Word embeddings under the hood - Applied Machine Learning Conference

Slides from the talk "Word embeddings under the hood: How neural networks learn from language" as presented on April 12, 2018 during the Applied Machine Learning Conference at the Tom Tom Founders Festival in Charlottesville, Virginia.

https://tomtomfest.com/machine-learning/

1. Word Embeddings Under the Hood How Neural Networks Learn from Language
3. Good news! Text data is everywhere.
4. Bad news… there is way too much. We need computers to help!
5. We started with the scallop dish as an appetizer, followed by the spaghetti with tomato sauce and duck and foie gras ravioli. How do we represent data like this?
6. 1 2 3 … V we 1 0 0 … 0 started 0 1 0 … 0 with 0 0 1 … 0 … … … … … … ravioli 0 0 0 … 1 One-Hot Encoding
7. …but one-hot encoding leaves a lot to be desired. Are better word representations possible?
8. y -2 -1 0 1 2 x -2 -1 0 1 2 beer wine cocktail spoon fork knife spaghetti pasta lasagna
9. y -2 -1 0 1 2 x -2 -1 0 1 2 beer wine cocktail spoon fork knife spaghetti pasta lasagna x y spaghetti 1.0 1.5 pasta 1.2 1.3 … … … fork 0.0 -0.7 spoon -0.5 -1.5
10. “You shall know a word by the company it keeps.” — J.R. Firth, 1957 Postulate #1
11. “Neural networks learn useful, new data representations.” — Rumelhart, Hinton & Williams, 1986 (paraphrased) Postulate #2
12. context clues neural networks ? = +
13. Context clues as training data?
16. spaghetti followed 1 spaghetti by 1 … … … spaghetti sauce 1
17. spaghetti followed 1 spaghetti by 1 … … … spaghetti sauce 1 spaghetti we 0 spaghetti parking 0 … … … spaghetti sushi 0
18. with by 1 with the 1 … … … with and 1 with appetizer 0 with loud 0 … … … with up 0
19. Minimum Viable Introduction to Neural Networks
25. “Sigmoid” Activation Function Weighted Input Activation Value (z) = 1 1 + e z <latexit sha1_base64="p67myG3hCMkCTKXgKC8P9kriayg=">AAACBnicdVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEtBBotQEUMionYhFNy4rGBsoYllMp3UoTNJmJkIbcjOjb/ixoWKW7/BnX/j9CH4PHDhcM693HtPkDAqlW2/G4Wp6ZnZueJ8aWFxaXnFXF27lHEqMHFxzGLRDJAkjEbEVVQx0kwEQTxgpBH0Tod+44YISePoQvUT4nPUjWhIMVJaapubnqRdjiqDHXgCvVAgnDl55uySq2xvkOdts2xbVdupHjrwN3Ese4QymKDeNt+8ToxTTiKFGZKy5diJ8jMkFMWM5CUvlSRBuIe6pKVphDiRfjb6I4fbWunAMBa6IgVH6teJDHEp+zzQnRypa/nTG4p/ea1Uhcd+RqMkVSTC40VhyqCK4TAU2KGCYMX6miAsqL4V4mukw1A6upIO4fNT+D9x962qZZ8flGv1SRpFsAG2QAU44AjUwBmoAxdgcAvuwSN4Mu6MB+PZeBm3FozJzDr4BuP1A0VMmJI=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="p67myG3hCMkCTKXgKC8P9kriayg=">AAACBnicdVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEtBBotQEUMionYhFNy4rGBsoYllMp3UoTNJmJkIbcjOjb/ixoWKW7/BnX/j9CH4PHDhcM693HtPkDAqlW2/G4Wp6ZnZueJ8aWFxaXnFXF27lHEqMHFxzGLRDJAkjEbEVVQx0kwEQTxgpBH0Tod+44YISePoQvUT4nPUjWhIMVJaapubnqRdjiqDHXgCvVAgnDl55uySq2xvkOdts2xbVdupHjrwN3Ese4QymKDeNt+8ToxTTiKFGZKy5diJ8jMkFMWM5CUvlSRBuIe6pKVphDiRfjb6I4fbWunAMBa6IgVH6teJDHEp+zzQnRypa/nTG4p/ea1Uhcd+RqMkVSTC40VhyqCK4TAU2KGCYMX6miAsqL4V4mukw1A6upIO4fNT+D9x962qZZ8flGv1SRpFsAG2QAU44AjUwBmoAxdgcAvuwSN4Mu6MB+PZeBm3FozJzDr4BuP1A0VMmJI=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="p67myG3hCMkCTKXgKC8P9kriayg=">AAACBnicdVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEtBBotQEUMionYhFNy4rGBsoYllMp3UoTNJmJkIbcjOjb/ixoWKW7/BnX/j9CH4PHDhcM693HtPkDAqlW2/G4Wp6ZnZueJ8aWFxaXnFXF27lHEqMHFxzGLRDJAkjEbEVVQx0kwEQTxgpBH0Tod+44YISePoQvUT4nPUjWhIMVJaapubnqRdjiqDHXgCvVAgnDl55uySq2xvkOdts2xbVdupHjrwN3Ese4QymKDeNt+8ToxTTiKFGZKy5diJ8jMkFMWM5CUvlSRBuIe6pKVphDiRfjb6I4fbWunAMBa6IgVH6teJDHEp+zzQnRypa/nTG4p/ea1Uhcd+RqMkVSTC40VhyqCK4TAU2KGCYMX6miAsqL4V4mukw1A6upIO4fNT+D9x962qZZ8flGv1SRpFsAG2QAU44AjUwBmoAxdgcAvuwSN4Mu6MB+PZeBm3FozJzDr4BuP1A0VMmJI=</latexit>
26. “Sigmoid” Activation Function Weighted Input Activation Value 0.88 (z) = 1 1 + e z <latexit sha1_base64="p67myG3hCMkCTKXgKC8P9kriayg=">AAACBnicdVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEtBBotQEUMionYhFNy4rGBsoYllMp3UoTNJmJkIbcjOjb/ixoWKW7/BnX/j9CH4PHDhcM693HtPkDAqlW2/G4Wp6ZnZueJ8aWFxaXnFXF27lHEqMHFxzGLRDJAkjEbEVVQx0kwEQTxgpBH0Tod+44YISePoQvUT4nPUjWhIMVJaapubnqRdjiqDHXgCvVAgnDl55uySq2xvkOdts2xbVdupHjrwN3Ese4QymKDeNt+8ToxTTiKFGZKy5diJ8jMkFMWM5CUvlSRBuIe6pKVphDiRfjb6I4fbWunAMBa6IgVH6teJDHEp+zzQnRypa/nTG4p/ea1Uhcd+RqMkVSTC40VhyqCK4TAU2KGCYMX6miAsqL4V4mukw1A6upIO4fNT+D9x962qZZ8flGv1SRpFsAG2QAU44AjUwBmoAxdgcAvuwSN4Mu6MB+PZeBm3FozJzDr4BuP1A0VMmJI=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="p67myG3hCMkCTKXgKC8P9kriayg=">AAACBnicdVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEtBBotQEUMionYhFNy4rGBsoYllMp3UoTNJmJkIbcjOjb/ixoWKW7/BnX/j9CH4PHDhcM693HtPkDAqlW2/G4Wp6ZnZueJ8aWFxaXnFXF27lHEqMHFxzGLRDJAkjEbEVVQx0kwEQTxgpBH0Tod+44YISePoQvUT4nPUjWhIMVJaapubnqRdjiqDHXgCvVAgnDl55uySq2xvkOdts2xbVdupHjrwN3Ese4QymKDeNt+8ToxTTiKFGZKy5diJ8jMkFMWM5CUvlSRBuIe6pKVphDiRfjb6I4fbWunAMBa6IgVH6teJDHEp+zzQnRypa/nTG4p/ea1Uhcd+RqMkVSTC40VhyqCK4TAU2KGCYMX6miAsqL4V4mukw1A6upIO4fNT+D9x962qZZ8flGv1SRpFsAG2QAU44AjUwBmoAxdgcAvuwSN4Mu6MB+PZeBm3FozJzDr4BuP1A0VMmJI=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="p67myG3hCMkCTKXgKC8P9kriayg=">AAACBnicdVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEtBBotQEUMionYhFNy4rGBsoYllMp3UoTNJmJkIbcjOjb/ixoWKW7/BnX/j9CH4PHDhcM693HtPkDAqlW2/G4Wp6ZnZueJ8aWFxaXnFXF27lHEqMHFxzGLRDJAkjEbEVVQx0kwEQTxgpBH0Tod+44YISePoQvUT4nPUjWhIMVJaapubnqRdjiqDHXgCvVAgnDl55uySq2xvkOdts2xbVdupHjrwN3Ese4QymKDeNt+8ToxTTiKFGZKy5diJ8jMkFMWM5CUvlSRBuIe6pKVphDiRfjb6I4fbWunAMBa6IgVH6teJDHEp+zzQnRypa/nTG4p/ea1Uhcd+RqMkVSTC40VhyqCK4TAU2KGCYMX6miAsqL4V4mukw1A6upIO4fNT+D9x962qZZ8flGv1SRpFsAG2QAU44AjUwBmoAxdgcAvuwSN4Mu6MB+PZeBm3FozJzDr4BuP1A0VMmJI=</latexit>
37. A neural network for learning context clues?
38. (spaghetti, tomato, 1)
44. (weight matrix for the hidden layer)
45. (weight matrix for the hidden layer)
46. (weight matrix for the output layer)
47. (weight matrix for the output layer)
50. Training our network on the first context clue
51. Training our network on the first context clue (there will be lots of these)
52. 1. Make a prediction
53. 1. Make a prediction 2. Measure how wrong we are
54. 1. Make a prediction 2. Measure how wrong we are 3. Tune the model to become slightly less wrong
55. 1. Make a prediction 2. Measure how wrong we are 3. Tune the model to become slightly less wrong 4. Repeat with the next context clue
56. 1. Make a prediction 2. Measure how wrong we are 3. Tune the model to become slightly less wrong 4. Repeat with the next context clue
66. Weighted Input Activation Value
67. Weighted Input Activation Value 0.51
69. “forward pass”
70. 1. Make a prediction 2. Measure how wrong we are 3. Tune the model to become slightly less wrong 4. Repeat with the next context clue
72. “Loss” Function Model Prediction Penalty L(ˆ y) = ln(ˆ y) <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> right answer: 1
73. “Loss” Function Model Prediction Penalty right answer: 0 L(ˆ y) = ln (1 ˆ y) <latexit sha1_base64="Iltg1Ek3NfsdWz6wTqNhnEEl0fo=">AAACBnicdVDLSsNAFJ34rPEVdSnIYBHqoiERUbsQim5cuKhgbaENZTKdtEMnkzAzEULIzo2/4saFilu/wZ1/4/QFPg9cOJxzL/fe48eMSuU4H8bM7Nz8wmJhyVxeWV1btzY2b2SUCEzqOGKRaPpIEkY5qSuqGGnGgqDQZ6ThD86HfuOWCEkjfq3SmHgh6nEaUIyUljrWzmWp3UcqS/N989QstxnPSm55KuUdq+jYFcetHLnwN3FtZ4QimKDWsd7b3QgnIeEKMyRly3Vi5WVIKIoZyc12IkmM8AD1SEtTjkIivWz0Rw73tNKFQSR0cQVH6teJDIVSpqGvO0Ok+vKnNxT/8lqJCk68jPI4UYTj8aIgYVBFcBgK7FJBsGKpJggLqm+FuI8EwkpHZ+oQpp/C/0n9wK7YztVhsXo2SaMAtsEuKAEXHIMquAA1UAcY3IEH8ASejXvj0XgxXsetM8ZkZgt8g/H2CXbFmAQ=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="Iltg1Ek3NfsdWz6wTqNhnEEl0fo=">AAACBnicdVDLSsNAFJ34rPEVdSnIYBHqoiERUbsQim5cuKhgbaENZTKdtEMnkzAzEULIzo2/4saFilu/wZ1/4/QFPg9cOJxzL/fe48eMSuU4H8bM7Nz8wmJhyVxeWV1btzY2b2SUCEzqOGKRaPpIEkY5qSuqGGnGgqDQZ6ThD86HfuOWCEkjfq3SmHgh6nEaUIyUljrWzmWp3UcqS/N989QstxnPSm55KuUdq+jYFcetHLnwN3FtZ4QimKDWsd7b3QgnIeEKMyRly3Vi5WVIKIoZyc12IkmM8AD1SEtTjkIivWz0Rw73tNKFQSR0cQVH6teJDIVSpqGvO0Ok+vKnNxT/8lqJCk68jPI4UYTj8aIgYVBFcBgK7FJBsGKpJggLqm+FuI8EwkpHZ+oQpp/C/0n9wK7YztVhsXo2SaMAtsEuKAEXHIMquAA1UAcY3IEH8ASejXvj0XgxXsetM8ZkZgt8g/H2CXbFmAQ=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="Iltg1Ek3NfsdWz6wTqNhnEEl0fo=">AAACBnicdVDLSsNAFJ34rPEVdSnIYBHqoiERUbsQim5cuKhgbaENZTKdtEMnkzAzEULIzo2/4saFilu/wZ1/4/QFPg9cOJxzL/fe48eMSuU4H8bM7Nz8wmJhyVxeWV1btzY2b2SUCEzqOGKRaPpIEkY5qSuqGGnGgqDQZ6ThD86HfuOWCEkjfq3SmHgh6nEaUIyUljrWzmWp3UcqS/N989QstxnPSm55KuUdq+jYFcetHLnwN3FtZ4QimKDWsd7b3QgnIeEKMyRly3Vi5WVIKIoZyc12IkmM8AD1SEtTjkIivWz0Rw73tNKFQSR0cQVH6teJDIVSpqGvO0Ok+vKnNxT/8lqJCk68jPI4UYTj8aIgYVBFcBgK7FJBsGKpJggLqm+FuI8EwkpHZ+oQpp/C/0n9wK7YztVhsXo2SaMAtsEuKAEXHIMquAA1UAcY3IEH8ASejXvj0XgxXsetM8ZkZgt8g/H2CXbFmAQ=</latexit>
74. “Loss” Function Model Prediction Penalty L(ˆ y) = ln(ˆ y) <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> right answer: 1
75. “Loss” Function Model Prediction Penalty 0.51 0.67 L(ˆ y) = ln(ˆ y) <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> right answer: 1
76. 1. Make a prediction 2. Measure how wrong we are 3. Tune the model to become slightly less wrong 4. Repeat with the next context clue
77. “Loss” Function Model Prediction Penalty 0.51 0.67 L(ˆ y) = ln(ˆ y) <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> right answer: 1
78. “Loss” Function Model Prediction Penalty 0.51 0.67 L(ˆ y) ˆ y = 1 ˆ y <latexit sha1_base64="ZDKHOKtBhi+AUW8uVfyzc5lgHDI=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="ZDKHOKtBhi+AUW8uVfyzc5lgHDI=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="ZDKHOKtBhi+AUW8uVfyzc5lgHDI=">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</latexit> L(ˆ y) = ln(ˆ y) <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="h5s5pjYPsLV+hHg1TrPssOb1TR0=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUTeCm2AR6sIyI6J2IRTcuHBRwbFCO5RMmmlDM5khuSOUoW78FTcuVNz6Ge78G9OH4vPAhZNz7iX3niARXIPjvFm5qemZ2bn8fGFhcWl5xV5du9RxqijzaCxidRUQzQSXzAMOgl0lipEoEKwe9E6Gfv2aKc1jeQH9hPkR6UgeckrASC1746zU7BLI+oOd492mkJ+vll10yhXHrRy4+Ddxy84IRTRBrWW/NtsxTSMmgQqidcN1EvAzooBTwQaFZqpZQmiPdFjDUEkipv1sdMEAbxuljcNYmZKAR+rXiYxEWvejwHRGBLr6pzcU//IaKYRHfsZlkgKTdPxRmAoMMR7GgdtcMQqibwihiptdMe0SRSiY0AomhI9L8f/E2ytXys75frFam6SRR5toC5WQiw5RFZ2iGvIQRTfoDj2gR+vWureerOdxa86azKyjb7Be3gFNVZZs</latexit> right answer: 1
79. Move in the opposite direction from the gradient
82. weights ! prediction ! penalty <latexit sha1_base64="eVL4WEZtvPgtjqEq07EOc/9Js/E=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="eVL4WEZtvPgtjqEq07EOc/9Js/E=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="eVL4WEZtvPgtjqEq07EOc/9Js/E=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="eVL4WEZtvPgtjqEq07EOc/9Js/E=">AAACOHicdVDLSgMxFM34rPVVdekmWARXZUbEx67gxp1VbBXaUjLpbRvMJENyRy1DP8uNn+FO3LhQxK1fYKat4PNC4OSce25yTxhLYdH3H7yJyanpmdncXH5+YXFpubCyWrM6MRyqXEttLkJmQQoFVRQo4SI2wKJQwnl4eZjp51dgrNDqDPsxNCPWVaIjOENHtQrHDYQbTK9BdHtoB7Qhteqa7MKM0dd0JLuRbcEzx78doJjE/qBVKPqlAz842A3obxCU/GEVybgqrcJ9o615EoFCLpm19cCPsZkyg4JLGOQbiYWY8UvWhbqDikVgm+lw8QHddEybdrRxRyEdsl8dKYus7Ueh64wY9uxPLSP/0uoJdvabqVBxgqD46KFOIilqmqVI28IAR9l3gHEj3F8p7zHDOLqs8y6Ez03p/6C2XQr8UnCyUyyfjuPIkXWyQbZIQPZImRyRCqkSTm7JI3kmL96d9+S9em+j1glv7Fkj38p7/wDiJ7C9</latexit>
83. weights ! prediction ! penalty <latexit sha1_base64="eVL4WEZtvPgtjqEq07EOc/9Js/E=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="eVL4WEZtvPgtjqEq07EOc/9Js/E=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="eVL4WEZtvPgtjqEq07EOc/9Js/E=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="eVL4WEZtvPgtjqEq07EOc/9Js/E=">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</latexit> better weights ! better prediction ! lower penalty <latexit sha1_base64="Z9+o83RNTjN+dEwr7JyKvsxrHrM=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="Z9+o83RNTjN+dEwr7JyKvsxrHrM=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="Z9+o83RNTjN+dEwr7JyKvsxrHrM=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="Z9+o83RNTjN+dEwr7JyKvsxrHrM=">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</latexit>
84. 1. How do we know which direction to nudge each weight?
85. 1. How do we know which direction to nudge each weight? 2. How can we calculate this automatically for all the weights?
103. “back propagation”
109. Did it work?
112. “stochastic gradient descent”
113. Context clues trained: 1
114. 1. Make a prediction 2. Measure how wrong we are 3. Tune the model to become slightly less wrong 4. Repeat with the next context clue
119. Learning to predict Learning to represent
121. we can measure distances!
122. Context clues trained: 1 topics discerning masked sweets carmelized shelly cue prepare “amazing” as focus word: 0 cheerful succulent adjusting pop antenna suggesting vinegary brothers “server” as focus word: 0 ignorant sop refrigerators bags recliner introduce covered petco “spaghetti” as focus word: 1
123. Fast forward…
124. Context clues trained: 2,000,000 awesome delicious super here ) $ customer excellent “amazing” as focus word: 1,854 thru along crab tacos / windows chef 1 “server” as focus word: 780 dollar rings loves = opened wrapped form provided “spaghetti” as focus word: 84
125. Fast forward…
126. Context clues trained: 100,000,000 incredible awesome outstanding excellent phenomenal fabulous superb fantastic “amazing” as focus word: 87,864 waiter waitress bartender hostess guide technician cashier barista “server” as focus word: 48,492 risotto veal katsu goat turkey enchilada raspberry meatloaf “spaghetti” as focus word: 3,600
129. bun american + mexican ⇡ tortilla <latexit sha1_base64="nx3V5F3dTPHOtTf0fAS/HCGGUlI=">AAACLXicdZBLSwMxEMez9V1fVY9egkUQxLIrovZWEMGTKFgV2lKy6bQNzSZLMistpZ/Ii19FD4IPvPo1TNsVfA4E/vnNTCbzD2MpLPr+k5eZmJyanpmdy84vLC4t51ZWL61ODIcy11Kb65BZkEJBGQVKuI4NsCiUcBV2job5qxswVmh1gb0YahFrKdEUnKFD9dxxFaGL/TBRg+xOdnxhERhX4Mh2SiLojkGVxbHR3RSjNiikZIN6Lu8Xin5Q3A/obxEU/FHkSRpn9dxDtaF5EoFCLpm1lcCPsdZn7j0uwc1JLMSMd1gLKk4q9yVb64/WHdBNRxq0qY07CumIfu1wC1jbi0JXGTFs25+5IfwrV0mweVjrCxUnCIqPBzUTSVHToXe0IQxwlD0nGDfC/ZXyNjOMo3M460z43JT+L8q7hWIhON/Ll05TN2bJOtkgWyQgB6RETsgZKRNObsk9eSYv3p336L16b+PSjJf2rJFv4b1/AGJDqk4=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="nx3V5F3dTPHOtTf0fAS/HCGGUlI=">AAACLXicdZBLSwMxEMez9V1fVY9egkUQxLIrovZWEMGTKFgV2lKy6bQNzSZLMistpZ/Ii19FD4IPvPo1TNsVfA4E/vnNTCbzD2MpLPr+k5eZmJyanpmdy84vLC4t51ZWL61ODIcy11Kb65BZkEJBGQVKuI4NsCiUcBV2job5qxswVmh1gb0YahFrKdEUnKFD9dxxFaGL/TBRg+xOdnxhERhX4Mh2SiLojkGVxbHR3RSjNiikZIN6Lu8Xin5Q3A/obxEU/FHkSRpn9dxDtaF5EoFCLpm1lcCPsdZn7j0uwc1JLMSMd1gLKk4q9yVb64/WHdBNRxq0qY07CumIfu1wC1jbi0JXGTFs25+5IfwrV0mweVjrCxUnCIqPBzUTSVHToXe0IQxwlD0nGDfC/ZXyNjOMo3M460z43JT+L8q7hWIhON/Ll05TN2bJOtkgWyQgB6RETsgZKRNObsk9eSYv3p336L16b+PSjJf2rJFv4b1/AGJDqk4=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="nx3V5F3dTPHOtTf0fAS/HCGGUlI=">AAACLXicdZBLSwMxEMez9V1fVY9egkUQxLIrovZWEMGTKFgV2lKy6bQNzSZLMistpZ/Ii19FD4IPvPo1TNsVfA4E/vnNTCbzD2MpLPr+k5eZmJyanpmdy84vLC4t51ZWL61ODIcy11Kb65BZkEJBGQVKuI4NsCiUcBV2job5qxswVmh1gb0YahFrKdEUnKFD9dxxFaGL/TBRg+xOdnxhERhX4Mh2SiLojkGVxbHR3RSjNiikZIN6Lu8Xin5Q3A/obxEU/FHkSRpn9dxDtaF5EoFCLpm1lcCPsdZn7j0uwc1JLMSMd1gLKk4q9yVb64/WHdBNRxq0qY07CumIfu1wC1jbi0JXGTFs25+5IfwrV0mweVjrCxUnCIqPBzUTSVHToXe0IQxwlD0nGDfC/ZXyNjOMo3M460z43JT+L8q7hWIhON/Ll05TN2bJOtkgWyQgB6RETsgZKRNObsk9eSYv3p336L16b+PSjJf2rJFv4b1/AGJDqk4=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="nx3V5F3dTPHOtTf0fAS/HCGGUlI=">AAACLXicdZBLSwMxEMez9V1fVY9egkUQxLIrovZWEMGTKFgV2lKy6bQNzSZLMistpZ/Ii19FD4IPvPo1TNsVfA4E/vnNTCbzD2MpLPr+k5eZmJyanpmdy84vLC4t51ZWL61ODIcy11Kb65BZkEJBGQVKuI4NsCiUcBV2job5qxswVmh1gb0YahFrKdEUnKFD9dxxFaGL/TBRg+xOdnxhERhX4Mh2SiLojkGVxbHR3RSjNiikZIN6Lu8Xin5Q3A/obxEU/FHkSRpn9dxDtaF5EoFCLpm1lcCPsdZn7j0uwc1JLMSMd1gLKk4q9yVb64/WHdBNRxq0qY07CumIfu1wC1jbi0JXGTFs25+5IfwrV0mweVjrCxUnCIqPBzUTSVHToXe0IQxwlD0nGDfC/ZXyNjOMo3M460z43JT+L8q7hWIhON/Ll05TN2bJOtkgWyQgB6RETsgZKRNObsk9eSYv3p336L16b+PSjJf2rJFv4b1/AGJDqk4=</latexit>
130. “word2vec skip-gram negative sampling”
131. No magical black box AI… Just context clues and some arithmetic! Bonus: now you know the fundamentals of all neural network learning
132. careers.spglobal.com