See Python, See Python Go, Go Python Go

Talk given at PyCon 2016: https://us.pycon.org/2016/schedule/presentation/1633/

Being able to run C code from Python is pretty great, but what about running Go code from Python? Or even Python from Go? This talk will walk through the process of executing calls between Python and Go using CFFI bindings to bridge the two runtimes.
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Transcript

1. See Python, See Python Go, Go Python Go Presented by Andrey Petrov at PyCon 2016 Andrey Petrov · @shazow
2. Andrey Petrov @shazow urllib3, ssh-chat, briefmetrics, colorblendy, tweepsect, funny tweets, and more Andrey Petrov · @shazow
3. Do you Go? Andrey Petrov · @shazow
4. Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Andrey Petrov · @shazow
5. Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Compiles superfast Andrey Petrov · @shazow
6. Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Compiles superfast Statically typed Andrey Petrov · @shazow
7. Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Compiles superfast Statically typed Statically linked binaries Andrey Petrov · @shazow
8. Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Compiles superfast Statically typed Statically linked binaries Cross-compiles to ~every platform Andrey Petrov · @shazow
9. Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Compiles superfast Statically typed Statically linked binaries Cross-compiles to ~every platform Easy concurrency Andrey Petrov · @shazow
10. Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Compiles superfast Statically typed Statically linked binaries Cross-compiles to ~every platform Easy concurrency Great standard library Andrey Petrov · @shazow
11. Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Compiles superfast Statically typed Statically linked binaries Cross-compiles to ~every platform Easy concurrency Great standard library Gophers! Andrey Petrov · @shazow
12. Python Go Andrey Petrov · @shazow Credit: Renee French & Alice Tribuleva
13. Go in Python i m p o r t o s o s . s y s t e m ( " g o r u n m a i n . g o " ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow
14. Go in Python i m p o r t o s o s . s y s t e m ( " g o r u n m a i n . g o " ) lol just kidding Andrey Petrov · @shazow
15. Fun Facts Python speaks with C Andrey Petrov · @shazow
16. Fun Facts Python speaks with C Go speaks with C Andrey Petrov · @shazow
17. Fun Facts Python speaks with C Go speaks with C Therefore, Python speaks with Go? Andrey Petrov · @shazow
18. Challenges 1. Runtime barriers Andrey Petrov · @shazow
19. Challenges 1. Runtime barriers Garbage Collectors (GC) Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) Just In Time compiling (JIT) Resource Pools (Threads) Andrey Petrov · @shazow
20. Challenges 1. Runtime barriers Garbage Collectors (GC) Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) Just In Time compiling (JIT) Resource Pools (Threads) 2. Syntax and feature barriers Andrey Petrov · @shazow
21. Challenges 1. Runtime barriers Garbage Collectors (GC) Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) Just In Time compiling (JIT) Resource Pools (Threads) 2. Syntax and feature barriers Go: Interface, Goroutines, etc. Python: Classes, Generators, etc. Oodles of other language-specific constructs Andrey Petrov · @shazow
22. Go runtime Python runtime C GIL GC Interpreter Ponies GC Goroutines Gophers Andrey Petrov · @shazow
23. Let's take a moment and imagine... Andrey Petrov · @shazow
24. Running a webserver in Go p a c k a g e m a i n i m p o r t ( " f m t " " n e t / h t t p " ) f u n c i n d e x ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { f m t . F p r i n t f ( w , " H e l l o , w o r l d . \ n " ) } f u n c m a i n ( ) { h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( " / " , i n d e x ) h t t p . L i s t e n A n d S e r v e ( " 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 : 5 0 0 0 " , n i l ) } Andrey Petrov · @shazow
25. Running a webserver in Python f r o m f l a s k i m p o r t F l a s k a p p = F l a s k ( _ _ n a m e _ _ ) @ a p p . r o u t e ( ' / ' ) d e f i n d e x ( ) : r e t u r n ' H e l l o , w o r l d ! \ n ' i f _ _ n a m e _ _ = = ' _ _ m a i n _ _ ' : a p p . r u n ( h o s t = ' 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 ' , p o r t = 5 0 0 0 ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow
26. Running a Go webserver in Python?? f r o m g o h t t p i m p o r t r o u t e , r u n @ r o u t e ( ' / ' ) d e f i n d e x ( w , r e q ) : w . w r i t e ( " H e l l o , w o r l d . \ n " ) i f _ _ n a m e _ _ = = ' _ _ m a i n _ _ ' : r u n ( h o s t = ' 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 ' , p o r t = 5 0 0 0 ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow
27. Running a Go webserver in Python?? f r o m g o h t t p i m p o r t r o u t e , r u n @ r o u t e ( ' / ' ) d e f i n d e x ( w , r e q ) : w . w r i t e ( " H e l l o , w o r l d . \ n " ) i f _ _ n a m e _ _ = = ' _ _ m a i n _ _ ' : r u n ( h o s t = ' 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 ' , p o r t = 5 0 0 0 ) Compare f r o m f l a s k i m p o r t F l a s k a p p = F l a s k ( _ _ n a m e _ _ ) @ a p p . r o u t e ( ' / ' ) d e f i n d e x ( ) : r e t u r n ' H e l l o , w o r l d ! \ n ' i f _ _ n a m e _ _ = = ' _ _ m a i n _ _ ' : a p p . r u n ( h o s t = ' 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 ' , p o r t = 5 0 0 0 ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow
28. Comparing handlers Go (net/http) f u n c i n d e x ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { f m t . F p r i n t f ( w , " H e l l o , w o r l d . \ n " ) } Go in Python (gohttplib) d e f i n d e x ( w , r e q ) : w . w r i t e ( " H e l l o , w o r l d . \ n " ) Python (flask) d e f i n d e x ( ) : r e t u r n ' H e l l o , w o r l d ! \ n ' Andrey Petrov · @shazow
29. gohttplib This is an actual functioning thing. github.com/shazow/gohttplib Andrey Petrov · @shazow
30. gohttplib This is an actual functioning thing. github.com/shazow/gohttplib Sponsored by Glider Labs Andrey Petrov · @shazow
31. Here's how it works... Andrey Petrov · @shazow
32. The Plan 1. Go: Export Go functions to a C shared library 2. C: 3. Python: Call C and wrap it in a Python-shaped bow 4. Make it actually work ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ Andrey Petrov · @shazow
33. Andrey Petrov · @shazow
34. Calling C from Go p a c k a g e m a i n / * i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) { r e t u r n 4 2 ; } * / i m p o r t " C " i m p o r t " f m t " f u n c m a i n ( ) { r : = C . t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) f m t . P r i n t l n ( r ) } Andrey Petrov · @shazow
35. Calling C from Go p a c k a g e m a i n / * i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) { r e t u r n 4 2 ; } * / i m p o r t " C " i m p o r t " f m t " f u n c m a i n ( ) { r : = C . t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) f m t . P r i n t l n ( r ) } $ g o b u i l d - o a n s w e r $ . / a n s w e r 4 2 Andrey Petrov · @shazow
36. Calling Go from C p a c k a g e m a i n i m p o r t " C " / / e x p o r t T h e A n s w e r f u n c T h e A n s w e r ( ) C . i n t { r e t u r n C . i n t ( 4 2 ) } f u n c m a i n ( ) { } Andrey Petrov · @shazow
37. Calling Go from C p a c k a g e m a i n i m p o r t " C " / / e x p o r t T h e A n s w e r f u n c T h e A n s w e r ( ) C . i n t { r e t u r n C . i n t ( 4 2 ) } f u n c m a i n ( ) { } $ g o b u i l d - b u i l d m o d e = c - s h a r e d - o l i b a n s w e r . s o Andrey Petrov · @shazow
38. Calling Go from C p a c k a g e m a i n i m p o r t " C " / / e x p o r t T h e A n s w e r f u n c T h e A n s w e r ( ) C . i n t { r e t u r n C . i n t ( 4 2 ) } f u n c m a i n ( ) { } $ g o b u i l d - b u i l d m o d e = c - s h a r e d - o l i b a n s w e r . s o # i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h > # i n c l u d e " l i b a n s w e r . h " i n t m a i n ( ) { i n t r = T h e A n s w e r ( ) ; p r i n t f ( " % d \ n " , r ) ; r e t u r n 0 ; } Andrey Petrov · @shazow
39. Andrey Petrov · @shazow
40. See CPython C CPython Extension Interface: no dependencies, but lots of boilerplate CFFI: a little more magic but does more work for us and more portable Andrey Petrov · @shazow
41. Calling C from Python # a n s w e r _ b u i l d . p y : f r o m c f f i i m p o r t F F I f f i = F F I ( ) f f i . c d e f ( " i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) ; " ) f f i . s e t _ s o u r c e ( " _ a n s w e r " , " " " i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) { r e t u r n 4 2 ; } " " " ) i f _ _ n a m e _ _ = = " _ _ m a i n _ _ " : f f i . c o m p i l e ( ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow
42. Calling C from Python # a n s w e r _ b u i l d . p y : f r o m c f f i i m p o r t F F I f f i = F F I ( ) f f i . c d e f ( " i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) ; " ) f f i . s e t _ s o u r c e ( " _ a n s w e r " , " " " i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) { r e t u r n 4 2 ; } " " " ) i f _ _ n a m e _ _ = = " _ _ m a i n _ _ " : f f i . c o m p i l e ( ) $ p y t h o n a n s w e r _ b u i l d . p y $ l s _ a n s w e r . c _ a n s w e r . o _ a n s w e r . s o a n s w e r _ b u i l d . p y Andrey Petrov · @shazow
43. Calling C from Python # a n s w e r _ b u i l d . p y : f r o m c f f i i m p o r t F F I f f i = F F I ( ) f f i . c d e f ( " i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) ; " ) f f i . s e t _ s o u r c e ( " _ a n s w e r " , " " " i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) { r e t u r n 4 2 ; } " " " ) i f _ _ n a m e _ _ = = " _ _ m a i n _ _ " : f f i . c o m p i l e ( ) $ p y t h o n a n s w e r _ b u i l d . p y $ l s _ a n s w e r . c _ a n s w e r . o _ a n s w e r . s o a n s w e r _ b u i l d . p y # a n s w e r . p y : f r o m _ a n s w e r i m p o r t l i b p r i n t ( l i b . t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow
44. Calling Python from C Simple function pointer that can be used in C: @ f f i . c a l l b a c k ( " i n t ( i n t , i n t ) " ) d e f a d d ( x , y ) : r e t u r n x + y Andrey Petrov · @shazow
45. Calling Python from C Simple function pointer that can be used in C: @ f f i . c a l l b a c k ( " i n t ( i n t , i n t ) " ) d e f a d d ( x , y ) : r e t u r n x + y ~handwaving~ Andrey Petrov · @shazow
46. Calling Python from C Simple function pointer that can be used in C: @ f f i . c a l l b a c k ( " i n t ( i n t , i n t ) " ) d e f a d d ( x , y ) : r e t u r n x + y ~handwaving~ s t a t i c i n t ( * a d d ) ( i n t x , i n t b ) ; That's all we need for now. More on CFFI embedding here. Andrey Petrov · @shazow
47. Challenges 1. Runtime barriers Garbage Collectors (GC) Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) Just In Time compiling in PyPy (JIT) Thread Pools 2. Syntax and feature barriers Go: Interface, Goroutines, etc. Python: Classes, Generators, etc. Oodles of other language-specific constructs Andrey Petrov · @shazow
48. Overcoming Challenges 1. Don't share memory Andrey Petrov · @shazow
49. Go runtime Python runtime C GIL GC Interpreter Ponies GC Goroutines Gophers Andrey Petrov · @shazow
50. Challenge 1: Don't share memory h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { . . . } ) Our Python code will need to provide this callback, but we can't pass * h t t p . R e q u e s t to Python. Andrey Petrov · @shazow
51. Challenge 1: Don't share memory h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { . . . } ) Our Python code will need to provide this callback, but we can't pass * h t t p . R e q u e s t to Python. t y p e d e f s t r u c t R e q u e s t _ { c o n s t c h a r * M e t h o d ; c o n s t c h a r * H o s t ; . . . } R e q u e s t ; Andrey Petrov · @shazow
52. Challenge 1: Don't share memory h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { . . . } ) Our Python code will need to provide this callback, but we can't pass * h t t p . R e q u e s t to Python. t y p e d e f s t r u c t R e q u e s t _ { c o n s t c h a r * M e t h o d ; c o n s t c h a r * H o s t ; . . . } R e q u e s t ; h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { / / W r a p r e l e v a n t r e q u e s t f i e l d s i n a C - f r i e n d l y d a t a s t r u c t u r e . c r e q : = C . R e q u e s t { M e t h o d : C . C S t r i n g ( r e q . M e t h o d ) , H o s t : C . C S t r i n g ( r e q . H o s t ) , . . . } . . . Andrey Petrov · @shazow
53. Overcoming Challenges 1. Don't share memory 2. Translation layer Andrey Petrov · @shazow
54. Challenge 2: Translation layer h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { . . . } ) Our Python code will need to use the h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r interface. Andrey Petrov · @shazow
55. Challenge 2: Translation layer h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { . . . } ) Our Python code will need to use the h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r interface. R e s p o n s e W r i t e r . W r i t e ( [ ] b y t e ) ( i n t , e r r o r ) R e s p o n s e W r i t e r . W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow
56. Challenge 2: Translation layer h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { . . . } ) Our Python code will need to use the h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r interface. R e s p o n s e W r i t e r . W r i t e ( [ ] b y t e ) ( i n t , e r r o r ) R e s p o n s e W r i t e r . W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ) / / e x p o r t R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e f u n c R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e ( w P t r C . u i n t , c b u f * C . c h a r , l e n g t h C . i n t ) C . i n t { b u f : = C . G o B y t e s ( u n s a f e . P o i n t e r ( c b u f ) , l e n g t h ) . . . n , _ : = ( * ( * h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r ) ( w ) ) . W r i t e ( b u f ) r e t u r n C . i n t ( n ) } / / e x p o r t R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r f u n c R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w P t r C . u i n t , h e a d e r C . i n t ) { . . . ( * ( * h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r ) ( w ) ) . W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ( h e a d e r ) ) } Andrey Petrov · @shazow
57. Challenge 2: Translation layer (Cont.) We exported these functions in Go R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e ( w P t r C . u i n t , c b u f * C . c h a r , l e n g t h C . i n t ) C . i n t R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w P t r C . u i n t , h e a d e r C . i n t ) Now we can wrap them in Python l i b = f f i . d l o p e n ( . . . ) c l a s s R e s p o n s e W r i t e r : d e f _ _ i n i t _ _ ( s e l f , w ) : s e l f . _ w = w d e f w r i t e ( s e l f , b o d y ) : n = l i b . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e ( s e l f . _ w , b o d y , l e n ( b o d y ) ) i f n ! = l e n ( b o d y ) : r a i s e I O E r r o r ( " F a i l e d t o w r i t e t o R e s p o n s e W r i t e r . " ) d e f s e t _ s t a t u s ( s e l f , c o d e ) : l i b . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( s e l f . _ w , c o d e ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow
58. Challenge 2: Translation layer (Cont.) Original interface in Go: t y p e h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r i n t e r f a c e { W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ) } Andrey Petrov · @shazow
59. Challenge 2: Translation layer (Cont.) Original interface in Go: t y p e h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r i n t e r f a c e { W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ) } Exported interface from Go: f u n c R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w P t r C . u i n t , h e a d e r C . i n t ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow
60. Challenge 2: Translation layer (Cont.) Original interface in Go: t y p e h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r i n t e r f a c e { W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ) } Exported interface from Go: f u n c R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w P t r C . u i n t , h e a d e r C . i n t ) C header: v o i d R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( u n s i g n e d i n t p 0 , i n t p 1 ) ; Andrey Petrov · @shazow
61. Challenge 2: Translation layer (Cont.) Original interface in Go: t y p e h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r i n t e r f a c e { W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ) } Exported interface from Go: f u n c R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w P t r C . u i n t , h e a d e r C . i n t ) C header: v o i d R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( u n s i g n e d i n t p 0 , i n t p 1 ) ; Accessing C from Python: R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w , h e a d e r ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow
62. Challenge 2: Translation layer (Cont.) Original interface in Go: t y p e h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r i n t e r f a c e { W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ) } Exported interface from Go: f u n c R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w P t r C . u i n t , h e a d e r C . i n t ) C header: v o i d R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( u n s i g n e d i n t p 0 , i n t p 1 ) ; Accessing C from Python: R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w , h e a d e r ) Python wrapper: R e s p o n s e W r i t e r . s e t _ s t a t u s ( s e l f , c o d e ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow
63. Overcoming Challenges 1. Don't share memory 2. Translation layer 3. Seriously, don't share memory Andrey Petrov · @shazow
64. Challenge 3: Seriously, don't share memory Wait, what's a Go interface? Andrey Petrov · @shazow
65. Challenge 3: Seriously, don't share memory Wait, what's a Go interface? To use it, we need to pass a pointer through ☞ Go ⇢ C ⇢ Python ⇢ C ⇢ Go ☞ Andrey Petrov · @shazow
66. Challenge 3: Seriously, don't share memory Wait, what's a Go interface? To use it, we need to pass a pointer through ☞ Go ⇢ C ⇢ Python ⇢ C ⇢ Go ☞ Solution: Pointer Proxy! Andrey Petrov · @shazow
67. Pointer Proxy PtrProxy ResponseWriter 0xd34db33f PtrId 1234 Ref Deref Free Safe for Go Safe for C Andrey Petrov · @shazow
68. Pointer Proxy t y p e p t r P r o x y s t r u c t { s y n c . M u t e x c o u n t u i n t l o o k u p m a p [ u i n t ] u n s a f e . P o i n t e r } f u n c ( p * p t r P r o x y ) R e f ( p t r u n s a f e . P o i n t e r ) C . u i n t { . . . } f u n c ( p * p t r P r o x y ) D e r e f ( i d C . u i n t ) ( u n s a f e . P o i n t e r , b o o l ) { . . . } f u n c ( p * p t r P r o x y ) F r e e ( i d C . u i n t ) { . . . } Now we can pass an opaque uint across enemy lines and it's perfectly safe. Andrey Petrov · @shazow
69. Quick flashback: Translation layer One pointer proxy to rule them all. v a r c p o i n t e r s = P t r P r o x y ( ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow
70. Quick flashback: Translation layer One pointer proxy to rule them all. v a r c p o i n t e r s = P t r P r o x y ( ) In the callback, reference to bind them. ⛓ h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { / / W r a p r e l e v a n t r e q u e s t f i e l d s i n a C - f r i e n d l y d a t a s t r u c t u r e . c r e q : = C . R e q u e s t { . . . } w P t r : = c p o i n t e r s . R e f ( u n s a f e . P o i n t e r ( & w ) ) . . . c p o i n t e r s . F r e e ( w P t r ) } ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow
71. Quick flashback: Translation layer One pointer proxy to rule them all. v a r c p o i n t e r s = P t r P r o x y ( ) In the callback, reference to bind them. ⛓ h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { / / W r a p r e l e v a n t r e q u e s t f i e l d s i n a C - f r i e n d l y d a t a s t r u c t u r e . c r e q : = C . R e q u e s t { . . . } w P t r : = c p o i n t e r s . R e f ( u n s a f e . P o i n t e r ( & w ) ) . . . c p o i n t e r s . F r e e ( w P t r ) } ) With pointer proxy, dereference to find them. f u n c R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w P t r C . u i n t , h e a d e r C . i n t ) { w , _ : = c p o i n t e r s . D e r e f ( w P t r ) ( * ( * h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r ) ( w ) ) . W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ( h e a d e r ) ) } Andrey Petrov · @shazow
72. Recap If our languages can speak with C, they can speak with each other. Andrey Petrov · @shazow
73. Recap If our languages can speak with C, they can speak with each other. Be careful going in and out of runtimes. Andrey Petrov · @shazow
74. Recap If our languages can speak with C, they can speak with each other. Be careful going in and out of runtimes. Be super-careful with sharing memory. Andrey Petrov · @shazow
75. Recap If our languages can speak with C, they can speak with each other. Be careful going in and out of runtimes. Be super-careful with sharing memory. We'll need a translation layer to use non-trivial language constructs. Andrey Petrov · @shazow
76. Other Considerations Andrey Petrov · @shazow
77. Other Considerations Memory leaks Andrey Petrov · @shazow
78. Other Considerations Memory leaks Race conditions Andrey Petrov · @shazow
79. Other Considerations Memory leaks Race conditions Context switching overhead Andrey Petrov · @shazow
80. Other Considerations Memory leaks Race conditions Context switching overhead Probably security issues because C is hard Andrey Petrov · @shazow
81. Other Considerations Memory leaks Race conditions Context switching overhead Probably security issues because C is hard Architecture campanelle Andrey Petrov · @shazow
82. A Palate Cleanser Andrey Petrov · @shazow
83. A Palate Cleanser ✨ LOLBENCHMARKS! Andrey Petrov · @shazow
84. LOLBENCHMARKS Andrey Petrov · @shazow
85. LOLBENCHMARKS Name Total Req/Sec Time/Req go-net/http 1.115 8969.89 0.111 gohttp-c 1.181 8470.97 0.118 gohttp-python 1.285 7779.87 0.129 gunicorn-flask 7.826 1277.73 0.783 werkzeug-flask 15.029 665.37 1.503 Conditions: a b doing 10,000 requests with 10 concurrency on my . Andrey Petrov · @shazow
86. Thank you github.com/shazow/gohttplib hrku.co/gopythongo twitter.com/shazow shazow.net Andrey Petrov · @shazow