CONCEPTS AND EXERCISES 4 PERMISSION TO WORK, COLD OR HOT, IN THE PRESENCE OF COMBUSTIBLE AND FLAMMABLE MATERIALS 5 CHEMICAL ADDITIVES AND COMPOSITION OF FLUIDS USED IN DRILLING, COMPLETION, RESTORATION AND STIMULATION OPERATIONS, WHERE APPLICABLE 6 UNDERSTANDING OF THE PLATFORM'S FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING SYSTEMS
IN PLACE IN THE OPERATIONAL AREA 8 RESPONSE TO EMERGENCIES WITH FUELS AND FLAMMABLES, ACCORDING TO THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN - PRE DESCRIBED IN CHAPTER 37.28 OF THIS NR 9 NOTIONS OF PROCESS SAFETY FOR PLATFORMS 10 SAFETY IN THE OPERATION OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS IN EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES; AND 11 PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ON BOARD, LASTING AT LEAST ONE HOUR, WITH ON-SITE INDICATION OF THE SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE FOR FIRE FIGHTING
was published by MTb Ordinance No. 1,186, on December 20, 2018, and was initially based on Annex II of Regulatory Standard NR-30 – Platforms and Support Facilities, published by SIT Ordinance No. 183, of May 11, 2010. The oil industry is of utmost importance to our country's economy, notably due to the enormous reserves contained in deposits present in Brazilian Jurisdictional Water (AJB). The generation of direct and indirect jobs, the resulting and constant technological development, the payment of various types of taxes and royalties, as well as the relevant strategic position it occupies in the national energy matrix largely justified the preparation of NR aimed at the segment in question.
was developed with the primary purpose of reducing the number of accidents and occupational illnesses, as well as contributing to preserving the marine environment and the integrity of the different platforms involved in this entire production process.
Risk Analysis – A.P.R Preliminary risk analysis consists of a prior and in-depth assessment of the potential risks involved in a project or work activity. This study must consider all phases of implementation and, based on them, propose appropriate measures to prevent accidents.
to accidents. EX: The step of fixing a part using welding generates the risk of exposure to non-ionizing radiation, the risk of the performer being contacted by hot material and also the risk of people nearby not involved in the task being contacted. Preparing a good APR consists of visualizing the activities in stages, so that we can better assess the risks and eliminate them. It corresponds to each step of a task. Fixing a part using welding is one of the steps of a given task. It is any action aimed at neutralizing the risk of a stage of the task. Using a welding mask neutralizes the risk of the worker being exposed to non-ionizing radiation, wearing gloves, an apron and leggings neutralizes the risk of the worker being contacted by hot material, and placing screens or fences and lining the floor protects people near or below the welding site. ACTIVITY PHASE RISKS: RECOMMENDATIONS: Let's understand some phases?
APR consists of visualizing the activities in stages” The professional who prepares the document must have some characteristics, which are: Discipline; Concentration; Patience; Practice,
Follow the pattern; Have the right tools and equipment; Correct permissions; Affected systems; Secure access; What can go wrong; Requires blocking?; Alternative methods; Neighboring equipment.
TOGETHER WITH "OS" AT THE END OF THE SERVICE. INSTRUCTIONS: THE PERSON BIGGESTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR SAFETY: AND YOU !!! APR – PRELIMINARY RISK ANALYSIS
developed for each activity; Aim; Establish the necessary procedures for carrying out work at height, aiming to guarantee the safety and physical integrity of workers who carry out this type of work and the protection of those who pass through nearby areas; The operating procedure must be documented, disseminated, known, understood and followed by all workers and other people involved. YOU ARE THE BIGGEST RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR TOTAL SAFETY!
a specific document, for the execution of any maintenance, assembly, disassembly, construction, repair or inspection work of equipment to be carried out in the industrial area; Its objective is to clarify the steps for assessing the release of services with potential accident risks to be performed in different areas.
be met for the execution of the work; b) the provisions and measures established in the Risk Analysis; c) the list of all those involved and their authorizations; The PT must have validity limited to the duration of the activity, restricted to the work shift, and may be revalidated by the person responsible for approval in situations where there are no changes in the established conditions or in the work team.
recommendations have been met; It must be duly completed, signed and remain next to the work in a visible place under the responsibility of supervision; It is also necessary that this authorization is filled out correctly, with criteria, so that it is valid in guiding employees. Before starting work
check and note all conditions that involve danger before starting your activities; Communicate with the supervisor responsible for the area so that they are aware and can contribute to safety instructions; Fill out the form at the location where the work will be carried out. When preparing this procedure, all those responsible must participate in order to describe the work stages, checking the dangers and preventive measures to be carried out at each stage.
gather all employees and provide safety instructions in accordance with the data recorded in this procedure; The instruction given to the work team must be done exactly in the work area with the aim of showing the dangerous places, the proper ways of working, the use of safety equipment, etc. After the instructions, request the signatures of the participants on the back of the form; All stages must comply with PT's determination, from the way of working to the use of personal protective equipment.
a visible place and the form must be legible and filled with all the safety items necessary to carry out the work safely; Every day, the supervision of the contracted company, before starting activities, must gather its work team and carry out safety instructions in accordance with the Work Permit and Risk Analysis; If there are accidents/incidents, those responsible must stop the service, gather all their employees and publicize them with the aim of presenting the failures and preventive measures to avoid recurrence.
and people passing by the site; Those responsible are obliged to collect data on failures in the execution of activities with the aim of providing safety instructions aimed at preventing accidents and improving the quality of work; Work should only begin after it has been read, understood and signed by the performers.
construction site, eliminating any irregularities (garbage, loose parts on equipment, flammable materials, loose structures, tied structures, etc.) - After the inspection to release the area, the contracted company must notify the area's supervision and the contractor so that they can check the work conditions and also the safety conditions of the site. All work completion steps must be included in the Work Permit. After completion of the work, the person responsible for the execution must return the release form to the person responsible for the area or the applicant for inspection and confirmation of completion of the service. The release form must be filed in the Occupational Safety Department.
RESTORATION AND STIMULATION OPERATIONS, WHERE APPLICABLE A fluid is a substance that continually deforms when subjected to a shear stress, no matter how small that stress may be. A subset of the phases of matter, fluids include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids.
Fluids are commonly classified according to the main component that constitutes the continuous or dispersing phase. Fluids can be classified into water-based fluids, oil- based fluids, and air or gas-based fluids. There are new drilling fluids that have been gaining ground on the market, they are called synthetic fluids. Substances used in the formulation of these fluids include esters, ethers, polyoleofins, glycols, glycerins and glucosides. These polymer- based fluids are of great importance because they can perform the same functions as oil-based fluids and be used in situations where water-based fluids suffer from limitations.
necessary to determine what type of water (salt or fresh) and additives will be used to prepare the fluid. The basic components present in the fluid and the interactions between them will cause changes in the physical and chemical properties of the fluid.
materials include mainly clay and polymers, which control viscosity, flow limit, gel strengths and filtrate at appropriate values to ensure a good removal rate of drilled solids and maintain stability of the well wall. Some important factors in selecting water for drilling fluid preparation are: transportation and treatment costs, types of geological formations to be drilled, availability, chemical components of the drilling fluid and equipment and techniques to be used in evaluating the formations (Thomas, 2001).
the rocks of which are mostly composed of unconsolidated sediments. Little chemical treatment is applied, as these rocks are practically inert when in contact with fresh water. When necessary, chemical treatment can be done using a light treatment with flocculant and dispersant (Thomas, 2001).
fluid saturated with NaCl, suitable for saline rock formations that already have a high degree of solubility in fresh water. With the use of a salty fluid with NaCl (dispersing agent) in the presence of saline rock, the solubility is reduced. The action of physical inhibitors is such that they are adsorbed to the surface of the rock materials, preventing direct contact with water and consequently the reaction. (Thomas, 2001).
used in special situations. According to Thomas (2001), the former are used to increase the penetration rate of the drill bit, reducing the total drilling cost, and the latter have the main objective of reducing the density of the system, to avoid circulation losses in zones of low pore pressure or low fracture pressure.
and disadvantages of water-based fluids, according to Guimarães and Rossi (2008 apud Morais 2009): Table 2- Advantages of water-based fluids. Table 3- Disadvantages of water-based fluids.
additives with specific functions. The use of oil- based fluids, although representing a high drilling cost, is due to the greater stability they provide, the formation of a thin and impermeable coating, the ability to drill through saline layers and good lubricity. However, several problems related to contamination caused by these fluids have generated statements from environmental agencies that, nowadays, have signaled the use of fluids that are more “environmentally correct”. This trend has been more intense since the 1990s, with the global awareness of the environmental problems faced.
is used as the main fluid during drilling. This is a low-density fluid and its use is recommended only in certain situations. According to information from Silva (2003), the air-based fluid can be applied in areas with severe loss of circulation, producing formations with very low pressure or with great susceptibility to damage, very hard formations such as basalt or diabase, regions with water scarcity and glacial regions with thick layers of ice. When using pure air or another gas (Nitrogen) as a fluid, the low presence of water in rock formations must be taken into account, as this is a technique usually used for drilling consolidated rock formations, the objective of which is to increase the penetration rate.
efficient, such as water dispersed in air (fog), which is used when the use of fresh air is compromised by the presence of water in rock formations. Fresh air and fog are generally used together.
industry, as we know it today, with its huge investments in technologies for the development of drilling fluids that meet the most diverse needs of drilling, for example, speed and efficiency in transporting cuttings, there was already the initial use of fluids for other purposes, but with a certain similarity, since the fluids (water) were used to help improve the action of cutting tools from the last century. In the middle of the 19th century, the addition of material (clay, corn bran and cement) was introduced that gave the fluids improvements in their plasticity and malleability, which gave the fluid the function of lining the well walls and stabilizing and reducing the tendency to collapse.
fires At the alarm signal, each resident must act in accordance with the Emergency Task Master Table. Those who do not have a defined role go to the Meeting Point and await instructions from the General Emergency Coordinator. Heat detector UNDERSTANDING OF THE PLATFORM'S FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING SYSTEMS
First Combat The sooner a fire is discovered and the sooner it is fought, the easier it will be to control it, given the early stages of the fire. Furthermore, the greater the chances of the occupants of the burning area escaping without suffering any injuries, as well as preventing damage to the equipment installed there.
(oil, solvent, paint, ...). “Energized” electrical equipment. Combustible Metals (magnesium, sodium, titanium ...). 2.1. Fire classification Fires are classified according to the material that is burning. NR-23 classifies fires into 4 categories
for immediate and rapid combat of fires. They can be portable or on wheels, depending on the size and operation. Types of fire extinguishers 2.4. Types of portable fire extinguishers
to the fire; Stay low and, if possible, dry; Cool the hot combustion gases, reaching the base of the fire; Establish containment and cool when necessary; and A direct attack on the fire is considered when the members of the firefighting team manage to enter the burning compartment and attack the source of the fire. The technique to be used, in this case, is to attack the base of the flames, as follows: Do not apply water to the walls and ceiling unnecessarily.
members of the firefighting team are able to access the burning compartment, but are unable to reach the base of the fire due to the presence of obstacles. Cool the hot combustion gases, reaching the base of the fire; Establish containment and cool when necessary; and Do not apply water to the walls and ceiling unnecessarily.
thing is to remain calm and act quickly, trying to follow the procedures. In compartments where visibility is impaired due to the presence of smoke or lack of lighting, which is normally switched off in the event of a fire, we can reduce the likelihood of accidents occurring by observing the following procedures: Check the temperature of floors, walls and fixtures such as doors and doorknobs by touching them with the back of your hand to see if there is fire on the opposite side.
a fire and the possibility of fighting the fire without the presence of the brigade. Schematic of a fixed system: Fire extinguishing gas cylinders; Control Panel; 1. Gas collector; 2. Extinguishing Circuit; 3. Detection Circuit; 4. Fire Detector; 5. Extinguishing gas diffusers. 6.
set of components that spray water. The water is divided into particles of extremely small size, which increases the efficiency of absorbing heat released by the fire and substantially reduces the risk associated with electrical current, since, in these circumstances, the water particles vaporize quickly, with no deposits. of liquid on the protected equipment.
water spray system is that of automatic showers, better known as “sprinklers”, which consists of a hydraulic network maintained under pressure, where water spray devices (automatic showers or “sprinklers”) are installed at various strategic points.
team (EMCIA) and the unit's organic team. In the event of an aircraft crash on board, they will perform firefighting, rescue and, if necessary, jettisoning tasks of the crashed aircraft.
PLACE IN THE OPERATIONAL AREA According to information from the Ministry of Labor, accidents involving flammable materials are common. At gas stations, for example, explosions, gas leaks and contamination can occur. Such accidents occur due to lack of attention, lack of training, incorrect use of PPE, and other situations that reduce worker safety.
The risk of accident is present in each of the three phases of offshore hydrocarbon production: The extraction; The processing of hydrocarbons on the platform; and And the pumping of obtained oil to tankers. Let's consider each of them in more detail.
the sea. The well equipment and the pipes themselves that connect the well to the platform are not dangerous. The risk comes from the oily substance that circulates in them. Therefore, the main risk in this phase may be the leakage of hydrocarbons underwater, as happened in the Gulf of Mexico, and the pollution of the waters. It is extremely difficult to combat leaks like this, even if the oil extraction is carried out at a depth of 15 to 20 meters.
– a spontaneous combustion of the extracted hydrocarbons, for example. However, the platform contains several other flammable substances that are essential for the lives of personnel and the operation of the equipment, such as diesel oil, gasoline and some toxic chemicals. In other words, an explosion on the platform is capable of causing a fire that can be caused by either a short circuit or by humans (a poorly extinguished cigarette butt or a broken electric kettle). A fire on the platform also affects the environment (toxic combustion products are released into the atmosphere) and puts the lives of personnel at risk. The explosion of tanks, pipes and other devices on the platform can also cause an oil spill.
pumped from the platform to tankers. It is believed that the techniques used for pumping oil do not allow the formation of oil vapors in dangerous quantities. However, in some circumstances, the process can go wrong and a fire can occur and cause great damage to the environment. Thus, a serious accident is possible at all stages of hydrocarbon production on offshore platforms. There is an engineering axiom that it is impossible to create a technical device with a probability of failure-free operation equal to one. Nevertheless, we cannot give in to despair. There are two options for minimizing risks.
apply innovative technologies, improve the quality of materials used and strictly observe the safety requirements drawn up at the design stage of an offshore platform project. All this helps to minimize the likelihood of accidents.
contain the accident and eliminate its consequences when it is not possible to avoid it. Modern science makes it possible to foresee all possible emergency scenarios and guide personnel on offshore platforms in choosing means of combating accidents: for example, in the case of an oil spill, containment booms will allow the oil slicks to be contained and controlled, while absorbent materials will allow the leaked oil to be quickly collected. Alert exercises will help to avoid panic in the event of a real disaster.
accident. Therefore, we have to admit that the probability of an accident will continue to be our payment for a comfortable life in a technologically advanced society for a long time.
diverse circumstances that directly interfere with the operational procedure and require emergency procedures and actions to resolve and restore normality in the scenario. Therefore, there is no common formula to be followed. What we can indicate are procedures that, when followed, will greatly assist Emergency Teams.
and Flammable Products into a few distinct steps: Identification of the product and its risks; Personal Protection; Isolation of the area; Rescue of victims; Product Containment and Control; Decontamination;
of an accident involving hazardous and flammable materials, as much information as possible must be obtained regarding the identity of the product and the accident itself. First, the product involved must be identified and then an assessment made of what has happened, is happening or could happen.
with hazardous chemical products begins as soon as the EMERGENCY BRIGADE is informed of the existence of an accident, and only ends after the emergency situation has ceased. Emergencies are always dynamic, they change in a matter of seconds, as they depend on numerous factors, therefore the analysis and verification of risk are constant throughout the occurrence. The main idea is: The potential risk must be immediately analyzed so that the activities of the Emergency Group can be directed efficiently. In risk analysis, the predominant factor is common sense, which should prevail so that correct attitudes are taken, not putting people, material goods and the environment at unnecessary risk.
reason clearly without falling into despair, if possible always remembering previous experiences (successes or failures). In addition to common sense, we must gather important data about an emergency. Data such as: Potential hazard presented by the chemical; Quantity of product involved; Training and knowledge of the employees involved; Relationship of immediate danger to people, material goods and the environment.
must be adopted according to the type of occurrence: In case of a leak: Small Leaks: Wash the area with large amounts of water. Large Leaks: Isolate the area. Mark the location. Keep curious onlookers away. Eliminate all sources of ignition from the area. Prevent contamination of the sea, through the use of barriers and devices that can confine the product. Absorb with sand, earth or other absorbent material and collect in appropriate packaging for later destruction (SOPEP Kit). Notify local authorities immediately.
powder, carbon dioxide, mechanical foam or water in the form of fog. Call the Emergency Brigade team to begin fighting and extinguishing the fire. Large Proportions: Cool storage tanks and containers and nearby facilities with water mist or other available fire-fighting system and call the fire brigade team immediately.
to fresh air. Remove contaminated clothing. In case of contact with eyes, wash with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. In case of skin contact, wash the affected areas with soap and water. In case of ingestion: do not induce vomiting. If the victim is unconscious and not breathing, practice artificial respiration or oxygenation. Call the health authority on board. Provide all available information about what happened in the accident and with the victim to the doctor or care team.
risks are the same or have the same consequences. Personal or occupational hazards/risks, such as slips, falls, cuts, and vehicle accidents, usually have an effect on a single worker. On the other hand, process hazards/risks can lead to major accidents involving the release of potentially hazardous materials, fires and explosions, or both.
on the ship, health and personal hygiene on board; The importance of order and cleanliness in preventing accidents and health risk situations must be given priority in the training of each crew member until it becomes a natural habit; Minor deficiencies in the structure, equipment or furniture (protruding nails and screws, loose fittings and doorknobs, uneven floors in poor condition, rough wooden edges with splinters and stuck doors, for example) can cause cuts, bruises, trips and falls. They should be repaired as soon as they are noticed; Any spillage of oil or any other hazardous substance must be removed immediately; Accumulations of ice, snow or similar must be removed from work areas and deck walkways.
damaged during voyage and have exposed edges or surfaces must be protected pending appropriate repair with a suitable covering or coating to prevent asbestos fibres from becoming detached and dispersed into the air. Materials identified as containing asbestos must be handled only for essential maintenance and then strictly in accordance with national and international standards, as appropriate. In general, the use of asbestos as an insulating material must be prohibited; Flickering lights may indicate wiring or installation problems that can cause electric shocks or fires. They should be inspected and repaired by a competent person. Burnt-out bulbs should be replaced as soon as possible; Notice boards, instructions and operating indicators must be kept clean and legible; Doors, whether open or closed, must be permanently secured. Rolls of cables, steel or fiber, on the deck must be positioned so as not to cause tripping hazards.
must be stowed safely to prevent them from moving due to the ship's rocking. Likewise, furniture and other objects that could fall or move during navigation in heavy seas must be stowed and properly secured. Aerosols containing volatile or flammable products should never be used or placed near naked flames or other heat sources, even when empty. The required vaccinations and the reinforcement in updating mandatory preventive inoculations must be correctly applied to the crew. Minor cuts and scrapes should be treated immediately. Precautions should be taken to avoid insect bites. In particular, anti-malaria measures should be taken before, during and after visits to ports where malaria is known to exist.
at all times. Hand hygiene facilities, such as handwashing facilities, must be available in restrooms. Hands must be washed extremely well after handling paints and after possible exposure to toxic substances. Working in very hot and humid conditions can cause exhaustion or heatstroke. Sensible measures should be taken, such as drinking enough water and, if necessary, adding salt. Seafarers should protect themselves from the sun in tropical areas and should be informed that prolonged exposure to the sun, even with protected skin, can be dangerous. Seafarers should be made aware of the harmful health effects of smoking. Use of chemical substances Toxic products and other hazardous substances must be used and stored in such a way that users and third parties are safeguarded from accidents, injuries or compromise of their well-being.
manufacturer to determine the degree of danger posed by the substances must be kept on board and available to all interested parties. As far as possible, the substance should be stored in its original packaging or in a corresponding container, correctly identified to avoid doubts as to its use. Substances should be kept in locked and well-ventilated storage areas. Chemicals should always be handled with extreme care and appropriate protection, using protective clothing or personal protective equipment. The manufacturer's instructions must be strictly followed. Special attention should be given to eye protection. Some cleaning products, such as caustic soda and bleach, are chemicals and can cause skin burns. A chemical product coming from an unmarked container must never be used.
natural solvents, and even household cleaning products such as detergents, can cause dermatitis. These substances should be handled with appropriate gloves and the shipowner should provide blocking creams that can help protect the skin. In the case of accidents with chemical products, the First Aid Medical Guide, published jointly by IMO, WHO and ILO, should be consulted. Tobacco consumption should only be permitted in strictly permitted areas, with specific instructions on permission, and clearly worded warning notices on the prohibition should be placed where necessary, with high visibility and prominence. Careless disposal of matches and cigarette butts is dangerous: ashtrays or other suitable containers should be made available for use in places where smoking is permitted. Seafarers should be warned about the risks of smoking in bed.
equipment and installations. Electrical faults in equipment, installations, cables and connections must be reported immediately to the competent responsible person. Overloading circuits cannot be allowed as this can cause fires. Portable heaters, as ship's equipment, should only be used in exceptional circumstances, with due warnings regarding the risks inherent in their handling. Personal heating devices should not be used under any circumstances.
when not in use. All electrical equipment for personal use in accommodation must be connected to the network only with standardized sockets, compatible with those existing on the ship. Extensions and multipurpose sockets must not be used to connect several electrical appliances to the accommodation network. When using portable equipment or lamps, seafarers must ensure that flexible cables are protected with insulation, without risk of breaking when passing through doors, hatches, hatches, etc. when doors, hatches or lids close. Seafarers must not position portable antennas in close proximity to vessel antennas.
CD players or any other) without removing the plugs, and these must be checked by a competent person before being reconnected to the mains. Notice boards and instructions on first aid in case of electric shock should be displayed at appropriate locations throughout the ship: all seafarers should be able to understand them and carry out the procedures outlined.
garments. Clothes must not be hung directly on or near heaters, and must never be left to dry in the machine room. Spontaneous combustion Scraps, rags and other types of garbage, as well as clothing soaked in paint, oil, solvents, etc., are dangerous if left in inappropriate places, as they can spontaneously ignite. All garbage should be stored in appropriate containers until it can be safely disposed of.
these areas, means of extinguishing flames caused by cooking fat and oil should be readily available, such as fire blankets and suitable fire extinguishers. Water should never be used in an attempt to fight a fire caused by hot oil in kitchen areas.
fitted to the body, without loose fitting and appropriate for the activities planned. Appropriate safety footwear should be worn at all times. Shipowners must ensure that seafarers are provided with personal protective equipment, particularly when engaged in tasks involving a special risk, which can be reduced by the use of personal protective equipment.
protective equipment does not allow them to relax personal safety standards, as the equipment does not eliminate risks but only provides limited protection in the event of an accident. Personal protective equipment should be of a type and standard approved by the competent authority. There is a wide variety of equipment available and it is essential that no item is requested or accepted unless it is suitable for the task for which it is intended. The manufacturer's instructions must be kept safe with the respective equipment and always referred to for use and maintenance purposes.
its model, but also on its maintenance in good condition. These conditions must be inspected periodically. All seafarers should be trained in the use of personal protective equipment and advised of its limitations. Persons using such equipment should check it each time they use it. Seafarers who may be exposed to particularly corrosive or contaminating substances must receive and use specific protective equipment for each case. Clothing worn in the kitchen and in areas with machinery, where there is a risk of burns or scalding, must cover the body adequately to minimize the risk, and must be made of low- combustibility material, such as cotton.
helmet designed to provide protection against falling objects may not provide adequate protection against chemical splashes. For this reason, it may be necessary to use different helmets on certain types of vessels. In general, the shell of a helmet is constructed from just one whole piece, with a support device inside with adjustable straps to hold it firmly on the user's head, as well as a chin strap to prevent it from falling off. The adjustable internal support and chinstrap should be adjusted once the helmet is placed on the head, providing a snug and comfortable fit.
are exposed to high levels of noise, such as those working in the engine room, must be provided with and always wear ear protection. There are several types of protectors available for use on board, including insert plugs and external protectors (shell type), which may be of different designs and models. Protectors suitable for the specific circumstances and climatic conditions are recommended. In general, external protectors offer more efficient protection. Hearing protectors must be available at the entrance to the engine room.
for a wide variety of situations. A careful analysis of the hazard characteristics should be made to ensure the appropriate protection is selected. Ordinary prescription (corrective) eyeglasses, unless manufactured to a certain safety standard, offer no protection. Some protective eyewear is designed to be worn over ordinary prescription eyeglasses.
for work in conditions where there is a risk of oxygen deficiency or exposure to smoke, dust and poisonous, hazardous or irritating gases. Selecting the correct equipment is essential. As there is a wide variety of equipment available for use on board, advice should be sought on the appropriate equipment for particular types of vessels and for each specific use. Seafarers must be trained in the use and maintenance of equipment. The mask incorporated into the respirator and the respiratory equipment must be adjusted correctly to avoid leaks and infiltrations. The use of glasses, unless designed for this specific use, or beards and mustaches may interfere with the perfect seal of the mask on the face.
risks of the work to be performed and must be appropriate for each type of task. For example, leather gloves are generally better for handling rough or sharp objects, thermal gloves for handling hot objects, and rubber, synthetic or PVC gloves for handling acids, alkalis, different types of oils, solvents and chemicals. All seafarers must wear appropriate safety footwear while working. Shoes and boots must have firm, non-slip soles and reinforced toe caps. Sandals and other ordinary footwear must not be worn during the workday.
side or in any position where there is a risk of falling, must wear life jackets and safety belts, connected independently of the work platform with safety lines.
a color code defined by the standards of the competent authority. Each fire extinguisher must carry a label with instructions for correct use. There are several colour standards for coding the core of electrical cables and care should always be taken to ensure that the crew knows the meaning of these colours on board each vessel. In the event of replacements being necessary, these should be in accordance with the coding system. Signs, warnings and color codes Signs and symbols are very effective methods of warning against possible hazards and are also a non-linguistic way of conveying information. Safety signs and warnings must comply with the format and color of the standards issued by the competent authority.
of the gas, its chemical formula or symbol. The cylinder body must be the color corresponding to its contents. A color code chart must be provided. Pipes should be color-coded to indicate their contents. Replacement pipes should be color-coded to match the content. Packages containing dangerous goods must be identified and marked correctly and appropriately.
An atmosphere is explosive when the proportion of gas, vapor, or dust in the air is such that a spark from an electrical circuit or the heating of an appliance causes an explosion.
classified areas. Below are some basic definitions on the subject, according to the Brazilian Technical Standards adopted from the ABNT NBR IEC 60079 Series – Explosive atmospheres: Explosive atmospheres are formed by mixtures with air of flammable or combustible substances in the form of gas, vapor, dust or fibers, which, after ignition, allow the self- sustained propagation of the entire mixture (explosion). Classified areas are areas in which an explosive atmosphere of flammable gas or combustible dust is present or is likely to occur, to the point of requiring specific requirements for the manufacture, installation, use, inspection, maintenance, repair and audits of “Ex” electrical, instrumentation, telecommunications or mechanical equipment.
the presence of explosive atmospheres of flammable gases or combustible dust include: Port terminals for loading and unloading flammable gases and liquids, soybeans, sugar, fertilizers, wheat or other types of combustible dusts Service stations for refueling gasoline, diesel, alcohol and natural gas Trucks transporting flammable chemicals or liquefied gases Silos and warehouses for transporting and storing grains, bran, combustible fibers (cotton, jute, linen, sawdust) and non-conductive dust: sugar, soybeans, wheat, corn, barley, oats, cocoa, fertilizers, coal
process of paints, varnishes, plastics and resins); Pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries; Alcohol, food and biofuel industries; Oil and fuel storage terminals; Oil tankers and oil production and storage vessels of the FPSO type - Floating Production Storage and Offloading; Oil refineries; Offshore platforms for oil prospecting, drilling and production.
to the presence of flammable gases or combustible dust. Figure 1- Oil and petrochemical industry installation containing areas classified by the presence of flammable gases.
to ensure that the respective equipment is properly specified, installed, inspected, maintained and repaired, throughout the time that they remain installed in classified areas. Examples of electrical equipment certified for explosive atmospheres (“Ex” equipment) include: lighting fixtures, sockets, plugs, hand-held and portable flashlights, synchronous and induction motors, testing instruments, junction boxes, electronic or digital instruments (sensors, transmitters, actuators, positioners), closed-circuit TV cameras and industrial intercom systems.
activities must be performed in accordance with the requirements indicated in the Brazilian technical standards adopted from the ABNT NBR IEC 60079 Series: Appropriate area classification; Suitable “Ex” project; Selection of suitable “Ex” equipment in the areas of electricity, instrumentation, automation, telecommunications and mechanics; Acquisition of duly certified equipment (involving manufacturers, testing laboratories and product certification bodies); Proper assembly of “Ex” equipment and systems.
extension Proper commissioning of “Ex” equipment, systems and installations Proper operation of “Ex” equipment Repair and recovery services for suitable “Ex” equipment; Periodic audits to verify that all regulatory requirements are in fact being met; Appropriate change management procedures whenever there is a need to change the process, procedures, facilities, equipment or people
The following are the respective Technical Standards applicable to area classification services, design, selection of “Ex” electrical equipment, “Ex” electrical assemblies, inspection and maintenance of “Ex” electrical equipment and repair and recovery services of “Ex” electrical equipment, published by ABNT: • ABNT NBR IEC 60079-10-1: Classification of areas containing flammable gases • ABNT NBR IEC 60079-10-2: Classification of areas containing combustible dust • ABNT NBR IEC 60079-14: Design, assembly and initial inspection of “Ex” electrical installations • ABNT NBR IEC 60079-17: Inspection and maintenance of “Ex” electrical installations • ABNT NBR IEC 60079-19: Repair, overhaul and recovery of “Ex” electrical equipment
for activities such as area classification, design, equipment selection, assembly, inspections, maintenance and recovery of electrical equipment in classified areas containing flammable gases or combustible dusts are indicated in the following Figure.
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