Icons and Iconoclasm

Transcript

1. Icons  and  Iconoclasm  
   Readings:    
   Stokstad,  232-­‐263.  
    
   Range:  
   500-­‐1425  CE  
   Byzan2ne  
    
   Key  Terms/Concepts:  
   Icon,  Venera:on,  proskynesis,  
   acheiropoietai,  palladium,  Iconoclasm,  
   Pantokrator,  Acheiropoietos,  
   Theotokos,  Hodegetria,  Orans,  
   Blacherni:ssa,  Eleousa,  
   Glykophilsousa,  Festal,  Iconoclast,  
   Iconophile,  Iconodule,  Iconostasis.    
   Key  Monuments:  
     8-­‐28,  Vladimir  Virgin,  
   Constan:nople,  12th  Century  
     8-­‐14,  Virgin  and  Child  with  
   Saints  and  Angels,  St.  Catherine  
   at  Mt.  Sinai,  second  half  of  the  
   6th  century.  
     8-­‐15,  The  Crucifixion  and  
   Iconoclasts  whitewashing  an  
   icon  of  Christ,  Khludov  Psalter,  
   850-­‐75.  
     8-­‐35,  Andrey  Rublyov,  The  Old  
   Testament  Trinity  (Three  Angels  
   Visi:ng  Abraham),  1410-­‐1425.  
   

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2. Reminders  
   •  Mythological  Comparison  is  due  THURSDAY  
   April  11th.  
   •  Final  Exam  is  on  Tuesday  May    14th  8:00-­‐10:00  
   AM  in  Tivoli  Theater  12.  
   

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3. What  is  an  Icon?  
     General:  Two-­‐
   dimensional  
   representa:ons  
     Specific:  Pictures  of  
   holy  persons,  events,  
   venerated  by  the  
   Eastern  church.  
   

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4. Byzan:ne  Empire  in  the  6th  Century  
   

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9. Iconostasis  
   

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10. Iconostasis  
    

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11. c D00D0DDN000000cD
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    Worship  Row  
    Deesis  Row  
    Festal  Row  
    Prophets  Row  
    Row  of  Patriarchs  
    Typical  Iconostasis.  
    

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12. Types  of  Icons  
    Christ   Virgin  and  Child  
    Angels  
    Saints  
    Festal   Narra:ve  
    

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13. Christ  
    

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14. Pantokrator  
    “The  All  
    Powerful”  
    

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15. Man  of  Sorrows  
    

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17. Theotokos  =  The  Bearer  of  God  
    Orans   Eleousa  
    Kyrio:ssa   Hodegetria  
    

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18. Kyrio:ssa  
    “She  who  reigns  
    in  majesty”  
    

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19. Hodegetria  
    “She  who  shows  
    the  way.”  
    

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20. Orans  
    “Virgin  of  the  
    sign.”  
    “Praying  Virgin”  
    Or  
    Blacherni:ssa  
    

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21. Eleousa  
    “Virgin  of  
    tenderness.”  
    Or  
    Glykophilsousa  
    “Virgin  of  Sweet  
    Kisses”  
    

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22. Saints  
    

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24. Angels  
    Portraits   Miracles  
    

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25. Miracles  
    

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26. Festal  
    

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27. Orthodox  Festal  Days  
      Feast  days  ordered  by  calendar  date  
      Bap:sm  of  Jesus  by  John  the  Forerunner  (January  6)  
      The  Presenta:on  of  Jesus  in  the  Temple  (February  2)  
      The  Annuncia:on  (March  25)  
      The  Raising  of  Lazarus  (Saturday  before  Palm  Sunday)  
      Entry  into  Jerusalem  (Palm  Sunday)  
      The  Crucifixion  (Good  Friday)  
      The  Resurrec:on  (Easter  or  Holy  Pascha)  
      The  Ascension  (40  days  aeer  Easter)  
      Meso-­‐Pentecost  (Jesus,  12  years  old,  lectures  the  Jewish  
    Priests  in  the  Temple)  
      The  Descent  of  the  Holy  Spirit  (Pentecost,  50  days  aeer  
    Easter)  
      The  Transfigura:on  (August  6)  
      The  Dormi:on  of  the  Holy  Virgin  *  (August  15)  
      The  Na:vity  of  the  Virgin  Mary  (September  8)  
      The  Exalta:on  of  the  Cross  (by  Arch.  Zinon,  Courtesy  
    Orthodox  World)  *  
      The  Presenta:on  of  the  Virgin  in  the  Temple  (November  
    21)  
      The  Na:vity  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  (December  25)    
    

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28. Narra:ves  
    

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31. *Venera/on  is  the  act  of  honoring  
    Christ  and  saints  through  their  image.    
    Processions  
    

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33. *Venera/on  is  the  act  of  honoring  
    Christ  and  saints  through  their  image.    
    Kissing  
    

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35. *Venera/on  is  the  act  of  honoring  
    Christ  and  saints  through  their  image.    
    

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37. Iconoclasm  
    (Eikon  =  Image)  +  (Klao  =  Break)    
    

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38. Iconoclasts  (Breakers  of  Images):  
    1)  Icons  are  akin  to  the  “graven  images”  men:oned  
    in  the  second  commandment:  “4  Thou  shalt  not  
    make  unto  thee  any  graven  image,  or  any  likeness  
    of  any  thing  that  is  in  heaven  above,  or  that  is  in  
    the  earth  beneath,  or  that  is  in  the  water  under  
    the  earth:5    thou  shalt  not  bow  down  thyself  to  
    them,  nor  serve  them.”  (Exodus  20:  4-­‐5)  
    2)  Icons  are  man  made,  as  opposed  to  relic,  and  do  
    not  deserve  to  be  venerated:  “The  divine  nature  is  
    completely  uncircumscribable  and  cannot  be  
    depicted  or  represented  by  ar/sts  in  any  medium  
    whatsoever.”  (Iconoclas/c  Council,  754)  
    

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39. Iconodules  (Lovers  of  Images):  
    1)  Icons  are  powerful  didac:c  tools:  “An  image  is,  aQer  
    all,  a  reminder;  it  is  to  the  illiterate  what  a  book  is  
    to  the  literate,  and  what  the  word  is  to  hearing,  the  
    image  is  to  sight.”  (John  of  Damascus)  
    2)  Icons  are  a  valuable  proxy  by  which  the  faithful  could  
    demonstrate  their  love  and  honor  for  the  divine:  
    “God  created  man  to  his  own  image”  (Genesis  1:27)  
    3)  Icons  are  a  valid  way  to  communicate  Christ’s  
    humanity  and  suffering:  “How,  indeed,  can  the  Son  
    of  God  be  acknowledged  to  have  been  a  man  like  us
    —he  who  was  deigned  to  be  called  our  brother—if  
    he  cannot  be  depicted?”  
    

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46. Cri:cal  Thinking  Ques:ons  
    1.  What  is  an  icon?    What  role  did  they  play  in  
    Byzan:ne  worship?  
    2.  How  does  the  icon  interact  with  the  sacred?  
    3.  What  are  the  arguments  for  and  against  the  
    use  of  icons  in  the  church?  
    4.  What  is  Iconoclasm?    What  were  the  
    circumstances  that  led  to  the  Iconoclasm?  
    

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