0:6, which means that the typical result- ing system consists of two Earth-sized planets and a smaller planet. In this model, we obtain hna i ’ 1:8 Æ 0:7. In other words, one or two planets tend to form outside the initial distribution of protoplanets. In most runs, these planets are smaller scattered planets. Thus we obtain a high efficiency of h fa i ¼ 0:79 Æ 0:15. The accretion timescale is hTacc i ¼ 1:05 Æ 0:58 ð Þ ; 108 yr. These results are consistent with Agnor et al. (1999), whose initial con- Fig. 2.—Snapshots of the system on the a-e (left) and a-i (right) planes at t ¼ 0, 1 are proportional to the physical sizes of the planets. KOKUBO, KOMIN 1134 ͍࣌ؒΛ͔͚ͯݪ࢝ಉ࢜ͷيಓ͕ཚΕΔ ɹˠޓ͍ʹিಥɾ߹ମͯ͠ΑΓେ͖ͳఱମʹ <,PLVCP*EB > (c) Hidenori Genda
veloc- ity makes the accretion process slow and inefficient and thus Tgrow longer. This accretion inefficiency is a severe problem On the ot in circular o HD 192263 with Æ1e 1 for in situ f case. It is d slingshot m circular orb the magnet may be wea disks may b Terrestria Jovian plan planetary a key process systems. We confir holds in Æsolid ¼ Æ1 ð ¼ 1=2; 3= tions. We d systems dep disk profile growth tim and (17), re a Mdisk T <T grow disk T <T cont disk Fig. 13.—Schematic illustration of the diversity of planetary systems against the initial disk mass for < 2. The left large circles stand for central stars. The double circles (cores with envelopes) are Jovian planets, and the others are terrestrial and Uranian planets. [See the electronic edition of the Journal for a color version of this figure.] ݪ࢝ܥԁ൫ͷ࣭ྔ يಓܘ த৺͔Βͷڑ <,PLVCP*EB >
inner disk is composed the collection of planetesimals at 0.06 AU, a M] planet at 0.12 AU, the hot Jupiter at 0.21 U, and a 3 M] planet at 0.91 AU. Previous sults have shown that these planets are likely be stable for billion-year time scales (15). Many bodies remain in the outer disk, and ac- orbital time scales and high inclinations. Two of the four simulations from Fig. 2 contain a 90.3 M] planet on a low-eccentricity orbit in the habitable zone, where the temper- ature is adequate for water to exist as liquid on a planet_s surface (23). We adopt 0.3 M] as a lower limit for habitability, including long-term climate stabilization via plate tectonics (24). three categories: (i) hot Earth analogs interior to the giant planet; (ii) Bnormal[ terrestrial planets between the giant planet and 2.5 AU; and (iii) outer planets beyond 2.5 AU, whose accretion has not completed by the end of the simulation. Properties of simulated planets are segregated (Table 1): hot Earths have very low eccentric- ities and inclinations and high masses because g. 1. Snapshots in time of the evolution of one simulation. Each panel ots the orbital eccentricity versus semimajor axis for each surviving body. he size of each body is proportional to its physical size (except for the ant planet, shown in black). The vertical ‘‘error bars’’ represent the sine of each body’s inclination on the y-axis scale. The color of each dot corresponds to its water content (as per the color bar), and the dark inner dot represents the relative size of its iron core. For scale, the Earth’s water content is roughly 10j3 (28). λΠϓ* **མԼʹ ΑΓܥͷيಓ͕େ͖ ͔͖͘ཚ͞ΕΔ they accrete on the migration time scale (105 years), so there is a large amount of damping during their formation. These planets are remi- niscent of the recently discovered, close-in 7.5 M] planet around GJ 876 (25), whose formation is also attributed to migrating resonances (26). ଟ༷ͳܥܗ <3BZNPOEFUBM >
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