How does Cross-cultural Psychology Influence or Contribute Applications in Health Care?

Cross-Cultural Psychology and Health: Illness relate to Large-scale Culture, Mental Disorders, Temperament Dimensions, Thailand versus the United States and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)

Two Theoretical Frameworks: The ecocultural niche framework and the developmental niche framework

Transcript

1. How does CCP Influence or Contribute Applications in Health Care? · PRESENTATION · Cross-Cultural Psychology
2. • Cross-Cultural Psychology and Health • Illness relate to Large-scale Culture • Mental Disorders • Temperament Dimensions • Thailand versus the United States • Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) • Two Theoretical Frameworks • The ecocultural niche framework developed by Weisner and his colleagues (Weisner, 1984; Weisner, Matheson, & Bernheimer, 1986) • The developmental niche framework developed by Super and Harkness (1986a) • References CONTENT
3. Cross-Cultural Psychology and Health Contributions of Cross-Cultural Psychology to Research and Interventions in Health 01.
4. • Cross-cultural psychologists have provided new knowledge about the cultural distribution of illness and health-seeking behavior • E.g., the illness beliefs among Chinese, Indian, and Anglo Celtic Canadians (Cook, 1994) showed cultural variability subscribed to biomedical, psychosocial, and phenomenological beliefs about chronic illness, which were related to health care seeking • Additionally, illness has documented in prevalence in various cultures • E.g., adolescent eating disorders have been diagnosed due to the Western society focused on thin figure among women • These disorders are also diagnosed in non-Western cultures (Lee, 1995) • These changes in the prevalence of illness relate to large-scale culture change and the emergence of a transnational culture of modernity (Harkness & Keefer, 2000) Illness relate to Large-scale Culture
5. Mental Disorders • The universality versus cultural specificity of mental disorders has been a great debated (Harkness & Keefer, 2000) • Psychopathology was concluded that cultural factors have a quantitative, but not qualitative influence on psychiatric symptoms (Draguns, 1997) • On the other hand, cultural meaning systems are indicated with many aspects of illness and health (Harkness & Super, 2000) • E.g., depression is a universally recognized disorder (Marsella, Sartorius, Jablensky, & Fenton, 1985): • Symptoms of lack of appetite and difficulty sleeping predominating in non European patients • Symptoms of sadness and feelings of worthlessness in Western patients
6. Temperament Dimensions • Genetically based population differences in some aspects of temperament like approach or withdrawal and threshold of response to external stimuli or events, the physiology of temperament points to culturally universal dimensions (Kagan, Resnick, & Snidman, 1987) • Given this largely shared human heritage, cultural variability in parental reports of child behavior related to temperament (Super & Harkness, 1986b) • The child’s developmental niche is shaped to encourage or discourage particular temperamental dispositions • Based on a study of Japanese mothers’ descriptions of their infants’ temperaments, five culturally specific temperament dimensions were identified to reflect the nature of Japanese mother-infant relationships (Shwalb, Shwalb, & Shoji, 1996) • E.g., the sociability factor and a factor representing responsiveness to physical contact suggest a positive and close relationship between the mother and infant
7. • The Japanese temperament research is another issues in health: • Western theories as cultural productions • Western health care practices as culturally constructed • Temperament constructs based on research among Western populations are themselves a type of ethnotheory (Shwalb et al., 1996) • As such, these cultural beliefs inform (Harkness & Keefer, 2000) • The ways parents think about their children • Clinical approaches to the understanding of individual differences among children • The culture of medicine are linked with variability in diagnosis that goes beyond actual population differences (Beardsley, 1994) • Figuring differences in perception among parents and professionals and differences in actual patterns of disorder are complicated (Weisz, McCarty, Eastman, Chaiyasit, & Suwanlert, 1997)
8. Thailand versus the United States • In a comparison study of the prevalence of child and adolescent behavior disorders in Thailand and the United States, parent reports of children’s overcontrolled problems and undercontrolled problems were quite similar, but a stronger contrast in clinical referrals: • The Thai parents reported more overcontrolled problems (e.g., shyness, somaticizing, and depression) • The American parents reported more undercontrolled problems (e.g., disobedience, fighting, and impulsivity) • Teacher reports showed a prevalence rate of behavior problems in Thailand that was double the rate of American children, but cross-cultural observers found exactly the opposite • Such reports are strongly influenced by culturally shared ideas about what kind of behavior is appropriate for children of certain ages (Harkness & Keefer, 2000)
9. Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) • The case of ADD shows an issue in contemporary U.S. health care for the alternative to the predominant medical model • The National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference did not make any basis for this disorder in brain functioning, ADHD is diagnosed among American children with rapidly increasing frequency, as indexed by a 500% increase in producing Ritalin (medicine) from 1990 to 1995 (Diller, 1996) • Its definitions of common behaviors (for boys) like not paying attention when spoken to, forgetting or not finishing school assignments, and not staying seated when it is appropriate in medical term • Being hyperactivity is not a disease of the child, but rather the depersonalisation of social processes which result in labelling as sick for children who behave badly (Rubenstein & Perloff, 1986) • Although comparisons of the trend of hyperactivity are difficult due to the diagnostic issues, both the culture of medicine and the popular culture in the United States have created a new diagnostic entity in ADHD (Harkness & Keefer, 2000)
10. Two Theoretical Frameworks Both reflect the seminal influence of John and Beatrice Whiting’s cross-cultural research on child rearing and more new ideas from psychology and ecology (Harkness & Keefer, 2000) 02.
11. The Ecocultural Niche Framework • This model was developed by Weisner (1984) and Weisner et al. (1996) • Emphasizes family adaptation in the construction of sustainable daily routines • Considers the external factors that influence the family’s ability to adapt successfully • This model has been used to examine: • Issues including family interventions, the home school interface, and families with developmentally delayed children • If early recognition of developmental delays could improved outcomes for the children, as assumed by American health care providers (Weisner et al., 1996)
12. • Such early recognition did not show great results among California families, because American middle-class families is optimally organized to foster the child development, including those with disabilities • In a recent application, family responses to an innovative program of support for the transition from welfare to work can merge into existing family routines on a continuing basis (Weisner, Bernheimer, Gibson, Hoard, Magnuson, & Romich, 1999) • This model also focuses on activity like the locus for contextual influence within the larger framework of adaptation at the group level • A study of Hawaiian children’s activity at home and performance at school developed child-generated classroom learning activities that was more successful than traditional, teacher-directed activities (Weisner, Gallimore, & Jordan, 1988) • In these examples, this theoretical framework shaped the research design to discover opportunities for effective intervention (Harkness & Keefer, 2000)
13. The Developmental Niche Framework • The developmental niche framework elaborated by Super and Harkness (1986a, 1998) focuses on the culturally organized contexts of child development, including daily life, customs and practices of child care, and the psychology of the caretakers. • This framework has been used to analyze many aspects of child development and health in cultural context (Harkness & Super, 1994, 2000; Super, Keefer, & Harkness, 1994). • This framework was used to examine cultural variability within the Western world in (Harkness & Super, 2000): • How parents think about their children’s development • How they organize children’s learning environments at home • How the developmental niche at home relates to its counterpart at school, as illustrated by the research on Dutch and American parents
14. • In other research, it was used to examine the development of sleep and wake patterns in infancy, • Suggesting that American parents’ ethnotheories and customs of care of development, which emphasize the importance of cognitive stimulation • May make it difficult for infants to build early patterns of regular night time sleep (Super, Harkness, van Tijen, & van der Vlugt, 1996) • An international application analyzed patterns of diarrheal disease and growth stunting among infants and young children in rural Bangladesh (Zeitlin, Ahmed, Beiser, Zeitlin, Super, & Guldan, 1995) • Variability related to season and to the child’s age are connected to the interaction of the environmental risk and the child’s developmental capacities (e.g. crawling on contaminated dirt floors) in the context of care guided by parental ethnotheories • As with the ecocultural niche model, this analysis offered a basis for the design of interventions to enhance child health (Harkness & Keefer, 2000)
15. References • Beardsley, L. M. (1994). Chapter 40: Medical diagnosis and treatment across cultures. [PDF Document]. Retrieved from http://eyewitness.utep.edu/3331/Lonner&Malpass1994%20Chap%2040.pdf • Cook, P. (1994). Chronic illness beliefs and the role of social networks among Chinese, Indian, and Angloceltic Canadians. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25(4), 452-465. doi:10.1177/0022022194254002 • Diller L. H. (1996). The run on Ritalin. Attention deficit disorder and stimulant treatment in the 1990s. The Hastings Center report, 26(2), 12–18. doi:10.2307/3528571 • Draguns, J. G. (1997). Abnormal behavior patterns across cultures: Implications for counseling and psychotherapy. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21(2), 213-248. doi:10.1016/s0147-1767(96)00046-6 • Harkness, S., & Keefer, C. H. (2000). Contributions of cross-cultural psychology to research and interventions in education and health. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(1), 92-109. doi:10.1177/0022022100031001008 • Harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (1994). The developmental niche: A theoretical framework for analyzing the household production of health. Social Science & Medicine, 38(2), 217-226. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90391-3
16. References • Harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (2000). Culture and psychopathology. In A. J. Sameroff, M. Lewis, & S. M. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (p. 197–214). Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4163-9_11 • Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child development, 58(6), 1459–1473. doi:10.2307/1130685 • Lee, S. (1995). Reconsidering the status of anorexia nervosa as a western culture-bound syndrome. Social Science & Medicine, 42(1), 21-34. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00074-7 • Marsella, A. J., Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., & Fenton, R. F. (1985). Cross-cultural studies of depressive disorders: An overview. In A. Kleinman & B. Good (Eds.), Culture and depression: Studies in the anthropology and cross-cultural psychiatry of affect and disorder (p. 299- 324). Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284404467_Cross- cultural_studies_of_depressive_disorders_An_overview • Rubenstein, R. A., & Perloff, J. D. (1986). Identifying psychosocial disorders in children: On integrating epidemiological and anthropological understandings. In C. R. James, R. Stall, & S. M. Gifford (Eds.), Anthropology and epidemiology (p. 303-332). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: D. Reidel. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279204866_Identifying_Psychosocial_Disorders_in_Children_O n_Integrating_Epidemiological_and_Anthropological_Understandings
17. References • Shwalb, D. W., Shwalb, B. J., & Shoji, J. (1996). Japanese mothers’ ideas about infants and temperament. In S. Harkness & C. M. Super (Eds.), Parents’cultural belief systems: Their origins, expressions, and consequences (p. 161-191). New York: Guilford. • Super, C. M., & Harkness, S. (1986a). The developmental niche: A conceptualization at the interface of child and culture. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 9(4), 545–569. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502548600900409 • Super, C. M., & Harkness, S. (1986b). Temperament, development, and culture. In R. Plomin & J. Dunn (Eds.), The study of temperament: Changes, continuities, and challenges (p. 131-150). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Retrieved from https://www.gwern.net/docs/genetics/heritable/1986-plomin-thestudyoftemperament.pdf • Super, C. M., & Harkness, S. (1997). The cultural structuring of child development. In J. W. Berry, P. R. Dasen, & T. S. Saraswathi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Basic processes and human development (p. 1–39). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. • Super, C. M., Harkness, S., van Tijen, N., & van der Vlugt, E. (1996). The three R’s of Dutch childrearing and the socialization of infant state. In S. Harkness & C. M. Super (Eds.), Parents’ cultural belief systems: Their origins, expressions, and consequences (p. 447-466). New York: Guilford.
18. References • Super, C. M., Keefer, C. H., & Harkness, S. (1994). Child care and infectious respiratory disease during the first two years of life in a rural Kenyan community. Social Science & Medicine, 38(2), 227-229. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90392-1 • Weisner, T. S. (1984). Ecocultural niches of middle childhood: A cross-cultural perspective. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Development during middle childhood. The years from six to twelve. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. • Weisner, T. S., Bernheimer, L. P., Gibson, C. M., Hoard, E. C., Magnuson, K. A., & Romich, J. (1999). From the living rooms and daily routines of the working poor: An ethnographic study of New Hope effects on families and children. In R. C. Granger (organizer), Can antipoverty assistance improve family and child well being? Effects of the New Hope experiment on families and children. Symposium conducted at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Albuquerque, NM. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23738555_Can_Anti- Poverty_Programs_Improve_Family_Functioning_and_Enhance_Children's_Well-Being • Weisner, T. S., Gallimore, R., & Jordan, C. (1988). Unpackaging cultural effects on classroom learning: Native Hawaiian peer assistance and child-generated activity. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 19(4), 327-353. doi:10.1525/aeq.1988.19.4.05x0915e
19. References • Weisner, T. S., Matheson, C. C., & Bernheimer, L. P. (1996). American cultural models of early influence and parent recognition of developmental delays: Is earlier always better? In S. Harkness & C. M. Super (Eds.), Parents’ cultural belief systems: Their origins, expressions, and consequences (p. 496-531). New York: Guilford. • Weisz, J. R., McCarty, C. A., Eastman, K. L., Chaiyasit, W., et al. (1997). Developmental psychopathology and culture: Ten lessons from Thailand. In S. S. Luthar, J. A. Burack, D. Cicchetti, & J. R. Weisz (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Perspectives on adjustment, risk, and disorder (p. 568–592). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232505967_Developmental_psychopathology_and _culture_Ten_lessons_from_Thailand • Zeitlin, M. F., Ahmed, N. U., Beiser, A. S., Zeitlin, J. A., Super, C. M., & Guldan, G. S. (1995). Developmental, behavioral, and environmental risk factors for diarrhoea among rural Bangladeshi children of less than two years. Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, 13(2), 99-105. Retrieved 08/11/2020 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/23498470
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