Lorsch Quierzy Verberie Frankfurt Soissons Koeth Compiègne Corbeny Salz Fulda Ven Kissingen St Denis Würzburg Chelles Svalafeld Remiremont Karlsgraben Geneva Ratisbon Metz Lechfeld Diedenhofen Bodman Longlien (Longlier) Speyer Seilles Brumath Herstal Schlettstadt Duren Sinfeld Eresburg Herstelle Thuringen Brunsberg Rehme Wolmirst Canterbury St Riquier Rouen Reims St Amand 1 2 6 7 3 4 5 Echternach Aachen Salzburg Magdeburg Tours Germigny rdeaux uch Bourges St Gall Reichenau Paris Toulouse Narbonne Aix-en-Provence Avignon Lyon Vienne Cluny Tarentaise Embrun Pisa Aquileia Turin Genoa Milan Ravenna Florence Siena Venice Rhine Seine L oire Rhône Elbe Danube o A D R I A T I C N E E S A L P S A N Y SEX W E S T F R A N K I S H K I N G D O M EAST FRANKISH KINGDOM P O BURGUNDY CROATIA campaign of literary and artistic production, which continued into the tenth century. From the later tenth century the Roman empire ruled by a Saxon dynasty in Germany, commonly called the Ottonian dynasty, also drew scholars and artists from afar, including the Byzantine empire. For a small group, the world suddenly became much smaller, and men such as Gerbert of Aurillac took advantage of the new range of possibilities. Born and educated in southern France, he became a famous teacher at Reims in northern France, then became tutor the earliest manuscript for a d painter as the –83). Although we was made, it and y luxurious agne. n three centuries, ed under court rrent supply of y turning over ristian) ivories Rohrbach Leutmerken Tägerschen Pfäffikon Helfenschwil Willmandingen Bettighofen Dieterskirchen Oberndorf Buchheim Mengen Wolfenweiler Spaichingen Tuningen Klengen Wurmlingen Tuttlingen Löffingen Fischingen Binzen Lausheim Weizen Singen Diessenhofen Bülach Glatt Höngg Zurich Ringwil Kempraten Grabs Fischbach Constance Bermatingen Siggingen Urlau Luttolsberg Mindersdorf Bussnang Amriswil Sitterdorf Heldswil Zuzwil Lommis Aadorf Elgg Büren Zell Turbental Jonschwil Bütschwil Ulm Schörzingen Pfohren Ewattingen Goldach Steinach Durnten Wetzikon Langenargen Egringen Winterthur Wängi Rickinbach Henau Uzwil Herisau Uster Kirchen Stammheim Mönchaltorf Egg Eschenbach Schlins Leiblach Buchorn Bodman Romanshorn ST GALL ST GALL Gossau Leutkirch Wasserburg Uznach Rankweil Rhine Thur Rhine Rhine Lake Constance Lake Zurich Lake Wallen Allgäner Alpen Bregenzer Wald S w a b i a n J u r a Black Fo rest BREISGAU BERCHTOLDSBAAR SCHERRAGA U ARGENGAU AARGAU KLETTGAU ALBGAU LINZGAU NIBELGAU ZÜRICHGAU THURGAU HEGAU RAETIA CURIENSIS N 0 0 20 miles 30 kms end of the period the core of the later English and French nations had been defined. Monasteries, already important in preceding centuries, played if anything an enhanced role in the ninth and tenth. Many 2 The Abbey of St Gall sites with abbey properties places with 10 charters or more places with 5-10 charters places with 3 or 4 charters places with 2 charters campaign of literary and artistic production, which continued into the tenth century. From the later tenth century the Roman empire ruled by a Saxon dynasty in Germany, commonly called the Ottonian dynasty, also drew scholars and artists from afar, including the Byzantine empire. For a small group, the world suddenly became much smaller, and men such as Gerbert of Aurillac took advantage of the new range of possibilities. Born and educated in southern France, he became a famous teacher at Reims in northern France, then became tutor to the future Emperor Otto III, and was appointed by him Pope Sylvester II in 997. Artists similarly travelled. We know of a Carolingian painter in the employ of abbots travelling from central France to central Germany and returning, of Anglo-Saxon artists active at Fleury and probably in the Meuse region, and one famous master who worked for the Archbishop of Trier in the late tenth century probably visited Rome. Gerbert’s career exemplifies the relative insignificance of borders. Latin was the shared language of written culture and administration nearly everywhere in the West, and there was an emerging sense of a special Western Christendom, represented by the enlargement of Christendom westwards to encompass all of Scandinavia, including Iceland and Greenland, and eastwards to include Poland and Hungary. Borders were very much in flux in any event, prompted only in part by the raids and subsequent invasions of the Vikings. By the tradition, and for it was made the earliest preserved luxury illuminated manuscript for a ruler, known after its scribe and painter as the Godescalc Evangelistary (781–83). Although we do not know where that book was made, it and a group of other extraordinarily luxurious books were made for Charlemagne. After a hiatus of more than three centuries, carvings on ivory were produced under court patronage. As there was no current supply of new ivory, many were made by turning over Late Roman secular (never Christian) ivories and carving the back. Also for the court were made large-scale works in bronze, including the doors and railings for the palace chapel. How the difficult art of bronze casting was recovered remains something of a mystery, as is also the case with the wall mosaics at Aachen and at Theodulf’s chapel at Germigny, another technique revived after several centuries abeyance other than in the city of Rome. The Frankish royal courts became the first court centre of cultural and artistic patronage in the post-Roman period, and drew many creative figures from beyond the Frankish realm, including Alcuin from northern England, Theodulf from northern Spain, Paulinus of Aquileia and others from Italy, and later John the Scot Eriugena from Ireland. OTTONIAN EUROPE From the later ninth century the Frankish kingdoms were in decline, but Alfred the Great’s Wessex began a major royal-sponsored Lake Wallen end of the period the core of the later English and French nations had been defined. Monasteries, already important in preceding centuries, played if anything an enhanced role in the ninth and tenth. Many received royal support, or the support of major local aristocratic patrons, and in turn were expected to contribute to royal projects, providing not only books and teachers but also money and even soldiers. Some of the royal monasteries became major centres of artistic production, the monastery at Tours, for example, producing something like two complete bibles and a gospel book annually during the second quarter of the ninth century. The ties between state and church were especially intimate in Ottonian Germany, culminating in the eleventh century in intense conflicts. Some monasteries sought to insulate themselves from secular ties; the great monastery of Cluny (founded 919) was chartered as dependent only upon the pope, and also strengthened its independence by creating an order, an alliance of many monasteries scattered across Christendom with the Burgundian mother house at its head. The well-documented case of the abbey of St Gall, just south of Lake Constance in modern Switzerland, shows the extent of monastic involvement in land-holding patterns and also of literary and administrative culture. Monasteries were also important as the home of holy men, specialists in prayer, and of the holy men and women of the past, present through their relics, whose cult became increasingly important through the period. Relics were required in association with every altar, usually small portions of holy bodies in small but elaborately decorated reliquaries. 2 The Abbey of St Gall sites with abbey properties places with 10 charters or more places with 5-10 charters places with 3 or 4 charters places with 2 charters 000 4 court y of the theless, m had ocratic ork
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