區塊鏈內部培訓

౵ॶ৽ࠎԤ 1

•  ౵ॶ৽ࠎԤ –  ඔሳࠊл –  бหлླྀၰაჰ৘ •  ౵ॶ৽ࣉࢨ –  ౵ॶ৽ࢺക
–  ౵ॶ৽ႋႨ –  ܱ࡯ა็ᅞ •  ҧ৽a೺׈ຩਫ਼aᇆିކჿaႅ඲Ќ޹ •  ၛ෾٘षؿ –  ၛ෾٘ࠎЧࢺക –  ձࡹҩ൫৽षؿ۽ऎ –  %"QQQSPHSBNNJOH •  ౵ॶ৽࠯ඌ࿐༝ሧჷ 2 ᅋေ

бหлఏჷ •  ୍ᄅ –  4BUPTIJ/BLBNPUPčᇏЧՒĎิԛਔбหлഡ࠹Ϣ௃඀ •  ୍ –  ԚՑ܄Ῐս઒ – 
षჷбหлग़޼؊ೈࡱ –  ၛ бหлؑߐ၂۱஼೓ •  ୍ –  Ῐ൓ੀྛ –  IUUQTCJUDPJOPSH 3

ඔሳࠊл •  ളӮࠊл •  ఫл໭مФવႨ •  ఫл໭مᇗگཨٮ •  ҂ླေၿྛ ֻ೘ٚܵ৘
4

ഡ࠹๥ׄ •  མཞေၛඔሳࠊлࣉྛࢌၞ – ೂޅх૧ඔሳࠊлФگᇅĤ – ೂޅх૧ඔሳࠊлФເᄯĤ 5

ࡆૡෘمˢؓӫૡᄂ 6 ૼ໓ ૡ໓

ࡆૡෘمˢ٤ؓӫ܄඲ᄂ 7 ૼ໓ ૡ໓ ඲ᄂద଀ ܄ᄂࡆૡ ܄ᄂဒᆣ ඲ᄂࢳૡ Secp256k1

໡ "MJDF ေ۳#PC၂۱႗л 8 Alice Bob ඔሳࠊлॖି߶Фگᇅ ೂޅᆣૼؿఫ֥൞"MJDF

໡ "MJDF ေ۳#PC၂۱႗л 9 Alice Bob "MJDFၛ඲ᄂؓඔ໊ࠊлࣉྛద଀ #PCၛ܄ᄂࢳषૡ໓ ඔሳࠊлॖି߶Фگᇅ ೂޅᆣૼؿఫ֥൞"MJDF
ૡ໓

໡ "MJDF ေ۳#PC၂۱႗л 10 Alice Bob "MJDF໭مڎಪေ۳#PC၂۱႗л֥൙ൌ ඔሳࠊлߎ൞߶Фگᇅ ૡ໓

ླေ႗лੀඣݼ 11 Alice Bob #PC໭مя്ଦ֥֞႗лႵޅ҂๝ ໭مܵ৘"MJDFᅫ޼ᘧح ೂޅಒಪᆃ۱႗лીႵФᇗگཨٮ

႗лੀඣݼ 12 Alice Bob #12344 #12345 ජটܵ৘႗лੀඣݼĤླေ၂۱ॖྐ಩֥ࠏܒ

ဒᆣࢌၞ൞ކم 13 Alice Bob #12345 ᆃгఫ൞҂൞"MJDF֥Ĥ ಒಪ"MJDFી޽ݖᆃгఫ #12345 Alice: 100
-> 99 Bob: 100 -> 101

3FDBQ •  ܄඲ᄂ – ఫл໭مເᄯ – ࢌၞ֥҂ॖڎಪྟ ദٳྟ •  ॖྐ಩ֻ೘ٚ – ܵ৘ሧӁđሔሶఫлੀཟđх૧ච޽
14

ಀᇏྏ߄ •  ܄඲ᄂ – ఫл໭مເᄯ – ࢌၞ֥҂ॖڎಪྟ ദٳྟ •  ॖྐ಩ֻ೘ٚૄ۱ದ׻൞ၿྛ – ܵ৘ሧӁđሔሶఫлੀཟđх૧ච޽
15 ၿྛᅫЧ ܄ष܋ཚ֥ᅫЧ ౵ॶ৽ #MPDIDIBJO

໡ "MJDF ေ۳#PC၂۱႗л 16 Alice Bob #12345 Alice: 100 ->
99 Bob: 100 -> 101 ܼѬ

ච޽۾ࠌ 17 Alice Bob #12345 ܼѬ #12345 Charlie ః෰ದೂޅ۷ྍᅫЧĤ

۷ྍᅫЧ֥ൈࡗࡗۯ 18 Alice Bob #12345 ܼѬ #12345 Charlie थקିڎؿ׮ච޽۾ࠌ

19 Alice Bob #12345 ܼѬ #12345 Charlie ෮Ⴕದ׻൬֞ࢌၞѩቔဒᆣđೂݔ"MJDFෂԛ๝ဢ֥ࠊл ۳#PCބ$IBSMJFđ໙ีࣼ߶Ӂള

20 Alice Bob #12345 ܼѬ #12345 Charlie "MJDFಒൌႚႵࠊлđགྷᄝඋᧄ#PCਔ

3FDBQ •  ೂޅх૧ච޽۾ࠌĤ •  ᅫЧ۷ྍ֥ൈࡗࡗۯĤ •  ؟ഒದဒᆣࢌၞҌ۷ྍᅫЧĤ 21 Alice "MJDF॥ᇅຩ઎
Sybil a@ack

1SPPGPG8PSL •  ຩ઎Ⴈ޼ဒᆣࢌၞ࠹ෘӮЧۚ •  ࢌၞဒᆣ໭مФຩ઎ֆჭඔଢ॥ᇅ •  ิ܂ࢂৣ Ⴚၹ ಞ෰ૌ჻ၩϺફဒᆣࢌၞ 22

1P8ഡ࠹ᅽ࿐ •  ૄ۱ದ׻ିҕაࢳี 1V[[MF •  ၂Ϯᇶࠏ׻ିҕა •  ҂߶Ⴕದᅧ॥߅ეಃ ౵ॶཿೆ֥ಃ৯
– ۀੱཌྷ๝ 23 ᆿ֞ཬᧄඔሳ֥ದॖၛཿᅫЧ

SHA-2562 (“abc” + “1”) = 158c09e82d88955d8a051934d12f74a53ea205743778165d1140a8903686e1ac SHA-2562 (“abc” + “2”)
= c72b0720d3302d76cd7b6b3f3dcb554d05f14fee8567cdda3ee8b7ﬀ51e02015 . . . SHA-2562 (“abc” + “19”) = 005eL2ﬀ3e871185b95bf7c8628e212d15a7d08c42235a381e06caa55856a0c 1P8ഡ࠹ᅽ࿐ •  ࢳี঒଴đဒᆣಸၞđטᆜ଴؇ 24 Hash(TXs+nonce) < number 00000000000000005b95bf7c8628e212d15a7d08c42235a381e06caa55856a0c

SHA-2562 (“abc” + “1”) = 158c09e82d88955d8a051934d12f74a53ea205743778165d1140a8903686e1ac SHA-2562 (“abc” + “2”)
= c72b0720d3302d76cd7b6b3f3dcb554d05f14fee8567cdda3ee8b7ﬀ51e02015 . . . SHA-2562 (“abc” + “19”) = 005eL2ﬀ3e871185b95bf7c8628e212d15a7d08c42235a381e06caa55856a0c 1P8ഡ࠹ᅽ࿐ •  ࢳี঒଴đဒᆣಸၞđטᆜ଴؇ 25 ෘ৯ᄀ఼֥ದᄀႵࠏ߶ႚႵཿᅫЧ֥ಃ৯ ֌҂սіᅧ໤ෘ৯љದࣼીࠏ߶đᆺ൞ۀੱ֮

ࢳีӮۿܼѬ౵ॶ 26 Alice #12345 #21397 #81345 #22345 ౵ॶ

3FDBQ •  ೂޅх૧ච޽۾ࠌĤ – 1P8ࢆ֮ච޽۾ࠌۀੱ – ࢌၞဒᆣٳ೛֞۲۱ࢫׄ – ॥ᇅෘ৯ࠇຩ઎ಯթᄝđ֌ӮЧۚ •  ᅫЧ۷ྍ֥ൈࡗࡗۯĤ •  ؟ഒದဒᆣࢌၞҌ۷ྍᅫЧĤ
27 Alice "MJDF॥ᇅຩ઎

бหлჰ৘ 28

бหл৥ൎ 29 •  ᄅರ CJUDPJOPSHთ଀ᇿҨ ᄅರ
Ϣ௃඀ؿі ᄅರ ᄝ4PVSDF'PSHFOFUᇿҨ#JUDPJOཛଢ •  ᄅರ Էൗ౵ॶࡹ৫ ᄅರ #JUDPJOW ᄅರ ֻ၂г#JUDPJOࢌၞ

30 h@ps://bitsonblocks.net бหлؿྛሹਈ

31 #5$ ૄ ۱౵ॶࢂৣࡨ϶ h@ps://bitsonblocks.net бหлটჷ

бหлࡎ۬ 32 2016-07-09 2012-11-28

33 ݢ઼઼ ৙ূ 0.319 BTC Fees 0.001 BTC 0.32 BTC
1AnLpMkAmf7jy2BNkP3oYw1phzhNuLws7M (0.32 BTC) 1GJYiog3ato17SSTFCCdkZ44H6LdkW9j1V (0.319 BTC) Tx Fee: 0.001 BTC ࣉྛбหлࢌၞ Bitcoin Unconﬁrmed Transachon (ໃಒಪࢌၞ) !!!Իฃ੢๚ਠ౮

34 ܼѬࢌၞ #JUDPJO.FNQPPM ଽթӽ P2P Network

35 #JUDPJO.FNQPPM ଽթӽ ঀ۽ •  ෆࠢໃಒಪࢌၞ •  ঀ۽յЇࢌၞࢳ۽ቔਈᆣૼ 1P8
–  ಒಪࢌၞކم •  ద଀ᆞಒ •  BNPVOU<JOQVU>BNPVOU<PVUQVU> –  յЇ൭࿃ٮ֥ۚࢌၞ –  ࠹ෘ)BTI CMPDL]59T]OPODF

຋ঀ 36 Block 1 ... Block 2 ... Block 3
... Block 4 ... ᅳ֞౵ॶ ঀ۽ ঀ۽ ঀ۽ ঀ۽ ঀ۽ ঀ۽ Hash( Block 3 | TXs | 0x00000A3D..) ࢂৣ#5$ ౵ॶ෮Ⴕࢌၞ൭࿃ٮ ౵ॶ

1AnLpMkAmf7jy2BNkP3oYw1phzhNuLws7M (0.32 BTC) 1GJYiog3ato17SSTFCCdkZ44H6LdkW9j1V (0.319 BTC) Tx Fee: 0.001 BTC ࢌၞປӮ Transachon conﬁrmed (ࢌၞಒಪ) Իฃਠ౮ Block 4 ... Block 5 ... Block 6 ... Block 7 ... Block 8 ... Block 9 ... Ցಒಪ

౵ॶ৽ #MPDLDIBJO 38 Block 4 ... Block 5 ...
Block 6 ... Block 7 ... Block 8 ... Block 9 ... NFBO_ٳᇒ ѻ඾ٳ҃ Block N ... lll ঒ₒ؇ %JGGJDVMUZ ౵ॶۚ؇ #MPDLIFJHIU ౵ॶധ؇ #MPDLEFQUI ౵ॶᄀധіൕᇗྍյᄯ၂่౵ॶ৽଴؇ᄀۚ ྯ 2016 ӻ豽賉տ᧣碉Ӟ稞ᵙଶ(~2珏)

۾ࠌ •  ӑݖ֥ෘ৯ࠢᇏᄝଖ۱ذၩࢫׄഈ •  ৵࿃຋֞ކم౵ॶࠏੱࢠۚđॖࣉྛ՟ڿ 39

40 ݣൈࡗ྽֥ಆ౯ᅫЧ •  ᅫ޼๩ૼ •  ऎൈࡗ྽ •  ՟ڿ҂ၞ •  ҂ၞ൳۾ࠌ
•  ٳ҃ൔ h@ps://bitsonblocks.net

ቋӉ৽مᄵ -POHFTUDIBJOSVMF 41 ೘۱ঀ۽๝ൈ຋֞ކم౵ॶ ࠿࿃຋ ၛቋӉ֥৽ູᇶ࠿࿃຋ ܛظ౵ॶ 0SQIBOCMPDL
0SQIBOCMPDLၹູঀ۽๝ൈ຋֞ކم౵ॶطᄯӮٳҭđၹቋӉ৽مᄵФఙႨ֥౵ॶ 4UBMFCMPDLᄝ๝۱౵ॶۚ؇đӮۿᅳ֥֞ކم౵ॶđ֌Фљದఽ༵၂҄

бหл •  #JUDPJO׈ሰࠊл –  #JUDPJO"1FFSUP1FFS&MFDUSPOJD$BTI4ZTUFN •  ႇ໓#JUDPJO •  ࠊлژݼႇ໓෪ཿູ#5$ࠇ9# • 
২#5$۱бหл •  ૄۯඹ୍߶טᆜ၂Ցࢂৣࠊлඔਈ –  ଢభ֥бหлሹඔ5PUBM#JUDPJOT •  #JUDPJO༢๤ླྀק •  CJUDPJOࠊлֆ໊ 42

бหл֥ֆ໊ •  #5$бหл •  #5$D#5$ٳбหл #JUDFOU •  #5$N#5$ݸбหл NCJU
NJMMJCJU CJUNJMM •  #5$Ȱ#5$ັбหл VCJU NJDSPCJU •  4BUPTIJ бหл֥ቋཬ૫ح •  4BUPTIJ#5$ 43

຋ঀ •  ຋ঀࡼրಒಪ֥ࢌၞሧਘ٢֞౵ॶᇏ ಆ౯ᅫЧ –  $MJFOU౼ԛ౵ॶ৽ቋᗥ၂۱౵ॶଽಸ ࠹ෘIBTIᆴ –  Ֆଽթӽ
ࡼໃ࠺੣ᄝ౵ॶᇏ֥ࢌၞ ᇯгဒᆣ ѩ٢ೆ֥֞౵ॶ –  ಩ၩ҉၂۱OPODF –  ίෘ)BTI CMPDL]59T]OPODF –  ೂݔݗ༐ᆴ֥భࠫ۱ඔऎႵ৵࿃O֥ іൕࢳथ଴ีᅳ֞ྍ֥ކم౵ॶ –  ࡼᅳ֥֞ྍ౵ॶၛࠣᅳ֥֞OPODFܼѬԛಀ ಞః෰ࢫׄିܔဒᆣ –  ࠆ֤ࢂৣ 44

45 •  ૄՑࢌၞđֹᆶഈ֥ఫсྶಆ҆޽ܻ •  ᅳਬֹᆶ DIBOHFBEESFTT •  ./

"OBDDPVOUCBTFEMFEHFS OPU#JUDPJO Create 25 coins and credit to AliceASSERTED
BY MINERS Transfer 17 coins from Alice to BobSIGNED(Alice) Transfer 8 coins from Bob to CarolSIGNED(Bob) Transfer 5 coins from Carol to AliceSIGNED(Carol) SIMPLIFICATION: only one transaction per block hme Transfer 15 coins from Alice to DavidSIGNED(Alice) might need to scan backwards unhl genesis! is this valid?

"USBOTBDUJPOCBTFEMFEHFS #JUDPJO Inputs: Ø Outputs: 25.0→Alice Inputs: 1[0] Outputs:
17.0→Bob, 8.0→Alice SIGNED(Alice) SIMPLIFICATION: only one transaction per block hme is this valid? ﬁnite scan to check for validity Inputs: 2[0] Outputs: 8.0→Carol, 9.0→Bob SIGNED(Bob) Inputs: 2[1] Outputs: 6.0→David, 2.0→Alice SIGNED(Alice) we implement this with hash pointers change address 1 2 3 4

"USBOTBDUJPOCBTFEMFEHFS #JUDPJO Inputs: Ø Outputs: 25.0→Alice Inputs: 1[0] Outputs:
17.0→Bob, 8.0→Alice SIGNED(Alice) SIMPLIFICATION: only one transaction per block hme is this valid? ﬁnite scan to check for validity Inputs: 2[0] Outputs: 8.0→Carol, 9.0→Bob SIGNED(Bob) Inputs: 2[1] Outputs: 6.0→David, 2.0→Alice SIGNED(Alice) we implement this with hash pointers 1 2 3 4

.FSHJOHWBMVF Inputs: ... Outputs: 17.0→Bob, 8.0→Alice SIGNED(Alice) SIMPLIFICATION: only one
transaction per block hme Inputs: 1[1] Outputs: 6.0→Carol, 2.0→Bob SIGNED(Carol) Inputs: 1[0], 2[1] Outputs: 19.0→Bob SIGNED(Bob) .. . .. . 1 2 3

+PJOUQBZNFOUT Inputs: ... Outputs: 17.0→Bob, 8.0→Alice SIGNED(Alice) SIMPLIFICATION: only one
transaction per block hme Inputs: 1[1] Outputs: 6.0→Carol, 2.0→Bob SIGNED(Carol) Inputs: 2[0], 2[1] Outputs: 8.0→David SIGNED(Carol), SIGNED(Bob) .. . .. . two signatures! 1 2 3

6OTQFOU5SBOTBDUJPO0VUQVUT 6590 •  5IFSFBSFOPBDDPVOUTPSCBMBODFTJOCJUDPJO •  5IFSFBSFPOMZVOTQFOUUSBOTBDUJPOPVUQVUT 6590 TDBUUFSFEJOUIFCMPDLDIBJO 51

܄ᄂაֹᆶ 52 •  ܄ᄂ൞܄ᄂ ܄ᄂֹᆶ •  ֹᆶ൞ֹᆶ •  ֹᆶႮ܄ᄂ෮๷֝
–  4)" –  3*1&.%IBTI –  #BTFщ઒ –  11,)"EESFTT •  1BZT5P1VC,FZ)BTI 11,) P2PKH Address ఫЇֹᆶ

1AnLpMkAmf7jy2BNkP3oYw1phzhNuLws7M (0.32 BTC) 1GJYiog3ato17SSTFCCdkZ44H6LdkW9j1V (0.319 BTC) Tx Fee: 0.001 BTC ࣉྛбหлࢌၞ Bitcoin Unconﬁrmed Transachon (ໃಒಪࢌၞ) !!!Իฃ੢๚ਠ౮

54 { "hash":"7c4025...", "ver":1, "vin_sz":1, "vout_sz":1, "lock_hme":0, "size":224, "in":[{ "prev_out":{
"hash":"2007ae...", "n":0 }, "scriptSig":"304502... 042b2d..." }], "out":[{ "value":"0.31900000", "scriptPubKey":"OP_DUP OP_HASH160 a7db6f OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG" }] } NFUBEBUB *OQVU T PVUQVU T •  ࢌၞ*% ੀඣݼ •  ϱЧ •  *OQVUඔਈ •  PVUQVUඔਈ •  ౵ॶ෭קൈࡗ •  ࢌၞնཬ h@ps://blockchain.info/rawtx/7c402505be883276b833d57168a048cfdf306a926484c0b58930f53d89d036f9 ࢌၞ۬ൔ

"hash":"2007ae...", "n":0 }, "scriptSig":"304502... 042b2d..." }], "out":[{ "value":"0.31900000", "scriptPubKey":"OP_DUP OP_HASH160 a7db6f OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG" }] } NFUBEBUB *OQVU T PVUQVU T h@ps://blockchain.info/rawtx/7c402505be883276b833d57168a048cfdf306a926484c0b58930f53d89d036f9 •  ᆭభ֥ࢌၞJE QPJOUFS •  ֻࠫ۱PVQVU •  ద଀scriptSig: <sig> <pubKey> ࢌၞ۬ൔ

"hash":"2007ae...", "n":0 }, "scriptSig":"304502... 042b2d..." }], "out":[{ "value":"0.31900000", "scriptPubKey":"OP_DUP OP_HASH160 a7db6f OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG" }] } NFUBEBUB *OQVU T PVUQVU T h@ps://blockchain.info/rawtx/7c402505be883276b833d57168a048cfdf306a926484c0b58930f53d89d036f9 •  ⊨ԛࣁỡ •  CJUDPJOTDSJQU ࢌၞ۬ൔ

"hash":"2007ae...", "n":0 }, "scriptSig":"304502... 042b2d..." }], "out":[{ "value":"0.31900000", "scriptPubKey":"OP_DUP OP_HASH160 a7db6f OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG" }] } NFUBEBUB *OQVU T PVUQVU T h@ps://blockchain.info/rawtx/7c402505be883276b833d57168a048cfdf306a926484c0b58930f53d89d036f9 ࢌၞဒᆣ

58 scriptSig: <sig> <pubKey> scriptPubKey: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
<sig> a7db6ﬀ121871c65a8924b8e40f160d385515ad7 ࢌၞဒᆣ

True a7db6ﬀ121871c65a8924b8e40f160d385515ad7 ࢌၞဒᆣ

ః෰Ҡቔ •  1BZUP4DSJQU)BTI 14) –  01@4JHOBUVSF#4JHOBUVSF$ –  1VCMJD,FZ"1VCMJD,FZ#1VCMJD,FZ$01@$)&$,.6-5*4*( • 
%BUB0VUQVU 01@3&563/ –  01@3&563/EBUB 65

.FSLMF5SFF 66

68 h@p://zhibimo.com/books/wang-miao/mastering-bitcoin

ࢫׄো྘ 69 ఫЇ ঀ۽ ປᆜ ౵ॶ৽ ਫ਼Ⴎ ࢫׄ ປᆜ ౵ॶ৽
ਫ਼Ⴎ ࢫׄ ঀ۽ ປᆜ ౵ॶ৽ ਫ਼Ⴎ ࢫׄ ఫЇ ਫ਼Ⴎ ࢫׄ #JUDPJO$PSF GVMMOPEF ౵ॶ৽ࢫׄ ׿৫ঀ۽ ౞ఫЇ 417

(16NJOJOH '1("NJOJOH

Source: LeonardH, cryptocurren ciestalk.com

Bob Buskirk, thinkcomputers.org

#JUDPJO"4*$T "QQMJDBUJPOTQFDJGJDJOUFHSBUFEDJSDVJU

бหлള෿ಁ •  ঀӽ •  ࢌၞ෮ •  පਫ਼ •  5PSେ଀ຩ઎ • 
ఫЇ •  ඲ᄂЌ޹ •  #*1 •  ࢌၞ෮ാ౑

бหлႅႬ •  ࢌၞಒಪત •  ႅҟӮЧ •  ಯթᄝ೐ׄ •  ֹ༯߄ࢌၞ ޑ൧
•  лࡎѯ׮ •  ൧ӆࢤ൳؇ •  ঔԉྟ •  ଽ҆Ԋ๬ •  ᇯ҄ᇏྏ߄ •  مੰܿٓ •  ҂ॖ୉

ᆼఫЇ 77 1SJWBUF,FZ 1VCMJD,FZ

5SBOTBDUJPONBMMFBCJMJUZ 78

ࢌၞॖэྟ 79 ႕ཙ5SBOTBDUJPO*%

౵ॶ৽ࣉࢨ 80

౵ॶ৽࠯ඌ •  ࢳथܼთຩ༯ٳ҃ൔ၂ᇁྟ໙ี ܋് •  ҂ॖ՞ڿ֥࠺੣ ॖሔሶ • 
ಀᇏྏ߄ •  ࡎᆴሇ၍ •  ᇆିކჿ 83

۽ӱ࢘؇ •  ሧӁνಆ –  ϶๩ૼቲ҂ॖэ౏Ⴅࣲ࠺੣ቲ఼߄௺ᅊ࡟ҩ •  ॖྐঠ –  ࢆ֮ࠢᇏൔڄགቲ҂߶թᄝֆׄܣᅰ • 
ࠧൈ۷ྍ •  ӻ࿃ᄎྛ •  ໭ݓࢸ 84

౵ॶ৽ဆ߄ •  ඔሳࠊлà౵ॶ৽࠯ඌ •  ᇆିކჿ •  ಀᇏྏ߄ሱᇍቆᆮ •  ༯၂սຩ઎ഡീ 85

౵ॶ৽ো྘ •  ܄Ⴕ৽ #JUDPJO &UIFSFVN •  ৳ૐ৽ 3$&7
•  ඲Ⴕ৽ 86 h@p://www.coindesk.com

4MPDLJU 88 h@ps://slock.it

5IF%"0 89

#MPDLTUBDL%FDFOUSBMJ[FE*OUFSOFU 90

)ZQFSMFEHFS 92

౵ॶ৽࿹࣮ •  ܋്ࠏᇅ –  1P8 1SPPGPG8PSL –  1P4 1SPPGPG4UBLF
–  %1P4 %FMFHBUF1SPPGPG4UBLF •  ᇆିކჿ –  5VSJOHDPNQMFUFTDSJQUJOHMBOHVBHFT –  /PO5VSJOHDPNQMFUFTDSJQUJOHMBOHVBHFT •  νಆࠣႅ඲ •  ঔԉིࠣۚି 514 •  ࣜ࠶Ⴚၹ Ѱᒲં 93

ܱ࡯ა็ᅞ •  ҧ৽ •  ᇆିކჿ •  ೺׈ຩਫ਼ •  ႅ඲Ќ޹ 94

95 ҧ৽ ᄍྸሧӁᄝᇶ৽აሰ৽ᆭࡗ၍ሇ චཟܫ܌a৳ކ຋ঀ

XBZQFH 81 96

൉᷹൞ᇆିކჿ •  Ⴎս઒ᆰࢤ॥ᇅඔሳሧӁࠇြༀੀӱ –  ս઒ؓކჿऎႵཌྷ๝৘ࢳ –  ҂ၹކჿ؟Ց۷םطႵ෮ࠁཪ –  ؓຓ҆ඔऌुم၂ᇁ Ⴒࡎࠇܢࡎ֩
•  ᇆି҂൞ᆷದ۽ᇆି •  ᇆିކჿ ଢభ ҂൞مੰކჿ •  ս઒ࣇᆳྛگᄖ֥ܿᄵބ่ࡱđ҂ऎႵ࿐༝ି৯ –  ׈ะ –  ሱ׮൲ࠊࠏ 97 ๭টሱIUUQTCJUTPOCMPDLTOFU

აሱ׮ᆦڱၿྛႵޅ҂๝ •  ಀᇏྏ߄ –  ၿྛીႵधؓ॥ᇅಃ •  ս઒ –  ๝ဢ׻Ⴕս઒đ֌ᆺႵԮ๤ၿྛႵ॥ᇅބؓᅫ֥ି৯đ໭مՖຓི҆ဒ • 
๩ૼ؇ –  Ⴊׄğ০ၭܱ༢ᆀ ҕაٚ дՎ๩ૼॖ࡮ –  ಌׄğކჿླေႵႅ඲Ќ޹ •  ֐ྟ –  ॖग़ᇅ۲ൔކჿ 98

ކჿᆳྛაሑ෿ 99 •  ކჿ֥ᆳྛ߶၇ऌ҂๝ൈࡗ֥൙ࡱࠇഡק֥ܿᄵđط۷ྍሑ෿ࠇࡎᆴ

100 Ping sends money to Pong. 1.  Deploy Pong .
2.  Deploy Ping, giving it the address of Pong 3.  Call Ping.touchPong() using a <pongaddress>.send() 4.  do something ᆺႵކჿؿఏᆀҌିཧ߮ ၛֹᆶя്ކჿࢌ޺ؓའ ۷ྍކჿሑ෿ ࠎЧކჿൕ২

೺׈ຩ઎ -JHIUOJOH/FUXPSL 101

бหлঔಸ໙ี •  ྍ౵ॶ֥Ӂള ჿٳᇒ •  ཬحࢌၞေФಒಪ ൈࡗӉ – Ԣ٤ᆦڱۚح൭࿃ٮ
102

౵ॶնཬॹФᅝડ 103

2ႵીႵٚൔିܔᄝ҂ᄹࡆ ౵ॶնཬ༯ᄹࡆིିĤ 104

ັᆦڱ๙֡ .JDSPQBZNFOU$IBOOFM 105

ᇗྍනॉࢌၞ֥ྛູ ၂קေૄгሧਘ׻ཿ֞৽ഈખĤ 106

ࢌၞ၍֞৽༯Ĥ 107

例子 •  #PCམေՖ"MJDFପ༯ᄛ(#֥֖σ ჻ၩڱ௔ॺٮ ۳"MJDF ֌#PC҂ཌྷྐ"MJDFط҂჻၂Ցڱౢ ஃ"MJDF ᇏ๯஝ሼೂݔሧਘૄ(#ࡎᆴN#5$   ࡹ৫ՑࢌၞđڱՑࢌၞٮ
  ૄ၂Ցࢌၞ֥ປӮсྶ֩ր౵ॶ৽ಒಪ 108

Ⴕᅊ௺ࠣ൭࿃ٮݖ֥ۚ໙ี 109

ࡹ৫ֆཟັᆦڱ๙֡ 0OF8BZ.JDSPQBZNFOU$IBOOFM 110

৽༯؟гࢌၞ 111

ཬࢲ •  ڱॻٚؿఏPG֥؟ద଀ކჿđթೆ੻ۚᧄᆦڱࣁحרࣁ –  "MJDFğ໭مᄝO-PDL5JNF CMPDLT భ౼߭רࣁ –  #PCğᆺေద଀ࠧॖ൬ॻ • 
ᄝචٚ๝ၩᗥđԮෂᆃг؟ద଀ކჿ֞౵ॶ৽ ৽ഈ •  ಒಪᗥđචٚॖࣉྛ؟г৽༯ࢌၞ ৽༯ •  ቋᗥᄜࡼࢲෘᗥ֥ࢌၞཿ߭౵ॶ৽ ৽ഈ 112

චཟັᆦڱ๙֡ #JEJSFDUJPOBM.JDSPQBZNFOU$IBOOFM Introduchon to Micropayment Channels 113

೺׈ຩ⁨ •  бหлᇏФܼٗࢤ൳֥Էྍ –  ิ܂၂Ҫ1BZNFOUMBZFS –  Ⴎ+PTFQI1PPOބ5BEHF%SZKBᄝ୍ิԛ –  ଢѓ൞ᆦჱ۷؟৽༯ࢌၞϴෛࢠ֥֮൭࿃ٮ • 
公司 –  -JHIUOJOH/FUXPSL –  #MPDLTUSFBN 114

NVMUJTJHOBUVSF NVMUJTJH BEESFTTFT 14)BEESFTTFT 115

5JNF-PDLT  "CTPMVUFUZQF $IFDL-PDL5JNF7FSJGZ $-57  3FMBUJWFUZQF $IFDL4FRVFODF7FSJGZ $47 116

)BTI7BMVFTBOE4FDSFUT 117

1PPOބ%SZKBิԛ ॖྐ಩֥චཟᆦڱ๙֡ 118

•  ۲ሱթೆ#5$֞၂۱PG؟ద଀ֹᆶ •  "MJDFა#PCдՎࢌߐ4FDSFUT ࡹ৫๙֡ 0QFOJOHUIF$IBOOFM 119

ӵ୶ࢌၞ DPNNJUNFOUUSBOTBDUJPO ࡌഡ"MJDFေᆦڱ۳#PC#5$ à"MJDF #5$ #PC #5$
120

è  ؓ#PCط࿽đླေద଀ѩ֩ր ۱౵ॶൈࡗᗥҌିਵ౼ è  ؓ"MJDFط࿽đླေ#PC֥4FDFSU 121

ජܼѬđؓٚ৫ઔॖၛଦ֞ఫ طܼѬٚсྶ֩ր5JNF-PDLT 122

•  ࡌഡ#PCေᆦڱ۳"MJDF#5$ –  ࢌၞ߭֞ჰ൓ሑ෿ğ"MJDF #5$ #PC #5$ •  Ⴕਆࡱ൙౦ေቓ
–  චٚ๝ൈదඇ၂ٺྍ֥ӵ୶ࢌၞđࢌߐྍ֥)BTI –  චٚࢌߐᆭభдՎႚႵ֥4FDSFUT ۷ྍ๙֡ 6QEBUFUIF$IBOOFM 123

•  ഈ၂۱ࢌၞ"MJDF #5$ #PC #5$ •  ೂݔ#PCᄝࢲෘൈđෂԛݖಀؓ෰Ⴕ০֥ࢌၞ •  ߭མᆭభđජܼѬđජсྶ֩5JNF-PDLT
•  ࡆഈ۷ྍ๙ֻ֥֡ؽ҄đචٚ޺ཌྷࢌߐഈՑࢌၞ֥4FDSFUT •  ೂݔ#PCܼѬؓ෰Ⴕ০֥ࣸࢌၞđ෰ေ֩ր۱౵ॶ •  ؓᧄ"MJDFটඪđ ٝᆸ#PCෂԛ֥ࣸࢌၞ 124

#PCܼѬࣸࢌၞᗥ "MJDFઔഈॖਵఫ "MJDFᆩ֡4FDSFUđࡼ#5$ਵሼ ௥ߊࢌၞඨ྽֥ದđ߶෥ാ෮Ⴕఫ 125

34.$ 3FWPDBCMF4FRVFODF.BUVSJUZ$POUSBDU ഈඍކჿቔم 126

•  ༵భđ"MJDFބ#PCࡹ৫ਔචཟ๙֡ •  ೂݔ"MJDFམᆦڱ#5$۳$BSPM ֻ೘ᆀ •  ॖၛ֥ቔم   "MJDFა$BSPMᄜࡹ၂่චཟ๙֡
ࡹ৫๙֡ေӮЧ   ࠇ൞đೂݔ#PCა$BSPMᆭࡗၘࣜႵ๙֡ਔ ପ᷹"MJDFà#PCà$BSPM •  ؓ"MJDFط࿽đෲ֥ၐ੮ •  ஃ#PCીϜఫ۳$BSPM •  ஃ$BSPMڎಪෲ൬֞ఫ ຩ઎ 127

•  ཨԢ"MJDF֥ၐ੮ –  ಒಪ#PCࡼఫ۳$BSPMᗥđҌࡼఫ۳#PC –  ᆩ߶$BSPMđ#PC߶ሇࢌఫ۳ෲ •  "MJDFေ౰$BSPMӁള၂۱4FDSFUđࡼ)BTI TFDSFU ֥ࢲݔ۳
"MJDFĠѩۡᆩ$BSPMđᆺႵ#PCࡼఫ۳ෲᗥđҌିࡼᆃ۱TFDSFU ۳#PC •  ๝ൈđ"MJDFϜᆃ۱IBTIᆴ۳#PCđᆺႵ#PCఫ۳$BSPMᗥđҌ ିଦ֞TFDSFUđᆭᗥࢌ۳"MJDFಒಪᗥđ"MJDFҌ۳$BSPMఫ Carol 128

•  ෰ླေཌྷྐ෰Ϝఫ۳$BSPMᗥ߶ଦ֞TFDSFU •  ෰ߎླေཌྷྐ"MJDFᆇ֥߶۳෰ఫ ؓᧄ#PC )5-$č)BTIFE5JNFMPDL$POUSBDUĎ 130

"MJDFࡹ৫#5$֥؟ద଀ކჿ •  $BTF ؓᧄ#PCđ೏ކჿᇏႵ෰֥ద଀ၛࠣᆞಒ֥TFDSFU ᆴđࠧॖࢳ෭ •  $BTF ؓᧄ"MJDFđ൐Ⴈ$-57UJNFMPDLđ֒ކჿݖ௹ᗥđ ሱ࠭ద଀ࠧॖࢳ෭ $-57UJNFMPDL
131

&UIFSFVN •  4FSFOJUZ –  &UIFSFVN –  4XJUDIUP1P4DPOTFOTVT –  *OUSPEVDFTDBMJOHTPMVUJPOTJODMVEJOHTIBSEJOH BOETUBUFDIBOOFMT
132

ሹࢲ •  ໭ླ෮Ⴕࢌၞ׻࠺ᄝ৽ഈ ႅ඲ࢠࡄ •  ؓ๙֡ᇏ֥චٚႅ඲ྟҵ ๝၂ֹᆶ • 
๙֡ࡹ৫сྶթೆרࣁ ఫႵ؍ൈࡗФ෭ •  ࢠഒ൭࿃ٮႵրဒᆣ –  ᅳ֞၂่ਫ਼Ⴎđࢠഒ൭࿃ٮđࢠഒIPQ –  'MBSF"O"QQSPBDIUP3PVUJOHJO-JHIUOJOH/FUXPSL Ϣ௃ℼ 133

ႅ඲ •  ;FSPLOPXMFEHFQSPPGT •  4.1$ 4FDVSFNVMUJQBSUZDPNQVUBUJPO •  .JYJOH ࠁл
–  $PJO4IVGGMF ၘൌགྷ –  $PJO+PJO –  %BSLDPJO 134

$PJO+PJO 135

$PJO4IVGGMF 136 h@p://crypsys.mmci.uni-saarland.de/projects/CoinShuﬄe/

137 h@ps://www.sigsac.org/ccs/CCS2016/agenda/

ၛ෾٘ 138

8IBUJT&UIFSFVN •  Vitalik Buterin wrote “Bitcoin was designed to
be a SMTP. It’s a protocol that is very good at one parhcular task. It is good for transferring money, but it was not designed as a foundahonal layer for any kind of protocols to be built on top.”

8IBUJT&UIFSFVN •  Vitalik Buterin wrote The need for a
technology that was more expansive, and that replicated the funchonality of Turing- complete programming languages in a way that would be so powerful as to describe any blockchain applicahon.

7JTJPO •  An a@empt to apply learnings from Bitcoin’s decentralized,
global cryptographic network to challenges beyond value exchange. – Currency issuance – Decentralized autonomous organizahons – Smart contracts – Smart property

,FZ.JMFTUPOF •  JANUARY 2014 – Ethereum inventor Vitalik
Buterin announces the project at The North American Bitcoin Conference. •  JULY 2014 – The Ethereum Foundahon begins selling ether tokens in a 42-day public sale. In total, it sells 60,102,216 ETH for 31,591 BTC, worth $18,439,086 at that hme. •  JULY 2015 – Ethereum launches Fronher, a command-line version of the pla€orm for developer teshng.

,FZ.JMFTUPOF •  AUGUST 2015 – Kraken becomes the
ﬁrst major digital currency exchange to list ethers for sale. Major exchanges including Coinbase and Gemini follow suit. •  JANUARY 2016 – Eleven major banks – Barclays, BMO Financial Group, Credit Suisse, Commonwealth Bank of Australia, HSBC, Nahxis, Royal Bank of Scotland, TD Bank, UBS, UniCredit and Wells Fargo – announce a trial of a permissioned version of the pla€orm. •  JANUARY 2016 – The ﬁrst ethereum startups begin to raise funding for projects as diverse as a decentralized stock market and developer tool suites.

,FZ.JMFTUPOF •  MARCH 2016 – Ethereum releases Homestead,
the ﬁrst “produchon-ready” version of its blockchain pla€orm. •  MARCH 2016 – The total value of all ethers on the ethereum network passes $1bn. •  MAY 2016 – The DAO becomes the largest decentralized autonomous organizahon, collechng more than $160m worth of ethers to be invested in other projects. •  JUNE 2016 – The DAO collapses a•er an unknown a@acker exploits a ﬂaw in the project’s code. The event forces ethereum’s development community to consider protocol-level code changes to rescue customer funds.

$PNQPOFOUT •  A cryptographic token •  An address system • 
A network of validators (miners) •  A consensus algorithm •  A blockchain ledger •  The Ethereum Virtual Machine •  A set of programing languages •  Complex economic structures.

5FDIOPMPHZ4UBDL

-JOHVJTUJDT4DSJQUJOH •  Bitcoin has a rudimentary scriphng language •  Ethereum
aims to be “Turing-complete.” –  If a system has unlimited resources, memory, computahonal power and storage, then inﬁnite “loops” can be executed.

5SBOTBDUJPOT •  Two types of accounts: 1.  Externally owned accounts
(EOAs) •  Deﬁned as the basic form of account, EOAs interact with and generate updates on the Ethereum blockchain. 2.  Contracts •  Contracts programmahcally execute when they receive instruchons in the form of a transachon from an EOA. •  Ethereum does not use transachon inputs or outputs, which deviates from the unspent transachon outputs (UTXO) model bitcoin popularized.

5IF&UIFSFVN#MPDLDIBJO •  Block Size –  In Bitcoin, blocks
are limited in size to 1 MB. –  Ethereum has no such limit on the size of its blocks. •  A mechanism (Gas) which makes contracts more and more expensive to execute the larger they are in size. •  Blockchain Size –  Ethereum blockchain: 17 GB (~9 months) –  Bitcoin blockchain: 69 GB (~8 years)

5IF&UIFSFVN#MPDLDIBJO •  Block Times – Bitcoin’s blockchain adds new
blocks roughly every 10 minutes, – Ethereum has set its target on 12-second block hmes, though current block hmes are closer to 14 seconds.

$POTFOTVT"MHPSJUIN •  To solve a long-standing computer science
problem known as Byzanhne Fault Tolerance. •  Bitcoin solves this problem through creahng a chain of proof of work. •  Ethereum uses a similar PoW protocol known as Ethash. (SHA-3) –  Resistant to the high-powered mining chips –  Light client implementahons

$POTFOTVT"MHPSJUIN •  TransacLon Validators – In 2009, the ﬁrst
bitcoin users were able to run mining so•ware on home computers, using CPU power. – Ethereum mining was set up so that it could only be conducted with graphics processing units (GPUs).

5IF&UIFSFVN7JSUVBM.BDIJOF •  The Ethereum protocol is designed to do far
more than process peer-to-peer transachons. It is designed to execute complex code. –  Need to interpret instruchons –  Smart contracts are facilitated and enforced through EVMs, which implement and execute instruchons wri@en in any of a variety of languages via a bytecode.

5IF&UIFSFVN7JSUVBM.BDIJOF •  Solidity – Ethereum would be incomplete without a nahve
programing language – and that language is Solidity. – It(solc) compiles instruchons into bytecode so that they can then be read by the network.

4VQQPSUJOH5FDIOPMPHJFT •  Whisper –  A communicahons protocol and tool set
that allows applicahons built on the Ethereum protocol to talk to each other. •  Swarm –  SwarmHash or Swarm is a peer-to-peer ﬁle sharing system designed to eﬃciently store and retrieve data needed for use in Ethereum applicahons and contracts.

4VQQPSUJOH5FDIOPMPHJFT •  Oracles –  For smart contracts to execute properly,
they need to know how to ascertain the accuracy of given inputs to those “if-then statements”. –  A need for a construct that communicates outside realihes to smart contracts. In Ethereum, these are called ‘oracles’. •  Mist –  A usable front- end technology with which users explore the applicahons and oﬀerings that uhlize Ethereum.

4VQQMZ 5SBEJOH"WBJMBCJMJUZ •  ETH is a unit of account and
store of value on Ethereum –  BTC on Bitcoin –  not meant to serve as an alternahve currency –  Posihoned as a system resource that powers the creahons of those seeking to use the pla€orm –  ether: “Digital oil”; bitcoin: “Digital gold” Bitcoin’s value is derived from the security of the network and its scarcity; ether has value because it is needed to execute scripts and contracts on the Ethereum network

4VQQMZ 5SBEJOH"WBJMBCJMJUZ •  InﬂaLon Rate –  The Ethereum network includes
a mechanism for releasing new ethers into the system over hme. (Introduce 18m ethers per year through mining) •  Gas –  Gas, a thro@ling mechanism that determines, in real hme, how much ether each contract costs. –  Ether served as a way to enable access to Ethereum. Gas is an economic structure used to limit access. 1: wei 1012: szabo 1015: ﬁnney 1018: ether

(BT •  Ⴈটޙਈࢌၞ USBOTBDUJPO ࠇކჿ DPOUSBDU ᄝ&UIFSFVNഈФ ᆳྛ֥۽ቔਈđࠧ؟ഒ۱ᆷ਷ࠇ؟ഒ۱׮ቔ෮ླေݻٮ֥ֆ໊ĠႮᧄ ૄ၂۱Ҡቔ׻߶ཨݻଖུඔਈ֥HBTđᄀگᄖ֥Ҡቔླေཨݻࢠ؟֥ ࠹ෘሧჷđՖط෮ླ֥HBT္ᄀۚ
•  طᆭ෮ၛေഡ࠹HBTᆃ۱ࠏᇅମ൞ၹູ၂۱TNBSUDPOUSBDUᄝ۳ ჍJOQVUᆭᗥ߶SVO؟ࣲҌ߶๔ᆸࠇᆀമᇀ߶҂߶๔ᆸ׻൞໭م൙ ༵ყҩ֥đ෮ၛေ౰൐Ⴈᆀሱ࠭ഡק჻ၩ޽؟ഒHBTᄝSVOᆃ۱ DPOUSBDUഈ૫ 159

(BT •  ᄝ#JUDPJOᇏđૄ၂гࢌၞླေ൭࿃ٮđޙਈѓሙ൞ुࢌၞ֥նཬ USBOTBDUJPOTJ[F Ġ֌ᅟᄝ&UIFSFVN֥࢘؇ᄵಪູđ൭࿃ٮ֥࠹ ෘႋھ౼थᧄᄝ౵ॶ৽௜෻ഈ෮ླေ֥۽ቔਈ •  ई২টඪđᄝ&UIFSFVN֒ᇏđਆ۱ކჿđӱൔ઒նཬ҂๝đႵॖ ି؋֥ӱൔ઒đݻٮ֥HBTۚđၹູ৚૫ᆳྛ֥׮ቔޓ؟ఠട֞ TIBĠ֌ᄝ#JUDPJOൗࢸđࢌၞЇݣ֥ሧਘᄀ؟đᅝ֥նཬᄀնđ
൭࿃ٮࢠۚ 160

161 Total cost = gasUsed * gasPrice

(BTQSJDF •  HBTQSJDFथק۱HBTࡎᆴ؟ഒFUIFSđطHBTQSJDF߶ෛ൧ӆ ླ౰ѯ׮ •  HBTQSJDF֥ֆ໊൞XFJđXFJ? FUIFS •  HBTQSJDF֥৥ൎሧਘ
162

(BTᄎቔ •  2HBTᄝࢌၞ֥ളଁᇛ௹ᇏđᄸ᷹ᄎቔĤ"۴ऌϢ௃඀   ࡟Ұࢌၞ൞ڎ۬ൔᆞಒčద଀Ď   ࠹ෘ൭࿃ٮğ45"35("4 ("413*$&   Ԛ൓߄("445"35("4đૄCZUFࡨ၂۱("4
  ሇ၍ؿෂٚࢌၞࡎᆴ۳൬൳ٚ   ೂݔᅫ޼൞ఔჿᅫ޼đᄵᆳྛఔჿDPEFᆰ֞ປӮࠇݻ࣐("4   ೂݔؿෂٚఫ҂ܔࠇ("4എ࣐ğ߭گ෮Ⴕః෰ሑ෿đ֌ঀ۽౼ሼ෮Ⴕ൭࿃ٮ   ೂݔᄝ("4എ࣐భᆳྛӮۿđْߎ؟ᘧ֥൭࿃ٮđഎו֥൭࿃ٮ۳ঀ۽ 163

&UIFSFVN&YDIBOHFTCZ64%7PMVNF June 2016

/PEF%JTUSJCVUJPO •  As of mid-2016, – Ethereum had 5,384 nodes – Bitcoin
network had 5,757 nodes •  The majority of nodes are hosted in the US and Germany.

%FWFMPQFS"DUJWJUZ •  Bitcoin: Over 6,000 forks since 2009 •  Ethereum:
525 forks since 2014

1MBUGPSN'VODUJPOTBOE6TF$BTFT •  Smart Contracts – Consider an elevator management system, thinking
of the elevators as running a “smart contrachng system” on a “private blockchain” – Blockchains don’t guarantee that all entries will be true

1MBUGPSN'VODUJPOTBOE6TF$BTFT •  DAOs – the idea of large numbers of contracts
working in unison •  Distributed Autonomous Agents (DAAs) •  Distributed Autonomous Organizahons (DAOs)

1MBUGPSN'VODUJPOTBOE6TF$BTFT •  Dapps –  The larger purpose of the Ethereum
network is to serve as a pla€orm for the creahon of distributed applicahons. •  Dapps can be comprised of single DAO or even a series of DAOs that work together to create an applicahon. •  Current Dapps categories: –  Smart contract services, uhlihes & analyhcs –  Gambling and games –  Informahon validahon & oracle services –  Registry and corporate governance.

4VNNBSZ •  Smart contracts –  Versions of the technology that
are single-purpose and ephemeral, so they are created for a speciﬁc task and can disappear at the end. A ﬁnancial contract is a good example here. •  Autonomous agents –  More long-term focused smart contracts, Vitalik envisions a series of contracts forming an internal AI that can be charged with decision-making.

4VNNBSZ •  DAOs –  Described as a long-term contract between
many people, DAOs are closer to historical business structures, allowing users to join, exercise vohng power and even eventually exit such collaborahons. DAOs are designed to hold onto assets and use a kind of vohng system to manage their distribuhon. –  There can be many diﬀerent types of DAOs. The more basic ones live enhrely on the blockchain, but more advanced ones might have some of their data stored on other decentralized networks or across a number of servers.

4DSJQUJOH •  Solidity is a brand-new concept in computer programing,
and script-based systems remain largely untested. •  Further, the language’s compiler is buggy, and there aren’t repositories and public libraries yet. •  "Formal Veriﬁcahon of Smart Contracts" by Ethereum's Dr. Chrishan Reitwiessner

5IF1SJDFPG(BTJTIJHI •  It cost $250,000 to process 1 GB of
ethereum transachon data in May. •  At that hme, the contract would cost 640,000,000,000 gas, or about 17,500 ETH, at $14 per ETH.

.JOJOH$FOUSBMJ[BUJPO •  Running Proof-of-Work (PoW) currently •  Move toward Proof-of-Stake
(PoS)

5VSJOH$PNQMFUFOFTT •  Ethereum is purportedly “Turing-complete”, but in reality, the
system is limited by memory, computahon power, storage on the network and economic costs. •  The more complex the instruchon set, the more messages that have to be passed back and forth within the system, the more delegates and code calls required by the contract, the higher the cost. The gas system ensures this.

1SPPGPG4UBLF5SBOTJUJPO •  PoW is a powerful consensus algorithm because it
allows the system to prove that work was actually done to mine a block. •  PoS validahon on the other hand, doesn’t use a mining process. Holders of the network’s tokens own stakes in the network based on percentage of ownership, and vote to validate and include blocks in the blockchain.

$BTQFS •  A new consensus algorithm, which replaces miners with
validators. •  Goals: –  A focus on CPU power rather than GPU power, making the network more egalitarian –  Be@er support for lightweight clients –  The capacity for more transachons per second –  The possibility of even faster block hmes. •  Introducing Casper “the Friendly Ghost”

4UBUF$IBOOFMT •  A method of conduchng transachons that could occur
o of the main blockchain. – Requires some system that would lock the blockchain state by form of contract.

4IBSEJOH •  Leverages the insights of tradihonal database sharding, wherein
porhons of the full database are held on separate servers as a way to spread out the load and improve performance. •  Scalability improvement. •  The idea of 'sharding' is to split the space of possible accounts (contracts are accounts too) into subspaces, for example, based on ﬁrst digits of their numerical addresses. •  Talk by Vitalik

%FWFMPQNFOU5JNFMJOF •  FronLer –  30th July, 2015 –  First version
of Ethereum as a beta release, aiming at developers who wanted to experiment with the project’s tools. –  Oﬀers basic command-line capabilihes, and provided users the ability to mine ether and upload and execute contracts.

%FWFMPQNFOU5JNFMJOF •  Homestead –  14th March, 2016 –  ﬁrst “produchon
version” –  Features a command-line interface, but was framed as the ﬁrst commercial iterahon of the technology. Homestead was automahcally introduced at block number 1,150,000 on the Ethereum blockchain. –  Requires the Ethereum community to undergo the hard fork

%FWFMPQNFOU5JNFMJOF •  Metropolis –  The next major release of Ethereum
–  The fully-featured version of the product, aimed at non- technical users, and will be the first offocial non-beta version. –  Include the first fully funchonal version of the Mist browser and provide a graphical user interface atop the client. –  This version is expected to bring fundamental back-end improvements and upgrades to Solidity. –  Metropolis will represent Ethereum version 1.0.

%FWFMPQNFOU5JNFMJOF •  Serenity – Ethereum 2.0 – Switch to PoS consensus – Introduce
scaling soluhons including ‘sharding’ and ‘state channels’

5IF&UIFSFVN'PVOEBUJPO •  The Ethereum Foundahon was established as a non-for
proﬁt company in June 2014 in Zug, Switzerland.

-JOLT •  )BDLJOH %JTUSJCVUFE •  &UIFSTDBO •  &UIFSFVNCMPH

ၛ෾٘Ῐứ 189

node1 node2 ၛ෾٘඲Ⴕ৽ node3 node4 •  ҂႕ཙ܄Ⴕ৽ •  ࡹ৫ሱ֥࠭ൌဒ௜෻ • 
຋ঀࢠࡥֆ •  ଴؇ॖሱྛഡק

ߌ࣢஥ᇂ node1 node2 •  ਆ෻ࠏఖ •  ޺ཌྷ৵ࢤ •  Էൗ౵ॶ (FOFTJTCMPDL
஥ᇂཌྷ๝ •  ܋്

ࠏఖ஥ᇂ node1 node2 •  Ҡቔ༢๤6CVOUV •  $16චނ •  ଽթ(# • 
႗஍(# •  (FUIWFSTJPOTUBCMFGFEG •  (P7FSTJPOHP

ଢ੣ࢲܒ node1 node2

{ "nonce": "0x0000000000000042", "mixhash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", "difficulty": "0x400", "alloc": {}, "coinbase":
"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000", "hmestamp": "0x0", "parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", "extraData": "Custem 21vianet Ethereum Genesis Block", "gasLimit": "0xffffffff" } ҄ᇧ၂ğ(FOFTJTGJMF ຋ঀ଴؇ $ touch genesis.json

{ "nonce": "0x0000000000000042", "mixhash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", "difficulty": "0x4000", "alloc": { "1a8f075fea1f2180dfet41e34f3922e59b201cdfa":
{ "balance": "20000000000000000000" } }, "coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000", "hmestamp": "0x00", "parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", "extraData": "Custem Ethereum Genesis Block", "gasLimit": "0xffffffff" } ყ༵ٳ஥ᅫ޼ᘧح

҄ᇧؽğԚ൓஥ᇂ $ geth --datadir "/Users/user/eth-private/data/node1“ init "/Users/user/eth-private/data/ genesis.json“ I0907 15:50:37.690379
ethdb/database.go:82] Alloted 16MB cache and 16 ﬁle handles to /Users/user/eth-private/data/node1/chaindata I0907 15:50:37.706056 cmd/geth/main.go:299] successfully wrote genesis block and/or chain rule set: 6e92f8b23bcdfdf34dc813cfaf1d84b71beac80530506b5d63a2df10fe23a660 •  JOJUԷൗ౵ॶഡק֖ਫ਼ࣥ •  EBUBEJS౵ॶඔऌթ٢ਫ਼ࣥ HFOFTJT൞ၛభࣸϱҕඔၘ҂ᄜ൐Ⴈ

҄ᇧ೘ğᄝOPEFࡹ৫⃒Ї $ geth --datadir "/Users/user/eth-private/data/node1" account new Your new account
is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password. Passphrase: Repeat passphrase: Address: {905646685a1c4015fdc03cad92c892264f7c3f73}

҄ᇧඹğᄎྛHFUI $ geth --idenhty "node1" --datadir "/Users/user/eth-private/data/node1" --rpc --rpcport "8080"
--rpccorsdomain "*" --port "30303" --nodiscover --rpcapi "db,eth,net,web3" -- networkid 42 console idenhty ႨႿѓൕଢభຩ઎଀ሳ port ຩ઎ࡓ๐؊१ rpc ఓ׮rpc ๙ྐ rpcapi ഡᇂᄍྸ৵ࢤ֥SQD֥ग़޼؊đ၂ϮູEC FUI OFU XFC networkid ഡᇂ֒భ౵ॶ৽֥ຩ઎*%đႨႿ౵ٳ҂๝֥ຩ઎đ൞၂۱ඔሳ console ఓ׮ଁ਷ྛଆൔđॖၛᄝ(FUIᇏᆳྛଁ਷

҄ᇧ໴ğԚ൓஥ᇂOPEF $ geth --datadir "/Users/user/eth-private/data/node2“ init "/Users/user/eth-private/data/ genesis.json“ I0907 15:50:37.690379
ethdb/database.go:82] Alloted 16MB cache and 16 ﬁle handles to /Users/user/eth-private/data/node1/chaindata I0907 15:50:37.706056 cmd/geth/main.go:299] successfully wrote genesis block and/or chain rule set: 6e92f8b23bcdfdf34dc813cfaf1d84b71beac80530506b5d63a2df10fe23a660 •  JOJUԷൗ౵ॶഡק֖ਫ਼ࣥ •  EBUBEJS౵ॶඔऌթ٢ਫ਼ࣥ HFOFTJT൞ၛభࣸϱҕඔၘ҂ᄜ൐Ⴈ

҄ᇧੂğᄝOPEFࡹ৫⃒Ї $ geth --datadir "/Users/user/eth-private/data/node2" account new Your new account
is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password. Passphrase: Repeat passphrase: Address: {760ee68af37a1c52cd5b1255f4f53ef44a9244f8}

҄ᇧ௾ğᄎྛHFUI OPEF $ geth --idenhty "node2" --datadir "/Users/user/eth-private/data/node2" --rpc
--rpcport "8081" --rpccorsdomain "*" --port "30304" --nodiscover --rpcapi "db,eth,net,web3" -- networkid 42 console idenhty ႨႿѓൕଢభຩ઎଀ሳ port ຩ઎ࡓ๐؊१ rpc ఓ׮rpc ๙ྐ rpcapi ഡᇂᄍྸ৵ࢤ֥SQD֥ग़޼؊đ၂ϮູEC FUI OFU XFC networkid ഡᇂ֒భ౵ॶ৽֥ຩ઎*%đႨႿ౵ٳ҂๝֥ຩ઎đ൞၂۱ඔሳ console ఓ׮ଁ਷ྛଆൔđॖၛᄝ(FUIᇏᆳྛଁ਷

(node 1) > eth.coinbase “0X905646685a1c4015fdc03cad92c892264f7c3f73” ਆ۱ࢫ֥ׄDPJOCBTF 202 node1 node2 905646685a1c4015fdc03cad92c892264f7c3f73
760ee68af37a1c52cd5b1255f4f53ef44a9244f8

Ұु৵ࢤࢫׄ ༵ुࢫׄ ᆃൈީෙಖਆ۱ࢫׄ׻ᆳྛఏট ֌൞ѩીႵ޺ཌྷ৵ࢤ 203 (node 1) > admin.peers
[]

౼֤ࢫ֥ׄFOPEF࿟༏ 204 (node 2) > admin.nodeInfo.enode "enode:// c7660b6126ecda43502248bb09fec4a0L6d778ea36f6e0704L8b96eee63225936c8c97ba7f05a2a463 dad31fa49f809ae997c59795d5da8ee1137156df0905@[::]:30304?discport=0” >

ಞࢫׄ৵ࢤࢫׄ 205 (node 1) > admin.addPeer("enode:// c7660b6126ecda43502248bb09fec4a0L6d778ea36f6e0704L8b96eee63225936c8c97ba7 f05a2a463dad31fa49f809ae997c59795d5da8ee1137156df0905@[::]:30304?discport=0") True >

Ұु৵ࢤࢫׄ 206 (node 1) > admin.peers [{ caps: ["eth/62", "eth/63"],
id: "c7660b6126ecda43502248bb09fec4a0L6d778ea36f6e0704L8b96eee63225936c8c97ba7f05a2a463dad31fa49f809ae997c59795d5da 8ee1137156df0905", name: "Geth/v1.4.11-stable-fed692f6/darwin/go1.6.3/node2", network: { localAddress: "[::1]:62206", remoteAddress: "[::1]:30304" }, protocols: { eth: { diﬃculty: 4496000, head: "0x424395802a1c8afc2015865baf1eca8ca85a9498886f800f47108a9299bf3337", version: 63 } } }] >

Ұुᅫ޼ᘧح 207 (node 1) > web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.coinbase), "ether") 204.06249999989999999 (node 2)
> web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.coinbase), "ether") 1.0000001e-10

OPEFሇᅫ۳OPEF 208 node1 node2 (node 1) > eth.sendTransachon({from:"905646685a1c4015fdc03cad92c892264f7c3f73", to:"760ee68af37a1c52cd5b1255f4f53ef44a9244f8", value:
100}) "0x8fc1ae9e468c0ac345316c85965265d5d876685ba367434e6fe10c6c96867f6a"

.JTU৵ࢤ1SJWBUFOFU $ /Applicahons/Mist.app/Contents/MacOS/Mist --rpc /Users/user/eth-private/data/ node1/geth.ipc

&YQMPSFS 210 $ git clone h@ps://github.com/etherparty/explorer $ npm start $
geth --idenhty "node1" --datadir "/Users/user/eth-private/data/node1" --rpc -- rpccorsdomain "h@p://127.0.0.1:8000" --port "30303" --nodiscover --rpcapi "db,eth,net,web3" --networkid 42 console $ open h@p://localhost:8000

&YQMPSFS 211 h@ps://github.com/etherparty/explorer

"O&UIFSFVNMJHIUXBMMFUGPSJ04"OESPJE •  IUUQTHJUIVCDPNFUIFSJGZBQQTMJHIUXBMMFU •  IUUQTHJUIVCDPN/FUIFSFVN/FUIFSFVN 212

3&45GVM"1* •  ᄝνልѩᆳྛ&UIFSFVNުđࢫׄ߶ิ܂Գ१܂ຓ҆טႨBQJđၛࠣ טႨݦඔđᆃུݦඔЇݣࡓ॥ࢫׄሑ෿aഡקࢫׄaْ߭౵ॶ৽ྐ༏ ၛࠣpࢌၞpҠቔ ࢌၞᆷඔऌቲࠊлቲᇆିކჿ •  &UIFSFVNܲٚקၬ֥ࢤ१ – 
IUUQTHJUIVCDPNFUIFSFVNXJLJXJLJ+40/31$ –  FUI@TFOE5SBOTBDUJPO –  FUI@TFOE3BX5SBOTBDUJPO –  FUI@DBMM –  FUI@FTUJNBUF(BT –  l 213

3&45GVM"1* •  FUIKTPOSQD –  IUUQTHJUIVCDPN$POTFO4ZTFUIKTPOSQD •  'MBTL3&45GVM 214 $
curl h@p://127.0.0.1:5000/getVersion { "web3_clientVersion": "Geth/v1.4.11-stable-fed692f6/darwin/go1.6.3/node1" }

%FQMPZ4PMJEJUZ$PEF •  .JTU •  0GGJDJBMTPMJEJUZMJWFDPNQJMFS –  IUUQTFUIFSFVNHJUIVCJPCSPXTFSTPMJEJUZ •  IUUQTPMJEJUZSFBEUIFEPDTJP 215

216 ֹᆶॖ܄षթ౼ ֹᆶϾ֞၂۱ᅫ޼ᘧح ْ߭࿟༏ FWFOU

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&UIFSFVN%FW   ձࡹ&UIFSFVN඲Ⴕ৽   ᄎྛਆ۱OPEFಞдՎ޺৵   ඃ༑HFUI+BWB4DSJQU$POTPMF   ࡹ৫ః෰ᅫݼ ࡹ৫ࢌၞ
ܴҳCMPDL   ᄎྛ඲Ⴕ৽֥NJOFS   31$QSPUPDPM൐ႨაԱࢤ   &UIFSFVN#MPDLFYQMPSFS   4NBSU$POUSBDUPO&UIFSFVN   .JTU   4PMJEJUZ   %"QQQSPHSBNNJOH   ࡼ ЇӮEPDLFSJNBHF ႨBOTJCMFটఓ׮&UIFSFVNࠏಕ ປӮሱ׮߄҃ඇ 218

ለཿνಆކჿ •  4UFQCZ4UFQ5PXBSET$SFBUJOHB4BGF4NBSU$POUSBDU -FTTPOTBOE*OTJHIUTGSPNB$SZQUPDVSSFODZ-BC<QBQFS> •  .BLJOH4NBSU$POUSBDUT4NBSUFS<FQSJOU>$$4 220

࿐༝ሧჷ 221

ज़ӱ •  $4#JUDPJOBOE$SZQUPDVSSFODJFT •  &$&$4".$SZQUPDVSSFODZ4FDVSJUZ 'BMM •  #JUDPJOBOE$SZQUPDVSSFODZ5FDIOPMPHJFT $PVSTFSB
–  IUUQCJUDPJOCPPLDTQSJODFUPOFEV 222

.FFUVQ •  4'#JUDPJO%FWT •  #JU%FWT/:$ •  *$/:$#MPDLDIBJO.FFUVQ •  #MPDLDIBJO.FFUVQ;ʴSJDI • 
฿JUDPJO/:$ 223

#PPLT 224 ࣚ๙бหл free pdf

1PEDBTUT •  -5#/FUXPSL –  -FUT5BML#JUDPJO –  5IF&UIFS3FWJFX –  &QJDFOUFS • 
#JUDPJO,OPXMFEHF1PEDBTU •  #SFBLJOH#BOLT 225

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