関数型プログラミングと型システムのメンタルモデル

Qiita Conference 2023 Autumun での発表資料です

発表時間の見積もりが下手で後半全然説明できませんでした、すみません！

実際のプロダクト開発ではどうすればいいのか? というケースは以下のスライドを参照してください。
(本スライドは、こちらのプロダクト開発の経験をベースに基礎を再整理したものになります)
https://speakerdeck.com/naoya/typescript-niyoru-graphql-batukuendokai-fa-75b3dab7-90a8-4169-a4dc-d1e7410b9dbd

Transcript

1. ؔ਺ܕϓϩάϥϛϯάͱܕγεςϜͷϝϯλϧϞσϧ גࣜձࣾ Ұٳ ҏ౻ ௚໵
2. 𝑓 ͱ͋Δू߹4 ·ͨଞͷू߹4 ͋Δू߹ʹଐ͢Δ஋Λɺؔ਺ G
   ʹΑΓɺ·ͨଞͷू߹ʹଐ͢Δ஋ʹࣸ͢ ͜Ε͕ͲΜͳू߹͔هड़͢Δͷ͕ʮܕʯ
3. ͳͥ͜ͷ࿩ • ࡢࠓͷϓϩάϥϛϯάݴޠʹ͓͚ΔʮܕʯΛͲ͏ଊ͑Δ͔ – ͔͍͘͏ࢲ΋ɺ೥୅ࠒ͸ʮܕ෇͚ΊΜͲ͍͘͞ͳʔʯͱࢥ͍ͬͯͨ – ࠷ۙ͸ɺ౰࣌ͱ͸શ͘ҟͳΔϝϯλϧϞσϧΛ͍࣋ͬͯΔ • ϓϩάϥϛϯάݴޠɺϑϨʔϜϫʔΫʹ͓͚Δؔ਺ܕϓϩάϥϛϯά͔ΒͷӨڹ • )BTLFMM
   ΛझຯͰॻ͘Α͏ʹͳͬͯɺϝϯλϧϞσϧ͕ߋ৽͞Εͨ – ੩తܕ෇͚ɺܕਪ࿦ɺؔ਺ܕϓϩάϥϛϯάɺจ຺ܭࢉʜ – ͳ͓ࠓ೔ͷ࿩͸ )BTLFMM
   ಛ༗ͷ࿩Ͱ͸͋Γ·ͤΜɻͦͷͨΊओʹ 5ZQF4DSJQU
   ͷྫ΋ަ͑ͯ࿩͠·͢
4. ϓϩάϥϛϯάͷʮϝϯλϧϞσϧʯ ࠓ೔ͷ࿩Λ໘ന͍ͱࢥ͍͚ͬͯͨͩͨΒɺͥͻҎԼͷจষʹ΋໨Λ௨ͯ͠ΈͯԼ͍͞ • ͸͡Ίʹ )BTLFMM
   r 2JJUB
   IUUQTRJJUBDPNSVJDDJUFNTEBCBDDGE 
   ݱࡏɺϓϩάϥϛϯάͱ͍͏ྖҬ͸·ͩڭҭ͕੔͍ͬͯͳ͍ҝɺଟ͘ͷϢʔβ͕ಠྗ͔ͭ௕͍࣌ؒΛ͔͚ͯɺϓϩά ϥϛϯάΛʮ࢖͑ΔʯΑ͏ʹͯ͠དྷ·ͨ͠ɻͦͷͨΊͦΕͧΕ͕࣋ͭϝϯλϧϞσϧͷଟ͘͸ॳΊʹ৮ͬͨݴޠ΍ɺͦ ͷ࣍ʹ৮ͬͨݴޠ͋ͨΓʹେ͖͘ґଘ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱͰ͠ΐ͏ɻ 
   ๻Β͸ϓϩάϥϛϯάͱ͍͏஌త׆ಈʹؔΘ͍ͬͯ·͕͢ɺͦͷϝϯλϧϞσϧͷߏங΍मਖ਼ͱ͍ͬͨաఔΛͣͬͱ ଓ͚Δඞཁ͕͋Γ·͢ɻ
5. ΋ͱ͍ɺઌͷਤ͸ԿΛݴ͍ͬͯΔ͔ • ϓϩάϥϜΛʮܭࢉػ΁ͷ໋ྩʯͰ͸ͳ͘ʮؔ਺Λద༻ͯ͠஋ΛಘΔܭࢉʯͷఆٛͱଊ͑Δ • ؔ਺ G
   ͸ɺ஋Λࣸ͢΋ͷ • ͲΜͳू߹͔ΒͲΜͳू߹ʹࣸ͞ΕΔ͔ɻͦͷू߹ΛܕͰදݱ͢Δ • ू߹ͷදݱɺͭ·ΓʮܕͱܕΛ૊Έ߹Θͤͨߏ଄Խʯ͕ΑΓྑ͘Ͱ͖Ε͹ɺϓϩάϥϜ͕ݎ࿚ʹͳΔ
6. ஫ҙ • ؔ਺ܕϓϩάϥϛϯά͕ଞͷ͋ΒΏΔύϥμΠϜΑΓ΋༏Ε͍ͯΔɺͱ͍͏࿩Ͱ͸͋Γ·ͤΜ • ಛఆͷύϥμΠϜ͸μϝɺ͜Ε͸͔Β͸ؔ਺ܕɺΈ͍ͨͳ࿩Ͱ͸͋Γ·ͤΜ • ؔ਺ܕϓϩάϥϛϯάͷݟ஍͔Β͸ؔ਺΍ܕΛ͜Μͳ;͏ʹଊ͑Δ͜ͱ΋Ͱ͖Δ • ϓϩάϥϛϯάͷ͞·͟·ͳཁૉΛɺ໋ྩܕͱ͸ҟͳΔղऍ͕Ͱ͖ͯ໘ന͍ɻ໾ʹཱͭ ͔΋ ͱ͍͏࿩Ͱ͢
7. 3FBDU
   • ؔ਺ܕϓϩάϥϛϯάͷΤοηϯεΛɺϑϩϯτΤϯυ։ൃʹద༻ɻ޿͘ීٴͨ͠ • %0.
   ʹঢ়ଶΛຒΊࠐΜͰ͍Δͱঢ়ଶ؅ཧ͕ෳࡶʹͳΔɻΞϓϦέʔγϣϯͷঢ়ଶΛʮॻ͖׵͑Δ΋ ͷʯͰ͸ͳ͘ʮؔ਺ʹΑΔঢ়ଶભҠɻෆมͳ΋ͷʯͱѻͬͨ
8. ҉໧తͳঢ়ଶมԽ͕ݮΓɺϓϨθϯςʔγϣϯΛએݴతʹهड़Ͱ͖ΔΑ͏ʹͳͬͨ import { useState } from 'react'; export default function MyApp() { const [count, setCount] = useState(0); function handleClick() { setCount(count + 1); } return ( <div> <h1>Counters that update together</h1> <MyButton count={count} onClick={handleClick} /> <MyButton count={count} onClick={handleClick} /> </div> ); +BWB4DSJQU
9. &MN
   ΞʔΩςΫνϟ https://guide.elm-lang.jp/architecture/
10. update : Msg -> Model -> ( Model, Cmd Msg ) update msg model = case msg of ToggleLike -> ( { model | photo = Maybe.map toggleLike model.photo }, Cmd.none ) UpdateComment comment -> ( { model | photo = Maybe.map (updateComment comment) model.photo }, Cmd.none ) SaveComment -> ( { model | photo = Maybe.map saveNewComment model.photo }, Cmd.none ) LoadFeed (Ok photo) -> ( { model | photo = Just photo }, Cmd.none ) LoadFeed (Err _) -> ( model, Cmd.none ) viewLikeButton : Photo -> Html Msg viewLikeButton model = let buttonClass = if model.liked then ... div [ class "like-button" ] [ i [ class "fa fa-2x", class buttonClass, onClick ToggleLike ] [] ] &MN 7JFX
    ͸ .PEFM
    Λඳըɻ Ϣʔβʔૢ࡞ʹԠͯ͡Πϕ ϯτΛૹΔͱŋŋŋ &MN
    ϥϯλΠϜ͕ VQEBUF
    ؔ਺ ΛݺͿɻؔ਺ʹ͸ΠϕϯτʹԠ ͨ͡Ϟσϧͷঢ়ଶભҠΛؔ਺Ͱ هड़͢Δ &MN
11. ঢ়ଶભҠͷؔ਺ ֎քͱ΍Γͱ Γ *0 イベント コマンド
12. ঢ়ଶͷߋ৽Λɺॻ͖׵͑Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɺ͋Δঢ়ଶ͔Β͋Δঢ়ଶ΁ͷભҠʹ͢Δͱྑ͍uuu • Πϛϡʔλϒϧʹ͢Δͱྑ͍uuu • એݴతʹ͢Δͱྑ͍uuu • ؔ਺ܕϓϩάϥϛϯά͸ྑ͍uuu 🤔
13. ʮؔ਺ʯΛͲ͏ଊ͑Δ
14. 𝑠 = 1 + 2 + 3 + … + n • Ͳ͏ॻ͘
    ࠷ۙݟ͔͚ͨ – GPS
    จ खଓతɺ໋ྩܕ – ౳ࠩ਺ྻͷެࣜ – ࠶ؼɺ৞ΈࠐΈ એݴతɺؔ਺ܕ
15. GPS
    จͰॻ͘ • ஝͑ΒΕ͍ͯΔ஋Λॻ͖׵͑Δ͜ͱΛ܁Γฦͯ͠ɺͦͷ஋͔Β݁ՌΛಘΔ • ݱࡏͷίϯϐϡʔλɾΞʔΩςΫνϟͷܭࢉϞσϧʹ͍ۙ – ϝϞϦ͔ΒϨδελʹσʔλΛϩʔυ͠ɺԋࢉΛ࣮ߦͯ͠ɺϝϞϦʹॻ͖ग़͢ int total = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) { total += i; } ͱ͜ΖͰɺզʑ͸ίϯϐϡʔλΛ࢖ͬͯܭࢉΛ͍ͯ͠Δ͕ɺϓϩάϥϛϯά্ͷܭࢉϞσϧ·ͰͦΕʹ฿͏ ͜ͱ͸ඞਢͳͷ͔
    
16. Ҿ਺ʹؔ਺Λద༻͢Δ͜ͱΛ࠶ؼ ؔ਺ݺͼग़͠
    Ͱ܁Γฦ͠ɺ஋ΛಘΔ sum [] = 0 sum (x : xs) = x + sum xs -- 関数 sum を再帰的に呼び (+) 関数を適用 )BTLFMM const sum = (ns: number[]): number => { if (ns.length == 0) return 0 const [x, ...xs] = ns return x + sum(xs) } 5ZQF4DSJQU
17. ஋Λॻ͖׵͑ΔͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɺؔ਺ͷ໭Γ஋ʹؔ਺Λ࠶ؼతʹద༻ͯ͠஋ΛಘΔ f a b = a + b main = do print $ f 10 (f 9 (f 8 (f 7 (f 6 (f 5 (f 4 (f 3 (f 1 2)))))))) )BTLFMM
18. ʮ໭Γ஋ʹ܁Γฦؔ͠਺Λద༻͢ΔʯΛؔ਺ʹͨ͠ͷ͕ GPME
    ΍ SFEVDF • ؔ਺Λద༻͢Δ͜ͱͰ஋ΛಘΔ͜ͱʹΑͬͯܭࢉΛ੒͢ͷ͕ɺؔ਺ܕϓϩάϥϛϯάͷߟ͑ํ • ࠜఈʹ͸ϥϜμܭࢉ uuu
    ࠓ೔͸ͦͷ࿩͸͠ͳ͍ let s = foldl (+) 0 [1 .. n] )BTLFMM let s = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].reduce((acc, i) => acc + i, 0)``` let s = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].reduce((acc, i) => acc + i, 0) 5ZQF4DSJQU
19. จɺࣜ • จ 4UBUFNFOU – GPSจɺ JGจɺQSJOU
    จ  – ܭࢉػ΁ͷԿ͔͠Βͷಈ࡞໋ྩɺखଓ͖ɻ஋Λฦ͞ͳ͍ • ࣜ &YQSFTTJPO – ʮܭࢉΛ࣮ߦͯ݁͠ՌΛಘΔΑ͏ͳॲཧΛهड़͢ΔͨΊͷจ๏ཁૉʯ 8JLJQFEJB – ඞͣ஋Λฦ͢ – ؔ਺ܕϓϩάϥϛϯάʹ͓͚Δؔ਺͸ࣜ
20. ࠶ܝ
    GPS
    จͰॻ͘ int total = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) { total += i; } • GPSจͱ୅ೖจͰɺ܁Γฦ͠ԋࢉ݁ՌΛॻ͖ࠐΉ ୅ೖ͢Δ
    ໋ྩΛߦ͍ͬͯΔ • ܭࢉػ΁ͷ໋ྩ uuu
    ໋ྩܕ • จͰܭࢉΛߏ੒͢Δͱɺ໋ྩతʹͳΔ
21. ࠶ܝ
    ࠶ؼతʹؔ਺Λద༻͢Δ • ࣜʹΑΓܭࢉΛએݴ͢Δ • ࣜ͸ඞͣ஋Λ໭͢ɻͦͷ஋ʹ࠶ͼؔ਺Λద༻͢Δ • ࣜͰܭࢉΛߏ੒͢ΔͱɺએݴతʹͳΔ let s = foldl (+) 0 [1 .. n] )BTLFMM let s = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].reduce((acc, i) => acc + i, 0)``` let s = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].reduce((acc, i) => acc + i, 0) 5ZQF4DSJQU
22. ؔ਺ద༻ʹΑͬͯ஋ΛಘΔ 
    ؔ਺ʹΑͬͯ஋Λม׵͢Δɾࣸ͢ ࣜ͸ඞͣ໭Γ஋Λฦ͢ɻҾ਺ͷ஋͔Β໭Γ஋ʹ஋Λม׵ͨ͠ɺࣸͨ͠ɺͱݟΔ͜ͱ΋Ͱ͖Δ 𝑓
23. ໋ྩܕͱؔ਺ܕ • ໋ྩܕ uuu
    ໋ྩʹΑͬͯɺܭࢉػʹɺঢ়ଶͦͷ΋ͷΛมԽͤ͞Δ • ؔ਺ܕ uuu
    ؔ਺Λద༻͢Δ͜ͱͰ஋ΛಘΔɾ஋Λࣸ͢ ؔ਺ܕϓϩάϥϛϯά͸ίϯϐϡʔλͰ͸ͳ͘ܭࢉʹয఺Λ౰ͯΔ ܭࢉʹয఺Λ౰ͯΔʹ͸ɺࣜʹΑͬͯܭࢉΛߏ੒͢Δ ࣜʹΑͬͯܭࢉΛʮએݴʯ͢ΔͷͰɺએݴతʹͳΔ
24. վΊͯɺԿΛݴͬͯΔͷ͔ • ϓϩάϥϜΛʮܭࢉػ΁ͷ໋ྩʯͰ͸ͳ͘ʮؔ਺Λద༻ͯ͠஋ΛಘΔܭࢉʯͷఆٛͱଊ͑Δ • ؔ਺ G
    ͸ɺ஋Λࣸ͢΋ͷ • ͲΜͳू߹͔ΒͲΜͳू߹ʹࣸ͞ΕΔ͔ɻͦͷू߹ΛܕͰදݱ͢Δ • ू߹ͷදݱɺͭ·ΓʮܕͱܕΛ૊Έ߹Θͤͨߏ଄Խʯ͕Γྑ͘Ͱ͖Ε͹ɺϓϩάϥϜ͕ݎ࿚ʹͳΔ
25. ؔ਺ʹΑΔঢ়ଶભҠͷදݱ
26. ؔ਺ʹΑΔঢ়ଶભҠͷهड़ ͋Δঢ়ଶ T
    ʹؔ਺ G
    Λద༻ͯ͠ɺผͷঢ়ଶ T
    ΛಘΔ // 顧客をアーカイブ状態にする export const archiveCustomer = (customer: Customer): Customer => ({ ...customer, archived: true, })) 5ZQF4DSJQU 𝑠 𝑠′ 𝑓
27. customer.archive() 5ZQF4DSJQU const archived = archiveCustomer(customer) 5ZQF4DSJQU • ໋ྩతʹॻ͘ – ΦϒδΣΫτͷ಺෦ঢ়ଶΛॻ͖׵͑Δ໋ྩΛߦ͏͜ͱͰɺঢ়ଶΛมԽͤ͞Δ – ঢ়ଶͷมԽ͕҉໧త • ؔ਺తʹॻ͘ – Ҿ਺ͷΦϒδΣΫτʹؔ਺Λద༻ͯ͠ɺঢ়ଶભҠޙͷΦϒδΣΫτΛಘΔ – ભҠલͷঢ়ଶ͸ඞͣҾ਺ʹݱΕɺભҠޙͷঢ়ଶ͸໭Γ஋ʹݱΕΔɻঢ়ଶมԽ͕໌ࣔత
28. 8FCΞϓϦέʔγϣϯͱ *0 • 8FCΞϓϦέʔγϣϯ։ൃͷଟ͘ͷ෦෼͸ɺίϯϐϡʔλ ֎ք
    ͱͷ΍ΓͱΓ – σʔλϕʔε͔ΒσʔλΛऔಘͯ͠
    *0
    – 8FC
    "1*
    Λίʔϧͯ͠
    *0
    – ୺຤ʹग़ྗ͢Δ
    *0
    – *0
    ͸ίϯϐϡʔλ΁ͷ໋ྩͳͷͰɺ໋ྩతʹهड़͢Δͷ͸ࣗવ Ͱ΋ΞϓϦέʔγϣϯ͕େ͖͘ͳͬͯ͘Δͱʜ IO -> ܭࢉ (ۀ຿ϩδοΫɺঢ়ଶભҠ) -> IO ͷਅΜதͷ෦෼͕େ͖͘ɺෳࡶʹͳ͖ͬͯ·ͤΜ͔
29. update : Msg -> Model -> ( Model, Cmd Msg ) update msg model = case msg of ToggleLike -> ( { model | photo = Maybe.map toggleLike model.photo }, Cmd.none ) UpdateComment comment -> ( { model | photo = Maybe.map (updateComment comment) model.photo }, Cmd.none ) SaveComment -> ( { model | photo = Maybe.map saveNewComment model.photo }, Cmd.none ) LoadFeed (Ok photo) -> ( { model | photo = Just photo }, Cmd.none ) LoadFeed (Err _) -> ( model, Cmd.none ) ࠶ܝ
    &MN &MN
30. model -> model' model -> model' model -> model' ΠϕϯτΛܖػʹঢ়ଶ͕ભҠ͢Δ ŋŋŋ ࣌ܥྻʹج͍ͮͨ໌ࣔతͳঢ়ଶભҠ
31. ঢ়ଶભҠͷؔ਺ ϥϯλΠϜ΍ϑ ϨʔϜϫʔΫ イベント コマンド Πϕϯτʹ൐͍ؔ਺Ͱঢ়ଶΛભҠͤͯ͞ɺ͋ͱ͸ϑϨʔϜϫʔΫ΍ϥϯλΠϜʹ೚ͤΔ
32. *0
    
    ঢ়ଶભҠ 
    *0 model -> model' *0 JOQVU
    
    MPBE *0 PVUQVU *0
    ͱ੾Γ཭ͤ͹ɺ͜͜Λίϯϐϡʔλ ΁ͷ໋ྩͰ͸ͳ͘ɺʮܭࢉʯͱͯ͠એ ݴ͢Δ͜ͱ΋Ͱ͖Δɻ͜͜ͷঢ়ଶ؅ཧ Λ͍͍ײ͡ʹͰ͖Ε͹
33. https://www.slideshare.net/ScottWlaschin/reinventing-the-transaction-script-ndc-london-2020
34. ΦχΦϯΞʔΩςΫνϟ ͳͲ
    Ͱಘ͍ͨ͜ͱ • ςελϏϦςΟ͕޲্͢Δ
    ෦඼ΛೖΕସ͑ՄೳʹͳΔ – ͦΕ͸ͦ͏ɻͰ΋ɺ෭࣍తͳ΋ͷͰ͋ͬͯओ໨తͰ͸ͳ͍ • ۀ຿ϩδοΫΛ *0
    ͔Β੾Γ཭͠ɺܭࢉػ΁ͷ໋ྩͰ͸ͳ͘७ਮͳϩδοΫ ܭࢉ
    ͱͯ͠ߟ ͑ΒΕΔΑ͏ʹ͍ͨ͠ – ৭ʑͳύϥμΠϜΛద༻Ͱ͖ΔՄೳੑ͕ੜ·ΕΔ • ΦϒδΣΫτࢦ޲Ͱ΋ྑ͍͠ɺखଓܕͰ΋ྑ͍͠ɺؔ਺ܕϓϩάϥϛϯάͰ΋ྑ͍ • ͏ͪɺએݴతʹঢ়ଶ؅ཧ͢Δͷ͸ɺ ݱ࣌఺Ͱ͸
    ྑ͍ϓϥΫςΟεͰ͸ͳ͍͔
    ˡ ࠓ͜͜
35. 3FBDUɺ&MN
    FUD
    ʜ
    ݱ୅ͷϑϩϯτΤϯυ։ൃ • એݴతϓϩάϥϛϯά – ʮ಺෦ঢ়ଶΛॻ͖׵͑ΔʯͷͰ͸ͳ͘ʮঢ়ଶ͔Βঢ়ଶ΁ભҠͤ͞Δɻ࣍ͷঢ়ଶ΁ࣸ͢ʯ – ϑϩϯτΤϯυͷঢ়ଶ؅ཧΛ %0.
    ͔Β෼཭͠ʮঢ়ଶΛॻ͖׵͑Δʯͱ͍͏໋ྩͰ͸ͳ͘ʮঢ়ଶ͕࣍ͷঢ়ଶʹભ Ҡ͢Δʯͱ͍͏ࣜͩͱଊ͑௚ͨ͠ – ঢ়ଶભҠΛએݴతʹهड़͢Δ͜ͱʹΑΓɺ҉໧తͳঢ়ଶΛҙࣝͤͣʹΞϓϦέʔγϣϯΛهड़Ͱ͖ΔΑ͏ʹͳͬ ͨ
36. ͩΜͩΜɺϝϯλϧϞσϧ͕Ξοϓσʔτ͞Ε͖ͯͨͰ͠ΐ͏͔ 𝑓
37. ୤ઢ
    จΛ࢖͏ͱ͔ͦ͜ΒҶͮΔࣜతʹ໋ྩܕʹͳΔ • )BTLFMM
    ͷ forM_ ࣜ ··· for จΈ͍ͨͳ΋ͷ (※࣮ࡍ͸จͰ͸ͳ͘ϢχοτܕΛฦࣜ͢) – ϛϡʔλϒϧͳ഑ྻΛॻ͖׵͑ͨΓɺܭࢉػͱೖग़ྗ͢Δͱ͖ʹ࢖͏ – ܭࢉػ΁ͷ໋ྩతͳࣜͳͷͰ໭Γ஋͕ͳ͍ – ͳ͓ )BTLFMM
    ͔ͩΒͱ໋͍ͬͯྩతʹॻ͚ͳ͍Θ͚Ͱ͸ͳ͍͠ɺ໋ྩతʹهड़͢Δํ͕ྑ͍৔߹΋Α͋͘Δ main = do arr <- newListArray @IOArray (1, 10) [1 .. 10] forM_ [1 .. 10] $ ¥i -> do x <- readArray arr i writeArray arr i (x * 2) forM_ [1 .. 10] $ ¥i -> do readArray arr i >>= print )BTLFMM
38. ಉ͡໨తͷσʔλߏ଄ͷΠϛϡʔλϒϧ൛ɺϛϡʔλϒϧ൛Λ࢖͏ൺֱ main = do [n, m] <- getInts uvs <- replicateM m getTuple let uf0 = newUF (0, n - 1) -- 関数 f により uf を次の状態に遷移させる let (_, xs) = mapAccumL f uf0 uvs where f uf (u, v) = let same = isSame uf u v in if same then (uf, same) else (unite uf u v, same) … -- 状態の表現にイミュータブルなデータ構造 data UnionFind = UnionFind { parent :: IM.IntMap Int, size :: IM.IntMap Int } deriving (Show) )BTLFMM -- 状態の表現にミュータブルな配列 data UnionFind a v = UnionFind (a v v) (IOUArray v Int) )BTLFMM main = do [n, m] <- getInts uvs <- replicateM m getTuple uf <- newUF @IOUArray (0, n - 1) (-1) forM_ uvs $ ¥(u, v) -> do same <- isSame uf u v -- データ構造 uf に作用を起こして内部状態を変える unless same $ do unite uf u ϛϡʔλϒϧͳσʔλߏ଄Λ࢖͏ͱ஋ Λ໭͞ͳ͍ͷͰɺ੍ޚߏ଄΋ؚΊࣗવ ͱ໋ྩܕͷ࣮૷ʹͳΔ ͪͳΈʹࢲ͸ 6OJPO'JOE
    ͸ͪ͜ΒΛ ৗ༻ͯ͠·͢ ؔ਺ͷ໭Γ஋͕࣍ͷঢ়ଶͷσʔλߏ଄ ͳͷͰɺ໭Γ஋ΛҾ͖ճؔ͢਺ܕతͳ ࣮૷ʹͳΔ
39. ࠶ܝ
    ઌͷਤ͸ԿΛݴͬͯΔͷ͔ • ϓϩάϥϜΛʮܭࢉػ΁ͷ໋ྩʯͰ͸ͳ͘ʮؔ਺Λద༻ͯ͠஋ΛಘΔܭࢉʯͷఆٛͱଊ͑Δ • ؔ਺ G
    ͸ɺ஋Λࣸ͢΋ͷ • ͲΜͳू߹͔ΒͲΜͳू߹ʹࣸ͞ΕΔ͔ɻͦͷू߹ΛܕͰදݱ͢Δ • ू߹ͷදݱɺͭ·ΓʮܕͱܕΛ૊Έ߹Θͤͨߏ଄Խʯ͕Γྑ͘Ͱ͖Ε͹ɺϓϩάϥϜ͕ݎ࿚ʹͳΔ
40. ܕΛू߹ΛͱΒ͑Δ
41. ؔ਺͸஋Λม׵͢Δɾࣸ͢΋ͷͱ͍͏ݟํ͕Ͱ͖Δ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨ ͦΕΛલఏʹɺ࣍͸஋͕ଐ͢ΔྖҬʹ͍ͭͯߟ͑ͯΈ·͢ 𝑓 ͜͜ ೖྗɺҾ਺
    ͱʜ ͜͜ ໭Γ஋ɺҾ਺
42. 𝑓 ͱ͋Δू߹4 ·ͨଞͷू߹4 ͋Δू߹ʹଐ͢Δ஋Λɺؔ਺ G
    ʹΑΓɺ·ͨଞͷू߹ʹଐ͢Δ஋ʹࣸ͢ ͜Ε͕ͲΜͳू߹͔هड़͢Δͷ͕ʮܕʯ
43. ೉͍͜͠ͱ͸ͳ͘ɺීஈॻ͍͍ͯΔܕΛͲ͏ΈΔ
    ͱ͍͏࿩ • ௿ϨΠϠʔࢹ఺Ͱ͸ʮϏοτྻͷσʔλΛιϑτ΢ΣΞʹͲ͏ղऍͤ͞Δ͔ʯҙຯ෇͚͢Δͷ͕ܕ • ผͷϝϯλϧϞσϧ uuu
    ؔ਺ͷࢹ఺ͰݟΔͱʮܕ͸ू߹ʯͱ΋ଊ͑ΒΕΔ – ʮTUSJOH
    ͷू߹ʹଐ͢Δ஋Λ OVNCFS
    ͷू߹ʹଐ͢Δ஋ʹࣸ͢ʯ – ʮ͜ͷؔ਺ͷఆٛҬ͸ TUSJOH
    Ͱɺ஋Ҭ͕ OVNCFSʯ function parseHex(str: string): number { return parseInt(str, 16); } 5ZQF4DSJQU
45. ʮ5ZQF4DSJQU
    ʹ͓͚Δܕͷू߹ੑͱ֊૚ੑʯΑΓҾ༻ https://zenn.dev/estra/articles/typescript-type-set-hierarchy
46. • ʮܕ͸ɺޓ͍ʹؔ࿈͢Δ஋ͷू߹Ͱ͢ʯ ϓϩάϥϛϯά )BTLFMM • ʮܕ UZQF
    ͋Δ͍͸σʔλܕ EBUB
    UZQF
    ͱ͸ɺσʔλ͕ͲͷΑ͏ͳੑ࣭ͷू߹ʹଐ͢Δ ͔Λࣔ͢΋ͷͰ͢ʯ ؔ਺ܕϓϩάϥϛϯά࣮ફೖ໳ • ʮ Մೳͳૢ࡞΍ԋࢉͳͲͷମܥͳͲ͕
    ڞ௨͍ͯ͠Δ஋ͷू߹͕ܕͰ͋ΓɺͦΕͧΕͷ஋͸ ෳ਺ͷू߹ ܕ
    ʹଐ͢͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δʯ 5ZQF4DSJQU
    ʹ͓͚Δܕͷू߹ੑͱ֊૚ੑ • ʮܕ͸஋΍ॲཧͷຬͨ͢΂͖ੑ࣭Λڧ͘ҙຯ෇͚͢ΔͨΊʹ࢖͏͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ɺʮϓϩάϥϜ ͷਖ਼͠͞ʯΛอূ͢ΔͨΊͷॏཁͳϑΝΫλʔͰ͢ʯ
47. ܕ͸ίϯύΠϥͳͲͷιϑτ΢ΣΞ πʔϧ
    ͕ཧղͰ͖Δ • ஋ͷऔΓ͏ΔൣғΛΑΓݫີʹએݴͰ͖Ε͹ίϯύΠϧஈ֊Ͱ஋͕ͦͷൣғʹऩ·Δ͜ͱ͕อূͰ͖Δ • ͭ·ΓΞϓϦέʔγϣϯΛ࣮ࡍʹಈ࡞ͤ͞ͳͯ͘΋ɺ͋Γ͑ͳ͍ঢ়ଶ͕࡞ΒΕͳ͍͜ͱΛอূͰ͖Δ • ܕ৘ใΛ৭ʑͳπʔϧνΣΠϯ͕ಡΈऔͬͯɺ։ൃऀମݧΛվળ͍ͯ͠Δ TypeScript Origins: The Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6s2pdxebSo
48. ܕΛͲ͏ߟ͑Δ͔ • ιϑτ΢ΣΞ ίϯύΠϥ΍πʔϧνΣΠϯ
    ʹϓϩάϥϜߏ଄ͷ৘ใΛ༩͑Δ΋ͷ • ؔ਺ G
    ͷఆٛҬͱ஋ҬͷऔΓ͏ΔൣғΛܾΊΔ΋ͷ ʮޙऀͰߟ͑ͯܕΛॻ͍ͨ݁ՌɺલऀʹΑͬͯϓϩάϥϜ͕ݎ࿚ʹͳΓ։ൃऀମݧ΋Α͘ͳΔ΋ͷʯͱ͍ ͏ͷ͕ࢲͷϏϡʔ
49. export function toColor(value: string): Result<Color, ValidationError> { return /^#[0-9a-f]{3}([0-9a-f]{3})?$/i.test(value) ? ok(value as Color) : err(new ValidationError('⾊の値が不正です。#FFFFFF形式で指定してください')) } 5ZQF4DSJQU ܕ͸ߏ଄Խ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ
50. ܕͱܕΛ૊Έ߹ΘͤΔ uuu
    ࿨ 03
    Λ࢖͏
51. ୅਺తσʔλܕ • )BTLFMM
    ͳͲͷݴޠͰ͸৽͍͠σʔλߏ଄Λఆٛ͢Δͷʹ୅਺తσʔλܕͰදݱ͢Δ • ܕΛ૊Έ߹ΘͤΔͷʹ࿦ཧੵ "/%
    ͚ͩͰͳ͘ ࿦ཧ࿨ 03
    ͕࢖͑Δ data Bool = True | False data Maybe a = Nothing | Just a )BTLFMM )BTLFMM data UnionFind = UnionFind { parent :: IM.IntMap Int, size :: IM.IntMap Int } )BTLFMM
52. ܕͷ૊Έ߹Θͤʹʮ࿨ 03 ʯ͕࢖͑Δ • ৽͍͠σʔλߏ଄ͷܗΛએݴ͢Δखஈ͸֤ݴޠ༷ʑͰ͋Δ͕ɺ͔ͭͯଟ͘ͷݴޠͰ͸ੵ "/%
    Ͱ૊Έ߹ ΘͤΔͷ͕ओͳํ๏ͩͬͨ – TUSVDU
    ΍ DMBTT
    ͳͲϨίʔυܕʹΑΔϓϩύςΟͷ૊Έ߹Θͤ͸ "/% • "/%
    ͚ͩͰܕͱܕΛ૊Έ߹ΘͤΔͱɺෆࣗવͳ֊૚΍ෆඞཁͳ஋ͷ૊Έ߹Θ͕ͤൃੜ͠΍͍͢ – ௚ੵͷ֊૚ߏ଄ uuu
    ྫ͑͹ DMBTT
    ʹΑΔ֊૚ߏ଄ data Bool = True | False )BTLFMM
53. export interface ReservationHolder { kind: 'ReservationHolder' name: string nameKana: string | null phoneNumber: PhoneNumber email: EmailAddress | null } export interface Visitor { kind: 'Visitor' name: string nameKana: string | null phoneNumber: PhoneNumber } interface HolderAndVisitor { kind: 'HolderAndVisitor' holder: ReservationHolder visitor: Visitor } interface HolderOnly { kind: 'HolderOnly' holder: ReservationHolder } interface VisitorOnly { kind: 'VisitorOnly' visitor: Visitor } export type ReservationGuest = HolderAndVisitor | HolderOnly | VisitorOnly 5ZQF4DSJQU ߏ଄͕ҟͳΔ΋ͷΛʮ·ͨ͸ ࿨ 
    03 ʯͰ૊Έ߹ΘͤΔ
54. ੵ "/% ͚ͩͰܕͱܕΛ૊Έ߹Θ͍ͤͯ͘ͱ֊૚͕ඞཁʹͳΔ • ௚ੵ͚ͩͰ͸ʮࣅ͍ͯΔ͕গ͠ߏ଄͕ҧ͏΋ͷʯΛμϒΓͳ͘·ͱΊΔͷʹ֊૚͕ඞཁʹͳΔ • ࣅ͍ͯΔߏ଄Λநग़ͯ͠਌ʹ͢Δ uuu
    ҆қʹ΍ΔͱʮܧঝʹΑΔࠩ෼ϓϩάϥϛϯάʯʹͳͬͯ͠·͏ • ࿨͕͋Δ͜ͱͰʮ֊૚ʹ͢Δ͔ɺฒ΂Δ͔ʯॊೈͳ૊Έ߹Θ͕ͤՄೳʹͳΔ
55. l.BLJOH
    JMMFHBM
    TUBUFT
    VOSFQSFTFOUBCMFz interface User { memberId: MemberId | undefined guestId: GuestId | undefined } interface Member { userId: MemberId } interface Guest { guestId: GuestId } type User = Member | Guest औΓಘΔ஋ͷछྨ਺͸֤ଐੑͷੵʹͳΔ ௚ੵ 
    Y
    
    
     ɾ྆ํ VOEFGJOFE ɾ྆ํͷ஋͕ຒ·Δ ͱ͍͏࢓্༷͋Γಘͳ͍ঢ়ଶ͕ੜ·ΕΔ औΓಘΔछྨ਺͸֤ଐੑͷ࿨ ௚࿨ 
    
    
     ࢓্༷͋Γಘͳ͍ঢ়ଶ͸දݱ͠ͳ͍ ˠ ͦͯ͠ίϯύΠϥ͕ͦΕΛཧղ͢Δ Ϩίʔυ͸ʮ͔ͭ "/% ʯ ϢχΦϯ͸ʮ·ͨ͸ 03 ʯ 5ZQF4DSJQU 5ZQF4DSJQU
56. type connection_state = | Connecting | Connected | Disconnected type connection_info = { state: connection_state; server: inet_addr; last_ping_time: time option; last_ping_id: int option; session_id: string option; when_initiated: time option; when_disconnected: time option; } type connecting = { when_initiated: time; } type connected = { last_ping : (time * int) option; session_id: string; } type disconnected = { when_disconnected: time; } type connection_state = | Connecting of connecting | Connected of connected | Disconnected of disconnected type connection_info = { state: connection_state; server: inet_addr; } 「なぜ次に学ぶ言語は関数型であるべきか - YAMAGUCHI::weblog」 より引用 https://ymotongpoo.hatenablog.com/entry/20111105/1320506449 0$BNM 0$BNM
57. ͪ͜ΒΑΓ΋ŋŋŋ export class Tag { state: 'Unvalidated' | 'Validated' | 'Created', id: TagId | undefined, groupId: RestaurantGroupId, label: string, icon: TagIcon | undefined, sortOrder: number | undefined, builtin: boolean | undefined } 5ZQF4DSJQU
58. interface UnvalidatedTag { kind: 'Unvalidated' groupId: string label: string icon?: { symbol: string; type: TagIconType; color?: string | null | undefined } | null | undefined } interface ValidatedTag { kind: 'Validated' groupId: RestaurantGroupId label: string icon: TagIcon } export interface CreatedTag { kind: 'Created' id: TagId groupId: RestaurantGroupId label: TagLabel icon: TagIcon sortOrder: number builtin: boolean } export type Tag = UnvalidatedTag | ValidatedTag | CreatedTag ͪ͜Βͷํ͕ɺ஋ͷ૊Έ߹Θͤύλʔϯ͕গͳ͘ݫີ 5ZQF4DSJQU
59. 𝑓 • ͋Δঢ়ଶ͔Β͋Δঢ়ଶ΁ભҠ͢Δͱ͖ɺͦΕͧΕঢ়ଶ͕औΓ͏Δ஋ͷू߹ʹɺෆཁͳঢ়ଶ͕গͳ͚Ε͹গ ͳ͍΄Ͳؔ਺ G
    ͷਖ਼͠͞Λ ίϯύΠϥϨϕϧͰ
    อূ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ • ௚ੵͱ௚࿨ʹΑΔ૊Έ߹ΘͤʹݶΒͣɺܕγεςϜͷදݱྗ͕ߴ͚Ε͹ɺू߹ΛΑΓਖ਼͍͠΋ͷʹ͢Δ͜ ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ
60. ࿨Ͱ૊Έ߹Θͤͯߏஙͨ͠΋ͷ͸ɺύλʔϯϚονͰ෼ղ main = do let someValue :: Maybe String someValue = ... case someValue of Just s -> putStrLn (s ++ ", naoya") Nothing -> putStrLn "Farewell" data Maybe a = Nothing | Just a )BTLFMM )BTLFMM +VTU
    4USJOH
    ͔ /PUIJOH
    ͷͲͪΒ͔ .BZCF
    ܕΛύλʔϯϚονͰ෼ղ͢Δ
61. 5ZQF4DSJQU
    Ͱ΋͍͚·͢ interface Empty { kind: "Empty" } interface Cons<T> { kind: "Cons" head: T tail: List<T> } export type List<T> = Empty | Cons<T> data List a = Empty | Cons a (List a) 5ZQF4DSJQU )BTLFMM ϦςϥϧܕͰλάΛ͚͓ͭͯ͘ ϢχΦϯͰ૊Έ߹Θͤͨܕ
62. // List<T> への map 関数を実装 type map = <T, U>(f: (a: T) => U, xs: List<T>) => List<U> export const map: map = (f, xs) => { switch (xs.kind) { case "Empty": return Empty() case "Cons": return Cons(f(xs.head), map(f, xs.tail)) default: assertNever(xs) } } export function assertNever(_: never): never { throw new Error() } console.log(map(i => i * 2, myList)) 5ZQF4DSJQU λάʹԠͯ͡෼ղ ϦςϥϧܕͳͷͰͪΌΜͱܕ͕ޮ͘
63. (SBQI2-
    ʹ΋ 6OJPOܕ • (SBQI2-
    ʹ΋ 6OJPO
    ܕ͕͋Γɺ্ख͘࢖͏ͱݎ࿚ੑΛߴΊΒΕΔ • ΫϥΠΞϯτଆͰܕʹԠͨ͡෼ղ͕Մೳ query GetSearchResults { search(contains: "Shakespeare") { __typename ... on Book { title } ... on Author { name } } } (SBQI2-
64. ࣮ࡍͷ8FCΞϓϦέʔγϣϯ։ൃͰͲ͏͍ͯ͠Δ͔͸ɺҎԼͷεϥΠυΛ͝ཡ͍ͩ͘͞ https://speakerdeck.com/naoya/
65. ܕʹΑͬͯจ຺Λදݱ͢Δ ৄࡉׂѪ • .BZCF
    0QUJPOBM
    uuu
    ଘࡏ͠ͳ͍͔΋͠Εͳ͍஋ • &JUIFS
    3FTVMU
    uuu
    ࣦഊ͢Δ͔΋͠Εͳ͍஋ɻى͜Γ͏Δࣦഊ • *0
    uuu
    ෭࡞༻Λ࣋ͭૢ࡞ɺ·ͨ͸֎քͱͷΠϯλϥΫγϣϯ • -JTU
    uuu
    ඇܾఆܭࢉ
66. ܕΫϥε uuu
    ܕͷ෼ྨͱ֊૚ ৄࡉׂѪ
67. ʢ͓·͚
    ؔ਺ͷೖग़ྗΛू߹ͱΈͳ͢ͱ͍͏͜ͱ͸ ʜ • ਺ֶతʹ͸ɺू߹ʹԋࢉΛೖΕΔͱʮ୅਺తߏ଄ʯ͕ݱΕΔ • ܈࿦తͳந৅ uuu
    ϞϊΠυɺ܈ɺ൒؀ɺ؀ uuu • ͜ΕΛҙ࣮ࣝͯ͠૷Λ͢Δͱɺ਺ֶํ޲΁ͷந৅Խʹͭͳ͕Δɻྑ͍ϓϥΫςΟεͷͻͱͭ
68. ྫ͑͹ಈతܭը๏ φοϓβοΫ໰୊
    ͷ࣮૷ for (int j = 0; j <= W; ++j) dp[0][j] = 0; for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) { for (int j = 0; j <= W; ++j) { if (j >= w[i]) dp[i+1][j] = max(dp[i][j-w[i]] + v[i], dp[i][j]); else dp[i+1][j] = dp[i][j]; } } cout << dp[N][W] << endl; let f (w, v) (wi, vi) | v == minBound = [(w, v)] | otherwise = [(w, v), (w + wi, v + vi)] let dp = accumArrayDP @UArray f max minBound (0, wx) [(0, 0)] wvs print $ maximum (elems dp) )BTLFMM $ ू߹ʹԋࢉͭͱ୯ҐݩΛೖΕΕ͹ %1
    ʹͳΔΑ͏ந৅Խ͍ͯ͠ Δ %1͸൒؀
69. • ΞϧΰϦζϜΛ୅਺తߏ଄Λҙࣝͯ͠ந৅Խ͢Δɻʮ͜ͷΞϧΰϦζϜ ܭࢉߏ଄
    ʹͲΜͳ݁߹ԋࢉΛೖ Εͯ࢖͏͔ʯͱ͍͏ΠϯλϑΣʔεͷؔ਺͕ಘΒΕΔ • ͲΜͳԋࢉΛೖΕΒΕΔ͔
    uuu
    ܕ͕อূ͢Δ ೖΕΒΕΔԋࢉͷू߹Λఆٛ͢Δ let sections = shakutori (1, n) (s !) (+) (-) 0 (¥acc r -> acc + r <= k) let s = scanl' (+) 0 xs let dp = doubling f (+) (10 ^ 5, 10 ^ 18) xs ͠Ό͘ͱΓ๏ μϒϦϯά ྦྷੵԋࢉ
70. 𝑓 ͱ͋Δू߹4 ·ͨଞͷू߹4 ͋Δू߹ʹଐ͢Δ஋Λɺؔ਺ G
    ʹΑΓɺ·ͨଞͷू߹ʹଐ͢Δ஋ʹࣸ͢ ͜Ε͕ͲΜͳू߹͔هड़͢Δͷ͕ʮܕʯ
71. ࠶ܝ
    ਤ͸ԿΛݴ͍ͬͯΔ͔ • ϓϩάϥϜΛʮܭࢉػ΁ͷ໋ྩʯͰ͸ͳ͘ʮؔ਺Λద༻ͯ͠஋ΛಘΔܭࢉʯͷఆٛͱଊ͑Δ • ؔ਺ G
    ͸ɺ஋Λࣸ͢΋ͷ • ͲΜͳू߹͔ΒͲΜͳू߹ʹࣸ͞ΕΔ͔ɻͦͷू߹ΛܕͰදݱ͢Δ • ू߹ͷදݱɺͭ·ΓʮܕͱܕΛ૊Έ߹Θͤͨߏ଄Խʯ͕ΑΓྑ͘Ͱ͖Ε͹ɺϓϩάϥϜ͕ݎ࿚ʹͳΔ ࠷ۙ͸͜ͷߟ͑Λத৺ʹஔ͍ͯɺϓϩάϥϜઃܭΛ͍ͯ͠·͢ ʮू߹Ͱ͋ΔܕͰઃܭ͠ɺؔ਺Ͱঢ়ଶΛભҠʯ
72. ͲΜͳϓϩάϥϛϯάݴޠͰ΋ؔ਺ܕͰΨϯΨϯ΍͍ͬͯ͘΂͖ • ๯಄ʹ΋ड़΂ͨ௨Γɺؔ਺ܕϓϩάϥϛϯά࠷ڧɺͱ͍͏࿩͸͍ͯ͠·ͤΜ • Αͬͯɺࢲݟ͸ʮ͍͍͑ʯ
    ݴޠͷಛੑʹ߹Θͤ·͠ΐ͏ – )BTLFMMɺ 'ɺ 0$BNMɺ4DBMB
    ͳͲͦ͏͢Δ͜ͱΛલఏʹ࡞ΒΕ͍ͯΔݴޠ͸໰୊ͳ͍Ͱ͠ΐ͏ – 5ZQF4DSJQU
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