MCAT Lecture 01 - Society, Culture, & Health

This is the first of five lectures for my MCAT review course at Saint Louis University. More details are available at https://chris-prener.github.io/mcat

Transcript

1. CHRISTOPHER PRENER, PH.D. SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND HEALTH MCAT PREP: SOCIOLOGY/PSYCHOLOGY SPRING, 2018 SESSION 01 LECTURE 01
2. AGENDA MCAT PREP / SESSION 01 / LECTURE 01 1. Housekeeping 2. Social Theory 3. Social Structure 4. Structural Inequality 5. Institutions 6. Diversity & Disparity
3. HOUSEKEEPING 1
4. 1. HOUSEKEEPING THINGS TO KNOW / REMEMBER ▸ Slides available here - https://chris-prener.github.io/mcat ▸ Contact at chris.prener@slu.edu ▸ Plan to take a quick break around 7pm ▸ I don’t do wordy slides…sorry…
5. 1. HOUSEKEEPING ▸ Assistant Professor of Sociology ▸ Coordinator, Sociology Honors Thesis
 ▸ Former EMT and EMS Dispatcher ▸ Once upon a time I wanted to be an ED physician ABOUT CHRIS
6. 1. HOUSEKEEPING ▸ Things I teach: ▸ SOC 1120: Introduction to Sociology - Diversity & Health Emphasis ▸ SOC 3220: Urban Sociology & The Wire ▸ SOC 4015/5050: Quantitative Analysis ▸ SOC 4650/5650: Introduction to GIS ABOUT CHRIS
7. 1. HOUSEKEEPING ▸ Things I research: ▸ Paramedic work and the EMS system as a part of the social safety-net ▸ Relationship between urban space and first responder work ▸ Mental health outcomes, literacy, and discrimination ▸ Approaches to processing “big” and complex data ABOUT CHRIS
8. 1. HOUSEKEEPING ABOUT CHRIS
9. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS 
 OF HEALTH 2
10. THE BIOPHSYCOSOCIAL MODEL Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse
11. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse
12. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse
13. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse
14. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse
15. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse
16. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse Where does health care fit in?
17. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social Relationships Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Individual Risk Factors lifecourse SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes RACE?
18. MERITOCRACY Social advancement driven by ability or skill.
19. MERITOCRACY Social advancement driven by ability or skill.
 
 “Admitting the most academically qualified candidates to medical school.”
20. SOCIAL THEORY 3
21. SOCIAL STRUCTURE Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Traits lifecourse Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Life Outcomes Culture
22. SOCIAL STRUCTURE Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Traits lifecourse Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Life Outcomes Culture Microanalysis
23. SOCIAL STRUCTURE Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Traits lifecourse Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Life Outcomes Culture Macroanalysis
24. SOCIAL ORDER, NEEDLESS TO ADD, IS ALSO NOT GIVEN IN MAN'S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, THOUGH PARTICULAR FEATURES OF THIS MAY BE FACTORS IN DETERMINING CERTAIN FEATURES OF A SOCIAL ORDER … SOCIAL ORDER IS NOT PART OF THE 'NATURE OF THINGS', AND IT CANNOT BE DERIVED FROM THE 'LAWS OF NATURE'. SOCIAL ORDER EXISTS ONLY AS A PRODUCT OF HUMAN ACTIVITY. Berger & Luckman (1966:70)
25. Student Chemistry Class Professor
26. CONSTRUCTIONIST APPROACH TO ILLNESS Disease Illness The biological condition of
 health / sickness.
27. CONSTRUCTIONIST APPROACH TO ILLNESS Disease Illness The social meaning 
 of a condition.
28. 3. SOCIAL THEORY STIGMA ERVING GOFFMAN
29. 3. SOCIAL THEORY CONTESTED ILLNESS MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE
30. 3. SOCIAL THEORY THE ILLNESS EXPERIENCE & LABELING ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
31. 3. SOCIAL THEORY MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE THE SLAVERY HYPOTHESIS
32. 3. SOCIAL THEORY SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM ERVING GOFFMAN
33. 3. SOCIAL THEORY ▸ Institutions exist to… ▸ Socialize members of the society ▸ Produce and distribute goods and services ▸ Replace society’s members ▸ Maintenance of stability and existence ▸ Provides members with an ultimate sense of purpose FUNCTIONALISM TALCOTT PARSONS
34. 3. SOCIAL THEORY ▸ Institutions exist to… ▸ Ensure continued functioning of capitalism ▸ Ensure that bourgeois is protected from challenges to its dominance ▸ Social problems are the outgrowth of conflicts over access to the means of production CONFLICT THEORY LOUIS ALTHUSSER
35. CULTURE 4
36. 4. CULTURE CLIFFORD GEERTZ
37. 4. CULTURE MATERIAL & NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
38. 4. CULTURE CULTURE IS… 1. Shared 2. Learned 3. Taken for
 Granted 
 (Implicit) 4. Symbolic 5. Not Fixed
39. 4. CULTURE SYMBOLIC POWER OF CULTURE
40. 4. CULTURE SYMBOLIC POWER OF CULTURE
41. 4. CULTURE LANGUAGE
42. 4. CULTURE NORMS (FOLKWAYS)
43. 4. CULTURE NORMS (MORES)
44. 4. CULTURE VALUES & BELIEFS
45. INSTITUTIONS 5
46. 5. INSTITUTIONS GOVERNMENT
47. 5. INSTITUTIONS FAMILY
48. 5. INSTITUTIONS MEDIA
49. 5. INSTITUTIONS RELIGION
50. 5. INSTITUTIONS SPORTS
51. 5. INSTITUTIONS SCHOOLS
52. Student Chemistry Class Professor
53. MEDICALIZATION “consists of defining a problem in medical terms, using medical language to describe a problem, adopting a medical framework to understand a problem, or using a medical intervention to ‘treat’ it.” Conrad (1992:211)
54. 5. INSTITUTIONS CHILD BIRTH
55. 5. INSTITUTIONS CHILD BIRTH
56. 5. INSTITUTIONS ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
57. 5. INSTITUTIONS ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
58. 5. INSTITUTIONS ▸ Parsons is most closely associated with functionalist social theory ▸ Connected to “normative deviance” (societal expectations) ▸ “Right to exemption” from everyday responsibilities ▸ “Obligation to retreat” to isolate system from contagions THE SICK ROLE TALCOTT PARSONS
59. 5. INSTITUTIONS ▸ Chronic vs. actue ▸ Loss of authority (“the second opinion”) ▸ Direct-to-consumer advertising (“ask your doctor if ‘X’ is right for you”) ▸ Climate of medicalization and over treatment CHALLENGING THE SICK ROLE TALCOTT PARSONS
60. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY 6
61. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY “The variety of group experiences that result from the social structure of society.” - Anderson et al. 2015 DIVERSITY
62. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY “[The] difference in health status rates between population groups.” - Centers for Disease Control INEQUALITY
63. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY “A particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social or economic disadvantage.” - Healthy People 2020 DISPARITY
64. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY DISPARITY “A particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social or economic disadvantage. Health disparities adversely affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater social or economic obstacles to health based on their racial or ethnic group, religion, socioeconomic status, gender, mental health, cognitive, sensory, or physical disability, sexual orientation, geographic location, or other characteristics historically linked to discrimination or exclusion.” - Healthy People 2020
65. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY CLASS, STATUS, AND POWER MAX WEBER
66. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY CLASS (FALSE) CONSCIOUSNESS KARL MARX
67. POVERTY RATES IN MISSOURI (2013)
68. POVERTY RATES IN MISSOURI (2013)
69. POVERTY RATES IN MISSOURI (2013)
70. POVERTY BY COUNTY (2013)
71. THE STROKE BELT Stroke Death Rates, 2011-2013 Adults, Ages 35+, by County Age-Adjusted Average Annual Rates per 100,000 28.2 - 66.2 66.3 - 74.6 74.7 - 82.4 82.5 - 92.2 92.3 - 284.8 Insufficient Data Rates are spatially smoothed to enhance the stability of rates in counties with small populations. Data Source: National Vital Statistics System National Center for Health Statistics Stroke death rates, 2011-2013 Adults, Ages 35+, by County
72. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY U.S. CENSUS BUREAU & OMB CATEGORIES WHITE BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKA NATIVE ASIAN NATIVE HAWAIIAN OR OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER
73. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY U.S. CENSUS BUREAU & OMB CATEGORIES WHITE BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKA NATIVE ASIAN NATIVE HAWAIIAN OR OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER “A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.”
74. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY U.S. CENSUS BUREAU & OMB CATEGORIES WHITE BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKA NATIVE ASIAN NATIVE HAWAIIAN OR OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER “A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups 
 of Africa.”
75. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY U.S. CENSUS BUREAU & OMB CATEGORIES WHITE BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKA NATIVE ASIAN NATIVE HAWAIIAN OR OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER “A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment.”
76. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY U.S. CENSUS BUREAU & OMB CATEGORIES WHITE BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKA NATIVE ASIAN NATIVE HAWAIIAN OR OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER “A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.”
77. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY U.S. CENSUS BUREAU & OMB CATEGORIES WHITE BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKA NATIVE ASIAN NATIVE HAWAIIAN OR OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER “A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.”
78. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY VARIATION WITHIN AND BETWEEN GROUPS COOPER ET AL. 2003
79. THE SOCIAL MEANING OF RACE
80. THE SOCIAL MEANING OF RACE
81. THE SOCIAL MEANING OF RACE WILLIAM PETERSON (1966)
82. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY DEFINING SEX AND GENDER Male Female Feminine Masculine
83. 6. DIVERSITY & DISPARITY DEFINING SEX AND GENDER Male Female Feminine Masculine Normative Man
84. 2. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH DEFINING SEX AND GENDER Male Female Feminine Masculine Normative Women
85. 2. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH DEFINING SEX AND GENDER Male Female Feminine Masculine Intersexed Individual
86. 2. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH DEFINING SEX AND GENDER Male Female Feminine Masculine Intersexed Individual
87. 2. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH DEFINING SEX AND GENDER Male Female Feminine Masculine Transgendered Individual