The Interwoven Relationship Between Cartography and Dialectology: New Perspectives

Costanza Asnaghi, Ph.D.
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano
& University of Leuven

Transcript

1. The Interwoven Relationship Between Cartography and Dialectology: New Perspectives Costanza Asnaghi, Ph.D. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano & University of Leuven
2. A linguistic map illustrates the distribution of linguistic forms over a geographical area
3. A linguistic map illustrates the distribution of linguistic forms over a geographical area e.g. pronunciation ‘how do you pronounce secretary?’ e.g. word choice ‘how do you express the concept dragonfly?’
4. the major waterways of the Missouri and the Kaw Rivers; and the two instances of snake eater, occurring as they do in German settlement areas, may be variations of the Pennsylvania-Germanism snake heeder. FIGURE 1 A* *(devil's)dorning needle 0 mosquito hawk Z snoke feeder V spindle A snake doctor U snake eoter "DRAGONFLY" Perspectives for a Linguistic Atlas of Kansas Cook, 1978
5. Kurath and McDavid, 1961 The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States
6. The first linguistic maps were drawn at the beginning of the 20th century
7. Gilliéron and Edmont, 1902-1910 Atlas Linguistique de la France
8. Gilliéron and Edmont, 1902-1910 Atlas Linguistique de la France
9. Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz Jaberg and Jud, 1928-40
10. Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz Jaberg and Jud, 1928-40
11. Dialect studies were conducted in many countries and for a number of languages
12. Eastern Arabian Dialect Studies Johnstone, 1967
13. A Word Geography of England Orton and Wright, 1974
14. Linguistic Atlas of the Upper Midwest Allen, 1973-76
15. Linguistic Changes in North-Western Catalan Valls et al., 2013 context map is shown in Fig. 2) and covers the whole area where this dialect is spoken: all of Andorra and two dialect areas within Spain, specif- ically the western half of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia (with the exception of the Val d’Aran, where Occitan is spoken) and the eastern counties of the Autonomous Community of Aragon. Fieldwork was carried out in forty villages (two in Andorra, eight in Aragon, and thirty in Catalonia) located in twenty counties. We added localities of each county, i.e. their capitals, while the other half were conducted in small villages from the same counties. Thus, our sample includes twenty urban localities (the populations of which vary from the 1,177 inhabitants of Benavarri to the 137,387 of Lleida, with a mean of 17,787 inhab- itants) and twenty rural localities varying from 171 inhabitants in Tolba to 4,396 in Ordino (with a mean of 641 inhabitants). Note that Ordino is re- garded here as a rural area in spite of having more Fig. 2 Context map of the Catalan-speaking area, including some important cities: (1) Perpinya ` (France); (2) Andorra la Vella (Andorra); (3) Girona, (4) Barcelona, (5) Tarragona, (6) Lleida (Autonomous Community of Catalonia, Spain); (7) Fraga (Autonomous Community of Aragon, Spain); (8) Castello ´ de la Plana, (9) Vale `ncia, (10) Alacant (Autonomous Community of the Valencian Country, Spain); (11) Eivissa, (12) Palma, (13) Mao ´ (Autonomous Community of the Balearic Islands, Spain); and (14) l’Alguer (Sardinia, Italy). The area where north-western Catalan is spoken (Fig. 3) has a darker shade of grey Literary and Linguistic Computing, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2013 121 at KU Leuven University Library on April 14, 2013 http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/ aded from Distribution maps of the 1st person plural accusative clitic ‘ens’ (context: _#V, ‘ens esperen’, ‘they are waiting for us’) according to the pronunciations of the oldest speakers. The dark shade indicates sites only having the dialectal variant ‘mos’. Fig. 8 (a and b) Distribution maps of the 1st person plural accusative cli waiting for us’) according to the pronunciations of the oldest speakers right). The dark shade indicates sites only having the dialectal variant ‘m E. Valls et al.
16. Some maps were drawn based on mathematical criteria
17. Pederson, 1986 A Graphic Plotter Grid
18. Large-Scale Humanities Computing Projects Kretzschmar, 2009
19. Gabmap — A Web Application for Dialectology Nerbonne et al., 2011 A beam map and a network map displaying pronunciation differences in Pennsylvania.
20. Cassidy, 1985 Dictionary of American Regional English
21. Dictionary of American Regional English basement n 1 also attrib: The part of a building which is wholly or partly below ground level. widespread, but least common in NEast See Map Cf cellar n Cassidy, 1985
22. Depending on the goal and resources for the study, some linguistic maps are designed more accurately than others
23. Heeringa, 2004 Measuring Dialect Pronunciation Differences using Levenshtein Distance
24. The Harvard Dialect Survey Vaux and Golder, 2003
25. Some linguistic maps are based on perception
26. Mapping Texans’ Perceptions of Dialect Variation in the Lone Star State Cukor-Avila et al., 2012
27. Variation and Change in Dublin English Cukor-Avila et al. 2012 Hickey,
28. Some maps include manually-drawn isoglosses Other maps do not include explicit isoglosses
29. Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change Labov et al., 2006
30. A Word Geography of the Eastern United States Kurath, 1949
31. Some maps represent aggregated data
32. Tuscan Phonetic Variation and Diachronic Change Montemagni et al., 2013 rs obtained with contextualized SCs (left map) and context-free SCs (right different clusters, which also correspond to different steps in the gener- Tuscan phonetic variation and diachronic change http://llc.oxfordjournals.o Downloaded from Different shades of darkness indicate different clusters, which also correspond to different steps in the generalization of Tuscan gorgia.
33. A Quantitative Approach to Social and Geographical Dialect Variation Wieling, 2012 Contour plots for the regression surface of predicting lexical differences from standard Italian as a function of longitude, latitude, concept frequency, and speaker age group obtained with a generalized additive model. The (black) contour lines represent aggregate isoglosses, darker shades of gray (lower values) indicate a smaller lexical ‘distance’ from standard Italian, while lighter shades of gray (higher values) represent locations with a larger lexical ‘distance’ from standard Italian. The black star marks the approximate location of Florence.
34. Szmrecsanyi and Wolk, 2011 Holistic Corpus-Based Dialectology Morphosyntactically distant neighbors are connected by cold and thin beams; neighbors that are close morphosyntactically are connected by warm and heavy beams
35. Some maps are plotted according to spatial statistics criteria
36. Ordinary Kriging in Dialectology Grieve, 2013
37. Cartographic Visualization in Support of Dialectology Sibler et al., 2012
38. Lexical meaning and spatial distribution. Evidence from geostatistical dialectometry Pickl, 2013 Fig. 4 Intensity map of the variant Kraut of the variable ‘potato haulm’ from the SBS Fig. 5 Graded area-class map of the variable ‘potato haulm’ (combination of the intensity fields of all its vari- ants). A colour version of this paper is available online Lexical meaning and spatial distribution at KU Leuven University L http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/ Downloaded from
39. The Use of Spatial Autocorrelation Statistics for the Analysis of Regional Linguistic Variation Grieve, 2013
40. Some linguistic maps include: - physical geography details and/or - dots to represent sampled locations. Some linguistic maps avoid them.
41. Sprachatlas von Niederbayern Eroms and Spannbauer-Pollmann, 2006
42. Mapping Southern English american speech 78.2 (2003) 144 figure 14 LAMSAS Density Estimation Map for lightwood Kretzschmar, 2003
43. Some of the results of my research on California English and on Italian
44. dinner supper evening meal a clearly directed intent aim purpose From a concept to a word (linguistic profile) Geeraerts et al. 1999
45. Site-Restricted Web Searches Grieve et al., submitted
46. R Packages sp, lattice, maptools, spdep, RANN, maps mapproj, geoR, ggplot2, ggmap, mapdata
47. Context/Framework!Alternation Context/Framework Distribution Distribution in California English Dad/F Gi z-s Asnaghi, 2013a
48. Mesa/Butte Asnaghi, 2013a Mesa/Butte Alternation Raw Values < 1 < 0.833 < 0.667 < 0.5 < 0.333 < 0.167
49. Buddy/Pal Asnaghi, 2013a
50. Stamen Maps © Stamen Desig
51. Buddy/Pal Asnaghi, in prep. © Stamen Design and © Asnaghi
52. Factor 1 Asnaghi, 2013b © Stamen Design and © Asnaghi
53. Factor 2 Asnaghi, 2013b © Stamen Design and © Asnaghi
54. Factor 3 Asnaghi, 2013b © Stamen Design and © Asnaghi
55. RGB Asnaghi, in prep. © Stamen Design and © Asnaghi
56. 35 40 45 50 0 10 20 lat Stamen Map of Italy © Stamen Design
57. 37.5 40.0 42.5 45.0 10 15 lat Stamen Map of Italy © Stamen Design
58. RGB 1 Poschiavo (CH) 2 Bellinzona (CH) 3 Lugano (CH) 4 Muzzano (CH) 5 Como (I) 6 Bergamo (I) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Asnaghi, in prep.
59. Costanza Asnaghi Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano and University of Leuven costanza.asnaghi@gmail.com http://dialectology.altervista.org Thank you!
60. References Allen, HB. 1973-76. Linguistic Atlas of the Upper Midwest. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Asnaghi, C. 2013. An Analysis of Regional Lexical Variation in California English Using Site-Restricted Web Searches. Joint Ph.D. Dissertation, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano and University of Leuven. Asnaghi, C. 2013. Global Autocorrelation and Dialect Studies: The Role of Significance. Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Quantitative Investigations in Theoretical Linguistics, University of Leuven, 12-14 September 2013. Cassidy, FG, ed. 1985. DARE: Dictionary of American Regional English, Volume 1, A-C. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Cook, AB. 1978. Perspectives for a Linguistic Atlas of Kansas. American Speech 53: 199-209. Cukor-Avila, P, L. Jeon, PC. Rector, C. Tiwari, Z. Shelton. 2012. “Texas – It’s Like a Whole Nuther Country”: Mapping Texans’ Perceptions of Dialect Variation in the Lone Star State. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Symposium About Language and Society. Austin, April 13-15, 2012.
61. Eroms, HW, B. Röder, R. Spannbauer-Pollmann. 2006. Einführungsband mit Syntaxauswertung. Heidelberg: Winter. Geeraerts, D., S. Grondelaers, and D. Speelman (1999). Convergentie en Divergentie in Nederlandse Woordenschat. Een Onderzoek Naar Kleding- en Voetbaltermen. Meertens Instituut. Gilliéron, J, E. Edmont. 1902-1910. Atlas Linguistique de la France. Paris: H. Champion. Grieve, J. 2011. The use of spatial autocorrelation statistics for the analysis of regional linguistic variation. Presented at Quantitative Investigations in Theoretical Linguistics 4, Berlin, March 31, 2011. Grieve, J. 2013. Ordinary Kriging in Dialectology. Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Quantitative Investigations in Theoretical Linguistics, University of Leuven, 12-14 September 2013. Grieve, J., C. Asnaghi, and T. Ruette. Submitted. Site-Restricted Web Searches for Data Collection in Regional Dialectology. American Speech. Heeringa W. 2004. Measuring Dialect Pronunciation Differences using Levenshtein Distance. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Gröningen. Hickey R. Variation and Change in Dublin English. Website last accessed on October 9, 2013. http://www.uni-due.de/VCDE/
62. Jaberg, K. J. Jud. 1928-40. Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz. Zofingen: Ringier. Johnstone, TM. 1967. Eastern Arabian Dialect Studies. London, New York: Oxford University Press. Kretzschmar, W. 2003. Mapping Southern English. American Speech 78: 130-149. Kretzschmar, WA. 2009. Large-Scale Humanities Computing Projects: Snakes Eating Tails, or Every End is a New Beginning? Digital Humanities Quarterly 3:2, Kurath, H, RI. McDavid, Jr. 1961. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Labov, W, S. Ash, C. Boberg. 2006. Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Metcalf, AA, TE. Armbruster, EC. Howell, S. Prasad. 1971. Riverside English: The Spoken Language of a Southern California Community. University of California, Riverside. Nerbonne J, R. Colen, C. Gooskens, P. Kleiweg, T. Leinonen. 2011. Gabmap — A Web Application for Dialectology. Dialectologia Special Issue II, 65-89.
63. Orton H, N. Wright. 1974. A Word Geography of England. New York: Seminar Press. Pederson, L. 1986. A Graphic Plotter Grid. Journal of English Linguistics 19: 25–41. Pickl, S. 2013. Lexical Meaning and Spatial Distribution. Evidence from Geostatistical Dialectometry. Literary and Linguistic Computing 28: 63-81. Sibler, P., R. Weibel, E. Glaser, G. Bart. 2012. Cartographic Visualization in Support of Dialectology. Proceedings - AutoCarto 2012 - Columbus, Ohio, USA - September 16-18, 2012. Szmrecsanyi B, C. Wolk. 2011. Holistic Corpus-Based Dialectology. Brazilian Journal of Applied Linguistics/Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada 11(2): 561-592 (special issue "Corpus studies: future directions", ed. by Stefan Th. Gries). Vallis, E, M. Wieling, J. Nerbonne. 2013. Linguistic Advergence and Divergence in North- Western Catalan: A Dialectometric Investigation of Dialect Leveling and Border Effects. Literary and Linguistic Computing 28: 119-146. Vaux, B, S. Golder. 2003. The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department. Wieling, M. 2012. A Quantitative Approach to Social and Geographical Dialect Variation. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Gröningen.