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HTTP + Caching - PHPUG Cologne 2014/03
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Tobias Gies
March 07, 2014
Programming
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130
HTTP + Caching - PHPUG Cologne 2014/03
A talk about HTTP headers and how they influence cache behavior.
Tobias Gies
March 07, 2014
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Transcript
HTTP
HyperText Transfer Protocol
HTTP request GET /index.1.de.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com
HTTP request GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Connection: keep-alive Cache-Control:
no-cache Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8 Pragma: no-cache User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/32.0.1700.107 Safari/537.36 Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch Accept-Language: de-DE,de;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.6,en;q=0.4 Cookie: sid=t73fuqi322d115fdr8tt1fsf30
HTTP response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Thu, 20 Feb 2014
14:42:03 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.9 mod_ssl/2.2.22 OpenSSL/1.0.1 X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.9 P3P: CP="NOI NID ADMa OUR IND UNI COM NAV" Set-Cookie: sid=t73fuqi322d115fdr8tt1fsf30; path=/; HttpOnly Expires: Sun, 22 Dec 2013 14:42:03 GMT Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, no-transform Last-Modified: Thu, 20 Feb 2014 14:42:03 GMT X-Generator: papaya CMS X-Papaya-Cache: no Content-Encoding: gzip X-Papaya-Gzip: yes Content-Length: 6315 Keep-Alive: timeout=5, max=95 Connection: Keep-Alive Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
HTTP-Methoden • GET • POST • PUT • DELETE •
HEAD
HTTP status codes
Exkurs: Caches
Cache-Arten • Browser-Cache • Proxy Cache • Gateway Cache /
Reverse Proxy – Self-hosted (Varnish, …) – Kommerziell / CDN (Cloudflare, Akamai & co.)
Cache-relevante HTTP-Header • Expires • Cache-Control • ETag • Last-Modified
• If-Modified-Since • If-None-Match • Vary • Age • Set-Cookie
Expires Expires: Sun, 22 Dec 2013 14:42:03 GMT • HTTP/1.0
• Ablaufdatum des Inhalts (Zeitzone GMT!) • Nützlich für Caching statischer Ressourcen
Cache-Control Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate • HTTP/1.1 • Wesentlich feinere Kontrolle
über den Cache • Optionen: – max-age – s-maxage – public – private
Cache-Control Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate • HTTP/1.1 • Wesentlich feinere Kontrolle
über den Cache • Optionen (2): – no-cache – no-store – must-revalidate – proxy-revalidate
ETag ETag: [W/]"some-random-value" • HTTP/1.1 • Identifiziert eine Version einer
Ressource eindeutig • Starker ETag: Garantiert identische Ressource • Schwacher ETag (W/): Garantiert äquivalente Ressource • Bei statischen Ressourcen abschalten
Last-Modified Last-Modified: Thu, 20 Feb 2014 14:42:03 GMT • Letztes
Änderungsdatum der Ressource
If-Modified-Since If-Modified-Since: Wed, 01 Sep 2004 13:24:52 GMT • Request-Header
• Nur ausliefern, wenn neuere Version vorhanden • Sonst Status 304
If-None-Match If-None-Match: "some-random-value" • Request-Header • Abfrage, ob Version mit
diesem ETag vorhanden • Wenn ja: Status 304
Vary Vary: Cookie,Accept,Accept-Encoding • Information an Caches: Antwort unterscheidet sich
je nach Wert der angegebenen Request- Header! • Bspw. wichtig im Umgang mit schlecht konfigurierten Corporate Proxies
Age Age: 30 • Gibt das Alter der Ressource in
Sekunden an • Caches rechnen: request timestamp – now – Age + max-age > 0? • Wird auch von Caches selbst angegeben
Set-Cookie Set-Cookie: name=somevalue; Secure • Inhalt, der Cookies enthält, ist
uncached! • Aber: Cookies sind nützlich, um mehrere Versionen einer Ressource im Reverse-Proxy zu cachen.
POST • POST bedeutet: Es wird eine Ressource verändert. •
Antworten auf POST-Requests werden nicht gecached. • POST also nur da verwenden, wo es nötig ist.
Ressourcen • Wikipedia: „Liste der HTTP-Headerfelder“ • Caching Tutorial for
web authors and webmasters: http://www.mnot.net/cache_docs/ • HTTP – The Varnish Cookbook: https://www.varnish-software.com/static/book/HTTP.html • YSlow: Best practices for speeding up your website: http://developer.yahoo.com/performance/rules.html
Noch Fragen?