͕͋Δ͜ͱ΋ଟ͍

Ұൠతʹɺʮٕज़తෛ࠴ʯͱฉ͍ͯ࿈૝͢Δͷ͸ʁ ٕज़తෛ࠴ 5FDIOJDBM%FCU ಺෦඼࣭ͷ໰୊ ʢಛʹอकੑͷ௿Լʣ Ұൠతʹ ࿈૝͢Δ΋ͷ ϓϩμΫτ։ൃͷੜ࢈ੑ͕ѱԽ ݱ৔Ͱࠔ͍ͬͯΔͷ͸͜͜ ࣮ࡍ͸ʮແ๳ͳෛ࠴ʢ3FDLMFTT%FCUʣʯ
˞ʮແ๳ͳෛ࠴ʢ3FDLMFTT%FCUʣʯʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɺԼهϖʔδ͔Β ϚʔςΟϯɾϑΝ΢ϥʔɺIUUQTNBSUJOGPXMFSDPNCMJLJ5FDIOJDBM%FCU2VBESBOUIUNM ཧղ༰қੑ ςετ༰қੑ มߋ༰қੑ ʢ঱ঢ়ʣ

ର঱ྍ๏Λࢪͭͭ͠΋ɺݪҼΛऔΓআ͔ͳ͚Ε͹ɺ৽ͨͳ໰୊͕૿͑ଓ͚Δ ಺෦඼࣭ͷ໰୊ ʢಛʹอकੑͷ௿Լʣ ϓϩμΫτ։ൃͷੜ࢈ੑ͕ѱԽ ݪҼ ૿΍͢ ϦϑΝΫλϦϯά ϦΞʔΩςΫςΟϯά ݮΒ͢ ݪҼΛऔΓআ͘͜ͱ͕ඞཁ
ʢݪҼྍ๏ʣ Πλνͬ͜͝ʹͳΓ͔Ͷͳ͍ ʢର঱ྍ๏ʣ ྆ํ͕ඞཁ

໰୊Λੜ͍ͤͯ͡͞ΔݪҼ͕ɺ૊৫ઃܭͰ͋ΔέʔεΛऔΓ্͛Δ ಺෦඼࣭ͷ໰୊ ʢಛʹอकੑͷ௿Լʣ ϓϩμΫτ։ൃͷੜ࢈ੑ͕ѱԽ ૿΍͢ ιϑτ΢ΣΞͷ಺෦඼࣭ʹੜ͡Δ༷ʑͳ໰୊͸ ૊৫ઃܭʹͦͷݪҼ͕͋Δ͜ͱ΋ଟ͍ ຊ೔ͷςʔϚ ݪҼ ʹ૊৫ઃܭ

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IUUQTNUYTIBUFOBCMPHDPN w IUUQTOPUFDPNNUYT w IUUQTTQFBLFSEFDLDPNNUYT

ίϯςϯπ w ٕज़తෛ࠴ͱ͸ʁ w ೰·͍͠ͷ͸ʮແ๳ͳෛ࠴ʯ w ݪҼͱͳͬͨ૊৫ઃܭͷΧλϩά w ڞ༗Ϧιʔεϓʔϧ w
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͔݄ޙͷϦϦʔεΛ໨ࢦͯ͠։ൃνʔϜΛ౤ೖ ܦӦऀ ౤ೖ ͔݄ޙʹ ϦϦʔε͍ͨ͠ ϓϩμΫτ ։ൃνʔϜ ͔݄ؒͷ։ൃ   ʢ༧ఆʣ

࣮ࡍʹ͸͔݄͔͔Δ ܦӦऀ ։ൃνʔϜ ౤ೖ ͔݄ؒͷ։ൃ   ʢ༧ఆʣ ͔݄ޙʹ ϦϦʔε͍ͨ͠ ͔݄ͷ։ൃΛཁ͢Δ
ϓϩμΫτ ͔݄෼ͷෆ଍

ෛ࠴Λ๊͑Δ͜ͱͰܭըͲ͓Γ͔݄ͰϦϦʔε ܦӦऀ ͔݄෼ͷෛ࠴ ͔݄͔͔Δ͸ͣͩͬͨ ϓϩμΫτ ͔݄ؒͷ։ൃ ౤ೖ आΓೖΕ ͔݄ ૣ͍ϦϦʔε
։ൃνʔϜ ؾ෇͍͍ͯͳ͍ ͔݄Ͱ׬੒

͜Ε͸Ͳ͏͍͏͜ͱ͔ʁ ͔݄͔͔Δ͸ͣͩͬͨ ϓϩμΫτ ͔݄ ૣ͍ϦϦʔε ͔݄Ͱ׬੒ ͔݄෼ͷෛ࠴

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ʢৼΔ෣͍ʹؔ͢Δ΋ͷʣ ݟ͑ͳ͍ػೳ ʢߏ଄ʹؔ͢Δ΋ͷʣ ཧ૝ͱͷΪϟοϓ ཧ૝ ݱ࣮ ฦࡁʢղܾʣ͢΂͖ର৅ ˞ฦࡁෆཁͳ΋ͷ͸ෛ࠴Ͱ͸ͳ͍ ˞࣮ࡍʹ͸Կ͕ཧ૝Ͱ͋Δ͔ɺৗʹෆ֬ఆ ݟ͑Δػೳ ʢৼΔ෣͍ʹؔ͢Δ΋ͷʣ

ෛ࠴ͱҾ͖׵͑ʹͨ͠ૣظϦϦʔεͷΠϝʔδʁ ྦྷੵػೳ ࣌ؒ ͔݄ ͔݄ ։ൃείʔϓ ͔݄ ݱ࣮ ཧ૝ ෛ࠴Λબ୒ͨ͠ํ͕ੜ࢈ੑ͕ߴ͍ʁ

࣮ࡍ͸ɺෛ࠴ΛॏͶΔ΄Ͳɺੜ࢈ੑ͕௿Լ͍ͯ͘͠ ྦྷੵػೳ ࣌ؒ ͔݄ ͔݄ ։ൃείʔϓ ͔݄ ݱ࣮ ཧ૝ ์ஔ͢Δͱੜ࢈ੑ͕ٯస͢Δ
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ϯδχΞϦϯά૊৫શମཱ͕ͪਚ͘͢͜ͱʹͳΓ·͢ʢޙུʣ ᶸ ᶹ 5IF8Z$BTI1PSUGPMJP.BOBHFNFOU4ZTUFN 0014-"c8BSE$VOOJOHIBN IUUQTDDPNEPDPPQTMBIUNM

Ͱ͸ɺ͖͞΄ͲͷϓϩδΣΫτͷଓ͖ΛݟͯΈΔ ܦӦऀ ͔݄෼ͷෛ࠴ ͔݄͔͔Δ͸ͣͩͬͨ ϓϩμΫτ ͔݄ؒͷ։ൃ ౤ೖ आΓೖΕ ͔݄ ૣ͍ϦϦʔε
։ൃνʔϜ

ͨͱ͑͹ɺ৽͍͠ػೳΛ௥Ճ͍ͨ͠ͱ͢Δ ܦӦऀ طଘػೳ ෛ࠴ ௥Ճػೳ ։ൃ ʢ༧ఆʣ ։ൃνʔϜ ౤ೖ

બ୒ࢶ͸ͭ ᶃ ෛ࠴Λ๊͑ͨ··Ͱɺػೳ௥ՃΛਐΊΔ ᶄ ෛ࠴Λฦࡁ͔ͯ͠Βɺػೳ௥ՃΛਐΊΔ

ᶃෛ࠴Λ๊͑ͨ··Ͱͷػೳ௥Ճ͸རଉͷࢧ෷͍Ͱੜ࢈ੑ͕མͪɺϦϦʔεΛ஗ΒͤΔ ܦӦऀ طଘػೳ ౤ೖ ௥Ճػೳ རଉ ࢧ෷͍
ෛ࠴ ੜ࢈ੑͷѱԽ ཧ༝͕෼͔Βͳ͍ ஗Ԇ ։ൃνʔϜ

ᶄػೳ௥Ճͷલʹෛ࠴Λฦࡁ͢Δͱɺͦͷ෼ɺϦϦʔε͕஗ΕΔ طଘػೳ ฦࡁ ෛ࠴ ܦӦऀ ։ൃνʔϜ ౤ೖ ௥Ճػೳ ஗Ԇ ϦϑΝΫλϦϯά΍
ϦΞʔΩςΫςΟϯά ॏཁੑ͕෼͔Βͳ͍

ͲͪΒʹͯ͠΋ɺϦϦʔε͕஗ΕΔ ᶃ ෛ࠴Λ๊͑ͨ··Ͱɺػೳ௥ՃΛਐΊΔ ᶄ ෛ࠴Λฦࡁ͔ͯ͠Βɺػೳ௥ՃΛਐΊΔ

ϦϦʔεͷ஗Ε͸ɺ஗ԆίετͱͳͬͯϏδωεʹӨڹ͢Δ ྫ͑͹ɺ͔݄͋ͨΓສԁͷརӹΛੜΉػೳͰ͋Ε͹ɺ ϦϦʔε͕͔݄஗ΕΔ͜ͱͰɺສԁͷ஗ԆίετʹͳΔ ྦྷੵ஗Ԇίετ $PTUPG%FMBZ ஗Ԇظؒ ͔݄ ສԁ ϦϦʔεͷ஗Ε ஗Ԇίετ
ϏδωεʹѱӨڹ

ͲͪΒΛબ୒͢Δ͜ͱ͕ɺ߹ཧతͳҙࢥܾఆͱͳΔ͔ʁ ᶃ ෛ࠴Λ๊͑ͨ··Ͱɺػೳ௥ՃΛਐΊΔ ᶄ ෛ࠴Λฦࡁ͔ͯ͠Βɺػೳ௥ՃΛਐΊΔ

ෛ࠴ͱ͸ɺͦΕΛ࿩͠߹͏ͨΊͷίϛϡχέʔγϣϯπʔϧ ᶃ ෛ࠴Λ๊͑ͨ··Ͱɺػೳ௥ՃΛਐΊΔ ᶄ ෛ࠴Λฦࡁ͔ͯ͠Βɺػೳ௥ՃΛਐΊΔ ੜ࢈ੑ͕མͪΔͷ͸ͳͥͳͷ͔ʁ ฦࡁͷॏཁੑͱ͸ʁ ݁ہɺͲ͏͢Δ͜ͱ͕࠷΋߹ཧతͳͷ͔ʁ ஗ԆʹΑΔϏδωε΁ͷӨڹ͸ʁ ܦӦऀ
։ൃνʔϜ ࿩͠߹͏

૊৫ઃܭ͕΋ͨΒ͢ʮແ๳ͳෛ࠴ʯͱͦͷ಺෦඼࣭ͷ໰୊ΛऔΓѻ͏ ˞Լهϖʔδʹܝࡌ͞ΕͨਤΛ΋ͱʹ࡞੒ ϚʔςΟϯɾϑΝ΢ϥʔɺIUUQTNBSUJOGPXMFSDPNCMJLJ5FDIOJDBM%FCU2VBESBOUIUNM ಺෦඼࣭ ͷ໰୊ ։ൃ ։ൃνʔϜ ݟ͑Δػೳ ৼΔ෣͍ʹ ؔ͢Δ΋ͷ
ݟ͑ͳ͍ػೳ ߏ଄ʹ ؔ͢Δ΋ͷ ૊৫ઃܭ आΓೖΕ ܦӦऀ ౤ೖ ແ๳ͳෛ࠴ ϓϩμΫτ ແ๳ͳෛ࠴ʁ

ϚʔςΟϯɾϑΝ΢ϥʔʹΑΔෛ࠴ͷ෼ྨ ˞Լهϖʔδʹܝࡌ͞ΕͨਤΛ΋ͱʹ࡞੒ ϚʔςΟϯɾϑΝ΢ϥʔɺIUUQTNBSUJOGPXMFSDPNCMJLJ5FDIOJDBM%FCU2VBESBOUIUNM ઃܭʹׂ࣌ؒ͘ ͳΜͯͳ͍͠ ݁Ռʹ΋੹೚࣋ͯͳ͍ ແ๳ 3FDLMFTT ϨΠϠʔԽͬͯԿʁ ҙਤత
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ෛ࠴ʹର͢Δ։ൃऀɾؔ܎ऀΒͷཧղͱධՁ ҙਤతͳෛ࠴ ແ֮ࣗͳෛ࠴ ແ๳ͳෛ࠴ ৻ॏͳෛ࠴ w ͦͷઃܭͷ··ͰͷϦϦʔε͕ɺෛ࠴ͱҾ͖׵͑Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱΛʜʜ w ෛ࠴ʹΑͬͯੜ͡ΔӨڹͷେ͖͞Λద੾ʹʜʜ ཧղ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍
ධՁ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ ධՁ͍ͯ͠Δ ཧղ͍ͯ͠Δ

ࠨԼୈ৅ݶແ๳Ͱແ֮ࣗͳෛ࠴ ର৅ͱ͢ΔϓϩμΫτΛద੾ʹઃܭ͢Δ஌ࣝ΍εΩϧΛ։ൃνʔϜ͕༗͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ ࣗ෼ͨͪͰ͸ίϯτϩʔϧͰ͖ͣɺ֮ࣗ΋ͳ͍··ɺෛ࠴ΛੵΈॏͶଓ͚Δ ྦྷੵػೳ ࣌ؒ ༏ΕͨઃܭʹΑΔ։ൃ ࣮ࡍͷ։ൃ ྦྷੵػೳ ࣌ؒ
࣮ࡍͷ։ൃ ։ൃείʔϓ ։ൃείʔϓ O O OB B ᶄ ༏ΕͨઃܭΛબ୒Ͱ͖ͨͳΒɺ΋ ͏গ͠ૣ͘ϦϦʔεͰ͖ͨ ᶃ ૿͑ଓ͚Δෛ࠴ʹΑͬͯརଉͷࢧ ෷͍ʹ௥ΘΕɺੜ࢈ੑ͕௿Լ͠ଓ ͚͍ͯΔ

ࠨ্ୈ৅ݶແ๳Ͱҙਤతͳෛ࠴ ̎ ༏Εͨઃܭʹׂ࣌ؒ͘ͳͲͳ͍ͱߟ͑ɺΫΠοΫμʔςΟͰ΍ΔͱܾΊ͍ͯΔ ෛ࠴ʹΑΔੜ࢈ੑ௿ԼΛָ؍ࢹɺ͋Δ͍͸ܰࢹ͢Δ܏޲͕͋Δ ྦྷੵػೳ ࣌ؒ ༏ΕͨઃܭʹΑΔ։ൃ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟʹΑΔ։ൃ ྦྷੵػೳ ࣌ؒ
։ൃείʔϓ ։ൃείʔϓ O O OC σβΠϯ ϖΠΦϑϥΠϯ C O B B σβΠϯ ϖΠΦϑϥΠϯ ༏ΕͨઃܭʹΑΔ։ൃ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟʹΑΔ։ൃ ᶃ ༏ΕͨઃܭΑΓɺΫΠοΫμʔ ςΟͷํ͕ɺૣظͷϦϦʔεΛ࣮ ݱͰ͖Δͱߟ͍͑ͯΔ O B B ᶄ ࣮ࡍ͸ɺΫΠοΫμʔςΟͷબ ୒͕νʔϜͷεϐʔυΛୣ͏͜ͱ ʹܨ͕͍ͬͯΔ ։ൃऀ΍ؔ܎ऀͷೝࣝ ࣮ࡍ͸͜͏

ӈ্ୈ৅ݶ৻ॏͰҙਤతͳෛ࠴ ̏ ૣظͷϦϦʔε͕ɺෛ࠴ʹΑΔੜ࢈ੑ௿ԼͱͷτϨʔυΦϑͩͱ஌͍ͬͯΔ ͦͷ্Ͱɺ߹ཧతͳҙࢥܾఆΛԼ͢ ྦྷੵػೳ ࣌ؒ ྦྷੵػೳ ࣌ؒ ։ൃείʔϓ O
ᶄ ։ൃείʔϓ͕ϖΠΦϑϥΠϯΑ Γ্Ͱ͋Ε͹ɺνʔϜ͸ɺ༏Εͨ ઃܭΛબ୒͢Δ ᶃ ։ൃείʔϓ͕ϖΠΦϑϥΠϯΑ ΓԼͰ͋Ε͹ɺνʔϜ͸ɺૣظͷ ϦϦʔεͷͨΊʹෛ࠴Λબ୒͢Δ Մೳੑ͕͋Δ σβΠϯ ϖΠΦϑϥΠϯ O B B ෛ࠴Λબ୒ ༏ΕͨઃܭΛબ୒ C ෛ࠴Λબ୒ ༏ΕͨઃܭΛબ୒ O O C σβΠϯ ϖΠΦϑϥΠϯ ։ൃείʔϓ

ӈԼୈ৅ݶ৻ॏͰແ֮ࣗͳෛ࠴ ϓϩδΣΫτΛ௨ͯ͠νʔϜ͕ಘֶͨͼͱɺࣗ෼͕ͨͪ࡞Γ্͛ͨιϑτ΢ΣΞͱͷ ဃ཭Λ໰୊ࢹ͍ͯ͠Δ ྦྷੵػೳ ࣌ؒ ΑΓదͨ͠ઃܭʹΑΔ։ൃ ྦྷੵػೳ ࣌ؒ ։ൃείʔϓ
։ൃείʔϓ O O σβΠϯ ϖΠΦϑϥΠϯ ༏ΕͨઃܭʹΑΔ։ൃ ᶃ νʔϜ͸ɺ༏ΕͨઃܭΛબ୒ͯ͠ ྑ͍࢓ࣄΛ΍Γऴ͕͑ͨʜʜ ᶄ ϓϩδΣΫτͰಘֶͨͼʹΑͬ ͯɺΑΓదͨ͠ઃܭΛཧղ͠ɺෛ ࠴Λ๊͑ͯ͠·͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱʹؾ ͮ͘ ༏ΕͨઃܭʹΑΔ։ൃ ΢ΥʔυɾΧχϯΨϜͷݴ͏ෛ࠴

৻ॏͳෛ࠴͸ɺʮ໰୊ʯͱ͸ݴ͑ͳ͍ ઃܭʹׂ࣌ؒ͘ ͳΜͯͳ͍͠ ݁Ռʹ΋੹೚࣋ͯͳ͍ ແ๳ 3FDLMFTT ϨΠϠʔԽͬͯԿʁ ҙਤత %FMJCFSBUF ແ֮ࣗ
*OBEWFSUFOU ϦϦʔεΛ༏ઌ͢Δ͕ ͦͷ݁Ռ๊͑Δෛ࠴ʹ΋ ରॲ͢Δͭ΋Γͩ ࠓ͔ͩΒ෼͔Δ͕ ΑΓ࠷దͳબ୒ࢶ͕ ଞʹ͋ͬͨ ৻ॏ 1SVEFOU ˞Լهϖʔδʹܝࡌ͞ΕͨਤΛ΋ͱʹ࡞੒ ϚʔςΟϯɾϑΝ΢ϥʔɺIUUQTNBSUJOGPXMFSDPNCMJLJ5FDIOJDBM%FCU2VBESBOUIUNM ໰୊Ͱ͸ͳ͍

೰·͍͠ͷ͸ɺແ๳ͳෛ࠴ͱͳͬͨ಺෦඼࣭ͷ໰୊ʹΑΔੜ࢈ੑͷѱԽ ˞Լهϖʔδʹܝࡌ͞ΕͨਤΛ΋ͱʹ࡞੒ ϚʔςΟϯɾϑΝ΢ϥʔɺIUUQTNBSUJOGPXMFSDPNCMJLJ5FDIOJDBM%FCU2VBESBOUIUNM ઃܭʹׂ࣌ؒ͘ ͳΜͯͳ͍͠ ݁Ռʹ΋੹೚࣋ͯͳ͍ ແ๳ 3FDLMFTT ϨΠϠʔԽͬͯԿʁ ҙਤత
%FMJCFSBUF ແ֮ࣗ *OBEWFSUFOU ϦϦʔεΛ༏ઌ͢Δ͕ ͦͷ݁Ռ๊͑Δෛ࠴ʹ΋ ରॲ͢Δͭ΋Γͩ ࠓ͔ͩΒ෼͔Δ͕ ΑΓ࠷దͳબ୒ࢶ͕ ଞʹ͋ͬͨ ৻ॏ 1SVEFOU ೰·͍͠

Ҏ߱͸ɺ૊৫ઃܭ͕΋ͨΒ͢ʮແ๳ͳෛ࠴ʯͱͦͷ಺෦඼࣭ͷ໰୊ΛऔΓѻ͏ ಺෦඼࣭ ͷ໰୊ ։ൃ ։ൃνʔϜ ݟ͑Δػೳ ৼΔ෣͍ʹ ؔ͢Δ΋ͷ ݟ͑ͳ͍ػೳ ߏ଄ʹ
ؔ͢Δ΋ͷ ૊৫ઃܭ आΓೖΕ ܦӦऀ ౤ೖ ແ๳ͳෛ࠴ ϓϩμΫτ

ݪҼͱͳͬͨ૊৫ઃܭͷΧλϩά ˞৅ݶਤ͸ɺԼهϖʔδʹܝࡌ͞ΕͨਤΛ΋ͱʹ࡞੒ ϚʔςΟϯɾϑΝ΢ϥʔɺIUUQTNBSUJOGPXMFSDPNCMJLJ5FDIOJDBM%FCU2VBESBOUIUNM ແ๳ 3FDLMFTT ҙਤత %FMJCFSBUF ແ֮ࣗ *OBEWFSUFOU ৻ॏ
1SVEFOU ڞ༗Ϧιʔεϓʔϧ ෆ࿈ଓͳνʔϜ ඇΦʔφʔγοϓ੍ υϝΠϯ஌ࣝͷաૄ஍ ඼࣭อূͷҰۃूத ߦ͖ա͗ͨݻఆԽ อकɾӡ༻ͷ෼཭ ແྗͳଞݾ؅ཧܕνʔϜ ˞͜͜Ͱڍ͛Δ૊৫ઃܭ͸ͦΕͧΕಛఆͷࣄྫΛࢦ͍ͯ͠Δ΋ͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɺෳ਺ͷࣄྫͳͲΛ·ͱΊͯಛ௃Λൈ͖ͩͨ͠΋ͷͰ͢ ˞ฒͼॱʹಛʹҙຯ͸͋Γ·ͤΜ

ݪҼͱͳͬͨ૊৫ઃܭ ʮڞ༗Ϧιʔεϓʔϧʯ

ڞ༗Ϧιʔεϓʔϧ ஌ࣝ΍εΩϧ ʢϓϩδΣΫτ΁ͷదਖ਼౓ʣ ˚ ʷ ̋ ʷ ˕ ΤϯδχΞϦϯά෦໳ ʢڞ༗Ϧιʔεϓʔϧʣ
ϓϩδΣΫτνʔϜ Ϛωʔδϟʔ ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత ແ֮ࣗ ແ๳

ϓϩδΣΫτʹదͨ͠νʔϜฤ੒ʹͳΔ͔͸ӡ࣍ୈ ஌ࣝ΍εΩϧ ʢϓϩδΣΫτ΁ͷదਖ਼౓ʣ ˚ ʷ ̋ ʷ ˕ ΤϯδχΞϦϯά෦໳ ʢڞ༗Ϧιʔεϓʔϧʣ
ϓϩδΣΫτνʔϜ Ϛωʔδϟʔ εέδϡʔϧʹ͕ܺؒ͋ΔਓΛ ͳΜͱ͔ΞαΠϯ ༏लͳਓ΄Ͳ ϓϩδΣΫτΛֻ͚࣋ͪ ϕετϝϯόʔʹ͸ͳΒͳ͍

νʔϜϫʔΫ΋ϝϯόʔͷ૊Έ߹Θͤ࣍ୈ ΤϯδχΞϦϯά෦໳ ʢڞ༗Ϧιʔεϓʔϧʣ ϓϩδΣΫτνʔϜ Ϛωʔδϟʔ w ৴པؔ܎͕طʹߏஙͰ͖͍ͯΔ͔ʁ w ޓ͍ͷϋʔυιϑτεΩϧΛཧղ͍ͯ͠Δ͔ʁ ͜ΕΒ͕͏·͘ଗΘͳ͚Ε͹
ະ੒ख़ͳνʔϜϫʔΫͰϓϩδΣΫτ͕։࢝͢Δ

໰୊ͷ͋Δઃܭɾ࣮૷ͷࠞೖΛ๷͖͗Εͳ͍ ˚ ʷ ̋ ʷ ˕ ϓϩμΫτ ϓϩδΣΫτνʔϜ ಺෦඼࣭ͷѱԽΛ๷͖͗Εͳ͍ ɾ৴པؔ܎Λங͚͍ͯͳ͍
ɾޓ͍ͷೳྗ΍ಛੑΛ஌Βͳ͍ ɾޓ͍ʹԕྀ͕͋Δঢ়ଶ ̋ ˚ ̋ ʷ ˕ ͏·͘ϑΥϩʔ͋͑ͣ͠ʜʜ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ʷ ʷ ʷ ˚ ະ੒ख़ͳνʔϜϫʔΫ ܗ੒ظdࠞཚظʁ ʢλοΫϚϯϞσϧʣ ˚ ઃܭɾ࣮૷

Ͳ͏͢Ε͹ྑ͍ͷͩΖ͏͔ʁ ϓϩδΣΫτʹదͨ͠νʔϜฤ੒ʹͳΔ͔͸ӡ࣍ୈ νʔϜϫʔΫ΋ϝϯόʔͷ૊Έ߹Θͤ࣍ୈ ໰୊ͷ͋Δઃܭɾ࣮૷ͷࠞೖΛ๷͖͗Εͳ͍ ʮڞ༗Ϧιʔεϓʔϧʯ ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత
ແ֮ࣗ ແ๳

νʔϜΛݻఆԽͯ͠ϓϩδΣΫτΛΞαΠϯ͢Δ ΤϯδχΞϦϯά෦໳ ϓϩδΣΫτ " νʔϜ νʔϜ νʔϜ % $ #
ݻఆνʔϜ੍ ϓϩδΣΫτΛνʔϜʹΞαΠϯ ޓ͍ʹϑΥϩʔ͋͑͠Δ νʔϜϫʔΫΛҭͯΔ ϓϩδΣΫτʹਓΛΞαΠϯ ΤϯδχΞΛϦιʔεͱଊ͑ͳ͍

ݪҼͱͳͬͨ૊৫ઃܭ ʮෆ࿈ଓͳνʔϜʯ

ෆ࿈ଓͳνʔϜ ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత ແ֮ࣗ ແ๳ " #
$ % & ղࢄͨ͠લνʔϜ " ' ( ) * ฤ੒͞Εͨ৽νʔϜ ऴྃͨ͠લϓϩδΣΫτ ։࢝ͨ͠৽ϓϩδΣΫτ ϓϩμΫτ

ϓϩμΫτ ϓϩδΣΫτऴྃʹ൐͏νʔϜͷղࢄ νʔϜ ϓϩδΣΫτͷऴྃ ղࢄͯͦ͠ΕͧΕผͷϓϩδΣΫτ΁ ղࢄ ஝ੵֶͨ͠ͼ͸Ͳ͏ͳΔͷ͔ʁ νʔϜʹ஝ੵ͞Εֶͨͼ ʢυϝΠϯ஌ࣝͳͲʣ

νʔϜͷෆ࿈ଓੑʹΑΔʮֶͼʯͷ૕ࣦ " # $ % & ղࢄͨ͠લνʔϜ " ' (
) * ฤ੒͞Εͨ৽νʔϜ ऴྃͨ͠લϓϩδΣΫτ ։࢝ͨ͠৽ϓϩδΣΫτ ֶͼͷ૕ࣦ લνʔϜͱ͸إͿΕ͕ҧ͏ νʔϜͷෆ࿈ଓੑ ϓϩμΫτ

ϓϩμΫτ ෆे෼ͳ஌ࣝʹΑΔઃܭ͕಺෦඼࣭ͷ௿ԼΛট͘ ৽νʔϜ ৽ϓϩδΣΫτ ղࢄ ࣌ؒ νʔϜʹ஝ੵ͞Εֶͨͼ ʢυϝΠϯ஌ࣝͳͲʣ ʷ ઃܭ
ॳظϑΣʔζͰͷѱ͍ઃܭ͕ ࠷ޙ·ͰඌΛҾ͘ ෆཧղʹΑΔ಺෦඼࣭ͷ௿Լ ॳظϑΣʔζ े෼ͳֶͼ͕ ·ͩ஝ੵ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍

Ͳ͏͢Ε͹ྑ͍ͷͩΖ͏͔ʁ ϓϩδΣΫτऴྃʹ൐͏νʔϜͷղࢄ νʔϜͷෆ࿈ଓੑʹΑΔʮֶͼʯͷ૕ࣦ ෆे෼ͳ஌ࣝʹΑΔઃܭ͕಺෦඼࣭ͷ௿ԼΛট͘ ʮෆ࿈ଓͳνʔϜʯ ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత
ແ֮ࣗ ແ๳

ϓϩμΫτʹରͯ͠νʔϜΛ૊৫Խ͠ɺ࿈ଓੑΛ࣋ͨͤΔ " # $ % & ऴྃͨ͠લϓϩδΣΫτ ։࢝ͨ͠৽ϓϩδΣΫτ νʔϜͷ࿈ଓੑ ϓϩμΫτ
୲౰νʔϜ ࣌ؒ νʔϜʹ஝ੵ͞Εֶͨͼ ʢυϝΠϯ஌ࣝͳͲʣ ઃܭɾ࣮૷ ̋ ϓϩμΫτʹରͯ͠։ൃνʔϜΛ૊৫Խ ϓϩδΣΫτʹରͯ͠ ֶͼ͕஝ੵ͞Ε͍ͯ͘ ಉҰνʔϜ͕୲౰ϓϩμΫτͷ ։ൃϓϩδΣΫτʹ܁Γฦ͠ܞΘΔ

ϓϩηεͷ൓෮ͰֶͼΛ஝ੵͯ͠ෆ࣮֬ੑΛ่͍ͯ͘͠ ϓϩμΫτ ϓϩδΣΫτ΍ ΠςϨʔγϣϯ ϓϩδΣΫτ φϨοδ ϓϩμΫτ φϨοδ ৽ػೳ ͳͲ
ํ๏ෆ࣮֬ੑ ͷ࡟ݮ ໨ඪෆ࣮֬ੑ ͷ࡟ݮ ϓϩδΣΫτ΍ΠςϨʔγϣϯͷ܁Γฦ͠ ෆ࣮֬ੑ ࣌ؒ νʔϜʹ஝ੵ͞Εֶͨͼ ʢυϝΠϯ஌ࣝͳͲʣ ϓϩηε Ξ΢τϓοτ ஝ੵ ޮՌ Ϣʔβʔɾ ϏδωεՁ஋ ͷ޲্ ෆ࣮֬ੑͷ௿ݮ ൓෮ ʮϓϩδΣΫτφϨοδʯʮϓϩμΫτφϨοδʯʮํ๏ෆ࣮֬ੑʯʮ໨ඪෆ࣮֬ੑʯ͸ɺ ϚΠΫɾίʔϯஶʰΞδϟΠϧͳݟੵΓͱܭըͮ͘ΓʱͷʮষςʔϚͷ༏ઌॱҐ෇͚ʯΑΓ

ݪҼͱͳͬͨ૊৫ઃܭ ʮඇΦʔφʔγοϓ੍ʯ

ඇΦʔφʔγοϓ੍ ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత ແ֮ࣗ ແ๳ ίϯϙʔωϯτ ίϯϙʔωϯτ
ίϯϙʔωϯτ มߋ มߋ มߋ มߋ มߋ มߋ ։ൃνʔϜ ։ൃνʔϜ

ίϯϙʔωϯτʹมߋΛՃ͑Δ։ൃऀ͕ଟ਺ ίϯϙʔωϯτ ίϯϙʔωϯτ ίϯϙʔωϯτ มߋ มߋ มߋ มߋ มߋ มߋ
ଟ͘ͷ։ൃऀ͕༷ʑͳҙਤͰมߋΛՃ͑Δ ڞ༗ ڞ༗ ڞ༗ ։ൃνʔϜ ։ൃνʔϜ ඞཁʹԠͯ͡୭Ͱ΋ίʔυมߋ͕Մೳ

ίϯϙʔωϯτʹର͢ΔͦΕͧΕͷཧղɾܦݧͷόϥπΩ ίϯϙʔωϯτ ʷ ˚ ʷ ʷ ̋ ˚ ʷ ˕
˚ ίϯϙʔωϯτʹର͢Δཧղɾܦݧͷࠩ ։ൃνʔϜ ։ൃνʔϜ ʷ

ઃܭͷෳࡶԽͱɺׂΕ૭ԽʹΑΔͦͷѱ॥؀Λট͘ ίϯϙʔωϯτʹର͢Δཧղ౓ͷࠩ ଟ͘ͷਓ͕खΛՃ͑Δ ɾઃܭͷҰ؏ੑͷ૕ࣦ ɾޡղʹ΋ͱͮ͘ઃܭ ɾෆ҆ʹΑΔফۃతͳઃܭ ෳࡶԽ Φʔφʔγοϓͷܽ೗ʹΑΔ ׂΕ૭Խͷਐߦ ѱ॥؀
ʴ ίϯϙʔωϯτ ʷ ˚ ʷ ʷ ̋ ˚ ʷ ˕ ˚ ʷ ઃܭ ։ൃνʔϜ ։ൃνʔϜ ʷ ˚ ʷ ʷ ̋ ˚ ʷ ˕ ˚ ʷ ΧΦε

͞Βʹɺେ੎Ͱͷมߋ͸ɺ֎෦඼࣭ͷ໰୊΋Ҿ͖ى͜͢ ϚΠΫϩιϑτͷࣗࣾ੡඼ʹର͢Δௐࠪ݁Ռɿ τʔλϧͷίϯτϦϏϡʔλʔ਺΍ɺϚΠφʔίϯτϦϏϡʔλʔ͕ଟ͍ίϯϙʔωϯτ͸ɺϦϦʔ εલޙʹ͓͚Δނো͕૿Ճ͢Δ w ίϯτϦϏϡʔλʔɿ   ίϯϙʔωϯτΛมߋίϛοτͨ͠ਓ w ϚΠφʔίϯτϦϏϡʔλʔɿ
  ίϯϙʔωϯτશମͷίϛοτ਺ͷ͏ͪɺະຬͷߩݙʹͱͲ·ΔίϯτϦϏϡʔλʔ ϚΠΫϩιϑτͷௐࠪʹΈΔίʔυͷΦʔφʔγοϓͱ඼࣭ͷؔ܎cNUYT IUUQTNUYTIBUFOBCMPHDPNFOUSZ %PO`U5PVDI.Z$PEF&YBNJOJOHUIF& ff FDUTPG0XOFSTIJQPO4PGUXBSF2VBMJUZc.JDSPTPGU IUUQTXXXNJDSPTPGUDPNFOVTSFTFBSDIQVCMJDBUJPOEPOUUPVDINZDPEFFYBNJOJOHUIFF ff FDUTPGPXOFSTIJQPOTPGUXBSFRVBMJUZ ଟ͘ͷਓ͕खΛՃ͍͑ͯΔ

ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత ແ֮ࣗ ແ๳ Ͳ͏͢Ε͹ྑ͍ͷͩΖ͏͔ʁ ίϯϙʔωϯτʹมߋΛՃ͑Δ։ൃऀ͕ଟ਺ ίϯϙʔωϯτʹର͢ΔͦΕͧΕͷཧղɾܦݧͷόϥπΩ
ઃܭͷෳࡶԽͱɺׂΕ૭ԽʹΑΔͦͷѱ॥؀Λট͘ ʮඇΦʔφʔγοϓ੍ʯ

ίʔυΛΦʔφʔγοϓ੍΁ ίϯϙʔωϯτ ίϯϙʔωϯτ ίϯϙʔωϯτ ڞಉॴ༗ ڞಉॴ༗ ڞಉॴ༗ ։ൃνʔϜ ։ൃνʔϜ ϓϩμΫτ΍ίϯϙʔωϯτɺίʔυʹ
ಛఆͷΦʔφʔΛܾΊΔ ݸਓΛΦʔφʔͱͤͣɺνʔϜͰڞಉॴ༗͢Δ νʔϜ֎ʹରͯ͠͸ʮऑ͍ίʔυॴ༗ʯ͔ ͋Δ͍͸ʮڧ͍ίʔυॴ༗ʯͱ͢Δ

νʔϜ֎ʹରͯ͠͸ʮऑ͍ڧ͍ίʔυॴ༗ʯ $PEF0XOFSTIJQc.BSUJO'PXMFS IUUQTNBSUJOGPXMFSDPNCMJLJ$PEF0XOFSTIJQIUNM ίϯϙʔωϯτ ΦʔφʔνʔϜ ʢڞಉॴ༗ʣ Ϛʔδ ϓϧϦΫ ίϯϙʔωϯτ ΦʔφʔνʔϜ
ʢڞಉॴ༗ʣ มߋ มߋґཔ νʔϜ֎ʹର͢Δʮऑ͍ίʔυॴ༗ʯ νʔϜ֎ʹର͢Δʮڧ͍ίʔυॴ༗ʯ ίʔυͷมߋʹର͢Δ඼࣭ͷ੹೚͸ ΦʔφʔνʔϜ͕࣋ͭ

ݪҼͱͳͬͨ૊৫ઃܭ ʮอकɾӡ༻ͷ෼཭ʯ

อकɾӡ༻ͷ෼཭ ։ൃνʔϜ อकɾӡ༻νʔϜ ϓϩμΫτ ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత ແ֮ࣗ
ແ๳

อकɾӡ༻໘ͷߟྀ͕ͳ͍ઃܭͱ࣮૷ ։ൃνʔϜ อकɾӡ༻νʔϜ ϓϩμΫτ ઃܭɾ࣮૷ อकɾӡ༻Λߟྀͨ͠ઃܭʹඞཁͳ ஌ࣝɾܦݧʹ๡͍͠ อकɾӡ༻ͷ༰қ͞͸ߟྀ͞Εͳ͍

อकɾӡ༻໘ͷޮ཰ΛԼ͛ɺෛՙΛߴΊͯ͠·͏ ։ൃνʔϜ อकɾӡ༻νʔϜ ϓϩμΫτ ɾద੾ͳυΩϡϝϯτ͕ͳ͍ ɾιʔείʔυ಺ʹίϝϯτ͕ͳ͍ ɾௐࠪʹඞཁͳϩά͕ه࿥͞Εͳ͍ ɾ؆қͳ࠶Քಇ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ ɾFUD Ҿ͖౉͠
อकɾӡ༻͕௿ޮ཰ɾߴෛՙ

Ͳ͏͢Ε͹ྑ͍ͷͩΖ͏͔ʁ อकɾӡ༻໘ͷߟྀ͕ͳ͍ઃܭͱ࣮૷ อकɾӡ༻໘ͷޮ཰ΛԼ͛ɺෛՙΛߴΊͯ͠·͏ ʮอकɾӡ༻ͷ෼཭ʯ ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత ແ֮ࣗ
ແ๳

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ݪҼͱͳͬͨ૊৫ઃܭ ʮ඼࣭อূͷҰۃूதʯ

඼࣭อূͷҰۃूத ։ൃνʔϜ ςετνʔϜ ϓϩμΫτ ։ൃϑΣʔζ ςετϑΣʔζ ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍
ҙਤత ແ֮ࣗ ແ๳

ςετϑΣʔζͰͷ໢ཏతͳςετʹΑΔηʔϑςΟωοτ ςετνʔϜ ςετϑΣʔζ ϓϩμΫτ ςετ ໢ཏత ຖճɺ͕ܽؕଟ͘඼࣭͕௿͍ ໢ཏతͳςετΛ࣮ࢪͯ͠ ͳΜͱ͔Χόʔ͍ͯ͠Δ ςετϑΣʔζ͕ɺ
ϦϦʔεલͷηʔϑςΟωοτతଘࡏʹ

։ൃϑΣʔζ͸ػೳΛ࣮૷͢Δ͜ͱ͕ԿΑΓ༏ઌ ։ൃνʔϜ ։ൃϑΣʔζ ϓϩμΫτ ઃܭɾ࣮૷ ಛʹ࣌ؒʹ௥ΘΕΔͱʂ ςετϑΣʔζΛ৴པͯ͠ ςετίʔυΛॻ͘༏ઌ౓͕௿͍ঢ়ଶ ࣌ؒΪϦΪϦ·Ͱػೳͷઃܭɾ࣮૷ʹඅ΍͢

ςετͷͳ͍ίʔυ͕ྔ࢈͞ΕΔ ։ൃνʔϜ ςετνʔϜ ։ൃϑΣʔζ ςετϑΣʔζ ɾϓϩμΫγϣϯίʔυɿ࣮૷׬ྃ ɾςετίʔυɿͳ͠ ɾಈ࡞֬ೝɿखಈͰਖ਼ৗܥͷΈ ϓϩμΫτ ʮςετϑΣʔζͰԿͱ͔ͯ͘͠ΕΔʜʜʯ
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ᶹ

Ͳ͏͢Ε͹ྑ͍ͷͩΖ͏͔ʁ ςετϑΣʔζͰͷ໢ཏతͳςετʹΑΔηʔϑςΟωοτ ։ൃϑΣʔζ͸ػೳΛ࣮૷͢Δ͜ͱ͕ԿΑΓ༏ઌ ςετͷͳ͍ίʔυ͕ྔ࢈͞ΕΔ ʮ඼࣭อূͷҰۃूதʯ ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత
ແ֮ࣗ ແ๳

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ݪҼͱͳͬͨ૊৫ઃܭ ʮߦ͖ա͗ͨݻఆԽʯ

ߦ͖ա͗ͨݻఆԽ ۀ຿ ଐਓԽ νʔϜ ྲྀಈੑͳ͠ ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత
ແ֮ࣗ ແ๳

ݻఆνʔϜϝϯόʔͰ࢓ࣄΛଓ͚Δͱɺ໾ׂ෼୲·ͰݻఆԽ͍ͯ͘͠ νʔϜ ྲྀಈੑͳ͠ ͜ͷྨͷ࢓ࣄ͸ "͞Μ͕଎͍ ͜ͷ෼໺ͳΒ #͞Μ͕ৄ͍͠ ͦΕͧΕಘҙ෼໺͕Ͱ͖࢝ΊΔ ͦΕͧΕͷ໾ׂ෼୲͕ ݻఆԽ͍ͯ͘͠

ಉ͡Α͏ͳ໾ׂ෼୲͕௕͘ଓ͍ͨ݁Ռɺۀ຿͕ଐਓԽ͢Δ ۀ຿ ଐਓԽ νʔϜ ྲྀಈੑͳ͠ ͜ͷྨͷ࢓ࣄ͸ "͞Μ͔͠Ͱ͖ͳ͍ ͜ͷ෼໺͸ #͞Μ͔͠஌Βͳ͍ ͍ͣΕ͜͏ͳΔ

ଐਓԽͨ͠ίʔυ͸ɺཧղ༰қੑ͕௿͍ ίϯϙʔωϯτ ͳͲ ଐਓԽ νʔϜ ྲྀಈੑͳ͠ ֤ࣗͷ࢓ࣄͷ΍ΓํΛ ݴޠԽɾՄࢹԽ͢Δಈػ͕ͳ͍ ݻఆԽ͞Εͨ໾ׂ෼୲Λ ่͖͔͚͕ͬ͢ͳ͍
ਓ͕ಡΉ͜ͱΛલఏͱ͠ͳ͍ίʔυ ɾυΩϡϝϯτͳ͠ ɾίϝϯτͳ͠ ɾෳࡶԽͳͲ ཧղ༰қੑɿ௿ ௕͍ؒ ৽ϝϯόʔՃೖͳ͠ ʷ

Ͳ͏͢Ε͹ྑ͍ͷͩΖ͏͔ʁ ݻఆνʔϜϝϯόʔͰ࢓ࣄΛଓ͚Δͱɺ໾ׂ෼୲·ͰݻఆԽ͍ͯ͘͠ ಉ͡Α͏ͳ໾ׂ෼୲͕௕͘ଓ͍ͨ݁Ռɺۀ຿͕ଐਓԽ͢Δ ଐਓԽͨ͠ίʔυ͸ɺཧղ༰қੑ͕௿͍ ʮߦ͖ա͗ͨݻఆԽʯ ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత
ແ֮ࣗ ແ๳

ݻఆνʔϜͱͭͭ͠΋ྲྀಈੑΛ΋ͨͤΔ ۀ຿ ֓ͶݻఆνʔϜ एׯͷྲྀಈੑ͋Γ Ճೖ ΦϯϘʔσΟϯά ֤ࣗͷ࢓ࣄͷ΍ΓํΛ ݴޠԽɾՄࢹԽ͢Δಈػ͕͋Δ ਓ͕ಡΉ͜ͱΛલఏͱ͢Δίʔυ ɾυΩϡϝϯτ͋Γ
ɾίϝϯτ͋Γ ɾγϯϓϧԽͳͲ ཧղ༰қੑɿதdߴ ݻఆνʔϜͱͭͭ͠΋ྲྀಈੑΛ࣋ͨͤΔ

ݪҼͱͳͬͨ૊৫ઃܭ ʮυϝΠϯ஌ࣝͷաૄ஍ʯ

υϝΠϯ஌ࣝͷաૄ஍ ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత ແ֮ࣗ ແ๳ اըνʔϜ ։ൃνʔϜ
ސ٬ ։ൃ اըɾ෼ੳ ґཔ υϝΠϯ஌ࣝྔɿ ෼ੳ

ઌߦͷاըνʔϜ͸ࢢ৔ͷ؍࡯΍ސ٬ͱͷର࿩Λ௨ͯ͠๛෋ͳ஌ࣝྔΛ࣋ͭ اըνʔϜ ࢢ৔ɾސ٬ اըɾ෼ੳ ΋ͬͱ΋஌ࣝྔ͕ଟ͘ͳΔ ઌߦϓϩηε ෼ੳ

ޙଓͷ։ൃνʔϜ͕ಘΔ஌ࣝ͸ɺؒ઀తʹઆ໌Λड͚ͨ࠷খݶͷΈ اըνʔϜ ։ൃνʔϜ ։ൃ اըɾ෼ੳ ίϯςΩετ͕ ͜΅ΕམͪΔ ஌ࣝྔ͕গͳ͍ ޙଓϓϩηε ෼ۀ
ઌߦϓϩηε ґཔ

։ൃνʔϜ͸ɺ஌ࣝෆ଍ͷ··ઃܭ͢Δ͜ͱʹ ։ൃνʔϜ ։ൃ ஌ࣝෆ଍ͷ··Ͱͷ։ൃ ϓϩμΫτ ઃܭ ෼ੳνʔϜͷઃܭҙਤΛ ద੾ʹ૊ΈࠐΊͳ͍ ޙଓϓϩηε

ॻ੶ʰυϝΠϯۦಈઃܭʱͰͷࣦഊྫΤϦοΫɾΤϰΝϯε νʔϜ͸ద੾ͳπʔϧΛ͓࣋ͬͯΓɺϏδωεͷ͜ͱΛे෼ʹཧղ্ͨ͠ͰɺϞσϦϯάʹ΋৻ॏʹ஫ ҙΛ෷͍ͬͯͨɻ͔͠͠ɺ։ൃऀͷ໾ׂΛޡͬͯ෼ׂͨͨ͠ΊʹɺϞσϦϯά͕࣮૷͔Β੾Γ཭͞Εͯ ͠·͍ɺਐߦதͷਂ͍෼ੳ͕ઃܭʹ൓ө͞Εͳ͔ͬͨɻ͍ͣΕʹͯ͠΋ɺৄࡉͳϏδωεΦϒδΣΫτ ͷઃܭ͸ɺͦͷΦϒδΣΫτΛ૊Έ߹ΘͤͯखͷࠐΜͩΞϓϦέʔγϣϯʹ·ͱΊΒΕΔ΄Ͳʹ͸ݫີ Ͱ͸ͳ͔ͬͨͷͩɻ ᶸ ᶹ ॻ੶ʰΤϦοΫɾΤϰΝϯεͷυϝΠϯۦಈઃܭʱͷʮ·͕͖͑ʯΑΓcΤϦοΫɾΤϰΝϯε

Ͳ͏͢Ε͹ྑ͍ͷͩΖ͏͔ʁ ઌߦͷاըνʔϜ͸ࢢ৔ͷ؍࡯΍ސ٬ͱͷର࿩Λ௨ͯ͠๛෋ͳ஌ࣝྔΛ࣋ͭ ޙଓͷ։ൃνʔϜ͕ಘΔ஌ࣝ͸ɺؒ઀తʹઆ໌Λड͚ͨ࠷খݶͷΈ ։ൃνʔϜ͸ɺ஌ࣝෆ଍ͷ··ઃܭ͢Δ͜ͱʹ ʮυϝΠϯ஌ࣝͷաૄ஍ʯ ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత
ແ֮ࣗ ແ๳

اըͱ։ൃͷۀ຿ػೳΛΦʔόʔϥοϓͤ͞ɺαΠϩԽΛղফ͢Δ ϓϩμΫτ ઃܭ اըνʔϜ ։ൃνʔϜ ࢢ৔ɾސ٬ υϝΠϯ஌ࣝྔɿ ର࿩ ෼ੳ ෼ੳɾ։ൃ
اըɾ෼ੳ ੹຿ͱ͢Δۀ຿ػೳͷ Φʔόʔϥοϓ ΄΅ಉྔ αΠϩԽΛղফ ։ൃνʔϜͱυϝΠϯΤΩεύʔτΛ ີ઀ʹؔΘΒͤΔ ʢػೳԣஅܕνʔϜ΋ࢹ໺ʣ ֫ಘ͢ΔυϝΠϯ஌ࣝྔΛ૿΍͢ υϝΠϯ஌ࣝΛઃܭʹ૊ΈࠐΉ

ݪҼͱͳͬͨ૊৫ઃܭ ʮແྗͳଞݾ؅ཧܕνʔϜʯ

ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత ແ֮ࣗ ແ๳ ແྗͳଞݾ؅ཧܕνʔϜ νʔϜ ؅ཧ
ڧ͍ݖݶ ऑ͍ ݖݶ Ϛωʔδϟʔ ʢ؅ཧऀʣ

ʮ୭͕ԿΛɺ͍ͭɺͲͷΑ͏ʹߦ͏͔ʯͷܾఆݖ͕ɺνʔϜʹͳ͍ ୭͕ԿΛɺ͍ͭɺͲͷΑ͏ʹߦ͏͔ʁ ܾఆݖͳ͠ ίϚϯυίϯτϩʔϧ νʔϜ ؅ཧ ڧ͍ݖݶ ऑ͍ ݖݶ ࣗݾ؅ཧܕ
ඇର౳ͳؔ܎ Ϛωʔδϟʔ ʢ؅ཧऀʣ

Ϛωʔδϟʔ ʢ؅ཧऀʣ ޓ͍ͷࢹ໺͕ҧ͏ʹ΋ؔΘΒͣɺݖݶ͕ۉ౳Ͱ͸ͳ͍ νʔϜ ؅ཧ Ϗδωε ιϑτ΢ΣΞ ։ൃ ߴ ௿dத
ߴ ཧղ౓ ௿dத ݟ͑Δػೳ ʢৼΔ෣͍ʹؔ͢Δ΋ͷʣ ݟ͑ͳ͍ػೳ ʢߏ଄ʹؔ͢Δ΋ͷʣ ϢʔβʔɾϏδωεͷ ͨΊʹػೳ։ൃΛ ̋ ༏ઌ ಺෦඼࣭͕ ͦΖͦΖʜʜ ʷ ٫Լ ࢹ໺͕ҧ͏ ঢ়گΛ೺Ѳ͍ͯ͠Δ ݱ৔ͷҙݟ

಺෦඼࣭ͷ໰୊͕ঃʑʹੵΈ্͕Γɺੜ࢈ੑͱ඼࣭Λ௿Լ͍ͤͯ͘͞ νʔϜ Ϛωʔδϟʔ ʢ؅ཧऀʣ ؅ཧ ݟ͑Δػೳ ʢৼΔ෣͍ʹؔ͢Δ΋ͷʣ ։ൃ ྦྷੵػೳ ࣌ؒ
಺෦඼࣭ͷ໰୊ ࣌ؒ खΛ෇͚ͳ͍ݶΓɺͲΜͳʹؤுͬͯ΋ɺ ༷ʑͳཁҼͰ಺෦඼࣭ͷ໰୊͸ੵΈ্͕Δ ੜ࢈ੑ௿Լ͕ଓ͍͍ͯ͘ ຊ൪Քಇޙͷτϥϒϧ΋ ૿͍͑ͯ͘ ݟ͑ͳ͍ػೳ ʢߏ଄ʹؔ͢Δ΋ͷʣ ಺෦඼࣭ͷ໰୊

ୈ৅ݶ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟ ୈ৅ݶ ஌ࣝෆ଍ɾεΩϧෆ଍ ҙਤత ແ֮ࣗ ແ๳ Ͳ͏͢Ε͹ྑ͍ͷͩΖ͏͔ʁ ʮ୭͕ԿΛɺ͍ͭɺͲͷΑ͏ʹߦ͏͔ʯͷܾఆݖ͕ɺνʔϜʹͳ͍ ޓ͍ͷࢹ໺͕ҧ͏ʹ΋ؔΘΒͣɺݖݶ͕ۉ౳Ͱ͸ͳ͍
಺෦඼࣭ͷ໰୊͕ঃʑʹੵΈ্͕Γɺੜ࢈ੑͱ඼࣭Λ௿Լ͍ͤͯ͘͞ ʮແྗͳଞݾ؅ཧܕνʔϜʯ

૬ޓ৴པʹ΋ͱͮ͘ର౳ͳؔ܎Λங͖ɺࣗݾ؅ཧܕνʔϜ΁ νʔϜ Ϛωʔδϟʔ ૬ޓ৴པ Ϗδωε ཧղ ΑΓཧղʹ౒ΊΔ ཧղ ΑΓཧղʹ౒ΊΔ ୭͕ԿΛɺ͍ͭɺͲͷΑ͏ʹߦ͏͔ʁ
αϙʔτ Өڹ Өڹ ࣗݾ؅ཧܕ ૬ޓ৴པʹ΋ͱ͍ͮͨݖݶ ιϑτ΢ΣΞ ։ൃ ҙࢥܾఆ

ϢʔβʔɺϏδωεɺ։ൃͷτϥΠΞϯάϧͷதͰɺ΍Δ΂͖͜ͱΛܾΊΔ ݟ͑Δ 7JTJCMF ϙδςΟϒͳՁ஋ 1PTJUJWF7BMVF ωΨςΟϒͳՁ஋ /FHBUJWF7BMVF ৽ػೳ /FX'FBUVSFT "EEFE'VODUJPOBMJUZ
ܽؕ %FGFDUT ΞʔΩςΫνϟ "SDIJUFDUVSBM 4USVDUVSBM'FBUVSFT ٕज़తෛ࠴ 5FDIOJDBM%FCU ݟ͑ͳ͍ *OWJTJCMF 5IF NJTTJOH WBMVFPGTPGUXBSFBSDIJUFDUVSFc1IJMJQQF,SVDIUFO IUUQTQIJMJQQFLSVDIUFODPNUIFNJTTJOHWBMVFPGTPGUXBSFBSDIJUFDUVSF λΠϓͷόοΫϩάΞΠςϜ ৼΔ෣͍ʹؔ͢Δ΋ͷ ߏ଄ʹؔ͢Δ΋ͷ ϓϩμΫτϚωδϝϯττϥΠΞϯάϧ ։ൃऀ ʢ%FWFMPQFSTʣ ϓϩμΫτ ʢ5IF1SPEVDUʣ Ϗδωε ʢ5IF#VTJOFTTʣ Ϣʔβʔ ʢ6TFSTʣ 5IF1SPEVDU.BOBHFNFOU5SJBOHMFc%BO4DINJEU IUUQTQSPEVDUMPHJDPSHUIFQSPEVDUNBOBHFNFOUUSJBOHMF

૊৫ઃܭ͕ιϑτ΢ΣΞઃܭʹ༩͑ΔӨڹ͸େ͖͍ ˞Լهϖʔδʹܝࡌ͞ΕͨਤΛ΋ͱʹ࡞੒ ϚʔςΟϯɾϑΝ΢ϥʔɺIUUQTNBSUJOGPXMFSDPNCMJLJ5FDIOJDBM%FCU2VBESBOUIUNM ಺෦඼࣭ ͷ໰୊ ։ൃ ։ൃνʔϜ ݟ͑Δػೳ ৼΔ෣͍ʹ ؔ͢Δ΋ͷ
ݟ͑ͳ͍ػೳ ߏ଄ʹ ؔ͢Δ΋ͷ ૊৫ઃܭ आΓೖΕ ܦӦऀ ౤ೖ ແ๳ͳෛ࠴ ϓϩμΫτ Өڹྗେ

ιϑτ΢ΣΞઃܭ͕ੜ࢈ੑʹ༩͑ΔӨڹ΋େ͖͍ ˞Լهϖʔδʹܝࡌ͞ΕͨਤΛ΋ͱʹ࡞੒ ϚʔςΟϯɾϑΝ΢ϥʔɺIUUQTNBSUJOGPXMFSDPNCMJLJ5FDIOJDBM%FCU2VBESBOUIUNM ಺෦඼࣭ ͷ໰୊ ։ൃ ։ൃνʔϜ ݟ͑Δػೳ ৼΔ෣͍ʹ ؔ͢Δ΋ͷ
ݟ͑ͳ͍ػೳ ߏ଄ʹ ؔ͢Δ΋ͷ ૊৫ઃܭ आΓೖΕ ܦӦऀ ౤ೖ ແ๳ͳෛ࠴ ϓϩμΫτ Өڹྗେ ੜ࢈ੑ௿Լ

಺෦඼࣭ͷѱԽ͸ɺࢢ৔౤ೖ·Ͱͷ࣌ؒΛ஗ΒͤΔ ։ൃ σϓϩΠ༰қੑ ΞδϦςΟ ૄ݁߹ͳΞʔΩςΫνϟ อकੑ ཧղ༰қੑ ςετ༰қੑ มߋ༰қੑ ؔ܎͕ਂ͍඼࣭ಛੑ
୅දతͳಛੑ ʮࢢ৔౤ೖ·Ͱͷ࣌ؒʯ υϝΠϯͷؔ৺ࣄ ςετ༰қੑ ಺෦඼࣭ʹؔ܎͢Δಛੑ ΞʔΩςΫνϟಛੑ ʮࢢ৔౤ೖ·Ͱͷ࣌ؒʯͷΞʔΩςΫνϟಛੑʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɺॻ੶ʰιϑτ΢ΣΞΞʔΩςΫνϟͷجૅʱͷʮষΞʔΩςΫνϟಛੑΛ໌Β͔ʹ͢ΔʯΑΓc.BSL3JDIBSET /FBM'PSEஶ

ίʔυ඼࣭ͷѱԽ͸ɺࢢ৔౤ೖ·Ͱͷ࣌ؒͷ༧ଌՄೳੑ΋Լ͛Δ ؚ·ΕΔ͕ܽؕ ฏۉ։ൃ͕࣌ؒ ࠷େ։ൃ͕࣌ؒ ɾ༧ఆ֎ͷ࡞ۀ͕૿͑Δ ɾ։ൃ͕࣌ؒ௕͘ͳΔ ࢢ৔౤ೖΛܭըͲ͓ΓʹਐΊΒΕͳ͍ ίʔυ඼࣭͸΍͸ΓϏδωεʹӨڹΛ༩͑ΔcNUYT IUUQTNUYTIBUFOBCMPHDPNFOUSZ $PEF3FE5IF#VTJOFTT*NQBDUPG$PEF2VBMJUZr"2VBOUJUBUJWF4UVEZPG1SPQSJFUBSZ1SPEVDUJPO$PEFCBTFTc"EBN5PSOIJMM
.BSLVT#PSH IUUQTBSYJWPSHBCT ߴ඼࣭ͳίʔυʹൺ΂ɺ௿඼࣭ͳίʔυ͸ɺʜʜ ഒ ഒ ഒ ɾܭըʹର͢Δ༧ଌՄೳੑ͕Լ͕Δ

ࢢ৔౤ೖ·Ͱͷ࣌ؒͷ஗Ε͸ɺϏδωεʹѱӨڹΛ༩͑Δ ྫ͑͹ɺ͔݄͋ͨΓສԁͷརӹΛੜΉػೳͰ͋Ε͹ɺ ϦϦʔε͕͔݄஗ΕΔ͜ͱͰɺສԁͷ஗ԆίετʹͳΔ ྦྷੵ஗Ԇίετ $PTUPG%FMBZ ஗Ԇظؒ ͔݄ ສԁ ஗Ԇίετ ϏδωεʹѱӨڹ
ϦϦʔεͷ஗Ε

ΑΓྑ͍૊৫ઃܭʹ͚ۙͮΔͨΊͷ୳ࡧΛଓ͚Δ w ૊৫ઃܭ͕ιϑτ΢ΣΞઃܭʹ༩͑ΔӨڹ͸େ͖͍ w ιϑτ΢ΣΞઃܭ͕ੜ࢈ੑʹ༩͑ΔӨڹ΋େ͖͍ w ͦΕ͸ɺʮࢢ৔౤ೖ·Ͱͷ࣌ؒʯͱʮ஗Ԇίετʯͱ͍͏ܗͰɺϏδωεʹӨڹΛٴ΅͢ w ιϑτ΢ΣΞઃܭ͕ͦ͏Ͱ͋ΔΑ͏ʹɺ૊৫ઃܭ΋ɺԿ͕ਖ਼ղͰ͋Δ͔͸ෆ࣮֬Ͱྲྀಈత w
͕ͨͬͯ͠ɺ׬ᘳͳ౴͑ʹͨͲΓண͘͜ͱ͸ܾͯ͠ͳ͍ w ͔ͩΒɺιϑτ΢ΣΞઃܭͱಉ༷ʹɺ૊৫ઃܭ΋ϦϑΝΫλϦϯάɾϦΞʔΩςΫςΟϯ άΛ܁Γฦ͢ඞཁ͕͋Δ w ͦͷ୳ࡧΛଓ͚ΔதͰ૊৫͸ɺੜ࢈ੑΛҡ࣋ɾ޲্ͤ͞Δ͜ͱ͕ՄೳʹͳΔ

૊৫ઃܭʹ΋ ϦϑΝΫλϦϯάɾϦΞʔΩςΫςΟϯάΛ

ソフトウェアの内部品質に生じる様々な問題は組織設計にその原因があることも多い / Intern...

ソフトウェアの内部品質に生じる様々な問題は組織設計にその原因があることも多い / Internal Quality Issues Caused by Organizational Design

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